the Symposium on Wheats for More Tropical Environments - cimmyt

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278grown in rainfed upland or lowland riceareas where <strong>the</strong>re is enough rainfallduring <strong>the</strong> cooler season.Rice-Wheat Cropping SystemsMajor collaborative research in <strong>the</strong>Asian Rice Farming Systems Networkis in rice-wheat cropping; IRRI andCIMMYT are collaborating with 13countries in Asia. Nepal. Bangladesh.Thailand. Philippines. Sri Lanka.Bhutan. Pakistan. Malaysia. Indonesia.China. Taiwan. Burma and Korea. Theobjectives of <strong>the</strong> collaboration are to:• Identify rice-wheat cropping systemstechnology that is suitable for smallscalefarmers;• Identify better combinations of riceand wheat varieties;• Encourage rice and wheat scientiststo work toge<strong>the</strong>r and identifycomponent technologies that willincrease <strong>the</strong> production of rice-wheatsystems, and• Promote collaborative research in <strong>the</strong>network on o<strong>the</strong>r problems commonto <strong>the</strong> region.The fIrst two projects in thiscollaboration are cropping-patterntesting in six countries. Nepal. China.Taiwan. Bangladesh. Korea and SriLanka. and <strong>the</strong> International RiceWheat Integrated Trials (lRWIT) in all13 countries.Cropping-pattern trials are conductedon farmers' fields to compare rice-wheatsystems with o<strong>the</strong>r cropping systems.IRWIT. on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r hand, is a varietalevaluation trial of rice (from IRRI) andwheat (from CIMMYT) at <strong>the</strong> time <strong>the</strong>crop is grown within <strong>the</strong> system. IRRIproVides six varieties of rice, and <strong>the</strong>national programs are requested toinclude six varieties from <strong>the</strong>ir breedingprograms. For <strong>the</strong> wheat trials. CIMMYTprOVides fIve entries and nationalprograms five entries. There are two setsof trials for each crop for rice. a set ofearly-maturing rice for temperate andsubtropical countries and a set of earlyand medium-maturing rice varieties fortropical countries. For wheat. <strong>the</strong>re is aset of early-maturing wheat varieties foroptimum planting time (November 15 ±10 days) and a set of early-maturingvarieties for late planting(December 15 ±. 10 days).Rice-Wheat in South AsiaNepalRice-wheat rotation takes place onapprOXimately 480,000 hectares. and<strong>the</strong>re is potential for doubling <strong>the</strong> area.especially in <strong>the</strong> Tarai. Wheat is rotatedwith rice in both irrigated and rainfedareas. In <strong>the</strong> hills. rice-wheat and ricewheat-comare <strong>the</strong> common croppingpatterns while, in <strong>the</strong> Tarai rice-wheatand rice-rice-wheat are common. Insome areas. mixed cropping of wheatand mustard after rice is practiced.There are seven cropping systems sitesin Nepal. Of <strong>the</strong>se. three are involved in<strong>the</strong> network collaboration on croppingpatterntesting. Pumdi Bhumdi in <strong>the</strong>hills. Ratna Nagar in <strong>the</strong> inner Taraiand Bhairawa Tubewel) in <strong>the</strong> Tarai. InRatna Nagar. several cropping patternshave been tested on both irrigated andrainfed lowlands. Rice-wheat-mungbeanand rice-wheat-maize have given higherproduction and net returns ascompared to <strong>the</strong> farmers' practice ofrice-wheat (Table 1). The wheatvarieties Lumbini and UP262 haveyielded 65 to 91% more than <strong>the</strong>farmers' RR21; rice yield from varietiesLaxmi and Malaka Janaki was up to63% higher than <strong>the</strong> farmers' Masulivariety. On rainfed lowlands. ricemaize.with improved management.and rice-wheat patterns showed higherproduction and net returns ascompared with <strong>the</strong> local farmers' ricemaizepractice.In <strong>the</strong> Bhairawa Tubewell. 17 croppingpatterns were tested. Rice-maize-maizeshowed higher production and netreturns than did rice-wheat-rice(Table 2). The farmers' practice of ricerice-wheatis comparable to <strong>the</strong>
279Table 1. Yield and economic returns of different cropping patterns tested at RatnaNagar, Nepal, 1982-83Yield (t/he)Net returnsCropping pettern Crop 1 Crop 2 Crop 3 (USS/hel.ll'Irrigated, lowland(F) Rice (Masulil-wheat (RR21)-fallow 3.18 2.10 232(FAI Rice (Laxmil-wheat (Lumbini)-mungbean(Pusa Baisakhil 5.19 4.01 0.54 860Rice (Bindeshwari-wheat (Lumbini-maize (Arun) 4.27 3.80 2.48 951Rice (Malika)-mustard (Iocal)-maize(Rampur Comp) 3.78.21 0.53 3.64 580Rice (Janaki-wheat (UP262)-dhaincha (local) 4.25 3.48 GM.QI 562Rice (Janaki)-wheat (UP262)-fallow 3.19 3.48 523Rainfed, lowland(F) Rice (Masuli-fallow-maize (Rampur Comp) 2.82 2.40 306(FA) Rice (Masuli)-fallow-maize (Rampur Comp) 3.25.21 4.15 503Rice (Janak i)-mustard (Iocal)-fallow 4.93 0.52 354Rice (Janak i)-wheat (UP262)-fallow 4.25 2.28 400Rice (Masulj)/lentil-fallow 2.85.21 -.21Rice (Masuli)-fallow-dhaincha (local) 2.72 GM£! (-16)Rice (Masulj)-fallow-fallow 2.93 87F = farmers' cropping pattern, FA =alternative cropping patterns.P US$ 1 = 16.30 Rs.21 Most plants suffered from severe lodging.QI Green manure crop (plowed under)Source: Cropping systems staff, 1984Table 2. Yield and economic returns of different cropping patterns tested at BhairawaTubewell, Nepal, 1982-83Cropping petternYield (t/ha) Net returnsCrop 1 Crop 2 Crop 3 (US$/he).lI'(F)(FA)Rice (Masulj}-wheat (jmproved)-rice (local and improved)Rice (Janaki)-mustard (Iocal)-maize (Rampur Camp)Rice (Laxmi)-maize (Rampur VI-maize (Arun)Rice (Bindeshwari)-maize (Rampur Y)-mungbean (PS·7)Rice (Malika)-wheat (UP262)-mungbean (PS·7)Rice (Janaki)-wheat (Lumbini)-dhaincha (local)Rice (Janaki)-wheat (Lumbini)-fallowRice (Masuli)-wheat (Lumbinj}-rice (Malika)1.79 3.04 4.20 10794.78 0.82 3.07 10304.79 6.41 2.31 14194.10 4.35 0.95 10093.55 3.15 0.89 8794.93 3.22 GM.21 9714.08 3.22 8941.76 2.94 4.86 1096F = farmers' cropping pattern, FA = alternative cropping pattern,!I US$ 1 = 16.30 RsIII Green manure crop (plowed under)Source: Cropping systems staff, 1984
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The International Maize and Wheat I
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3AcknowledgementsThe Tropical Wheat
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5Wheat Production in Bangladesh: It
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7Chemical Control ofHelmtn.thosport
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1 9PrefaceThe international worksho
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uToluca, a high-elevation station a
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13In Bangladesh. many farmers' fiel
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global cooperation that permits apo
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17Recognizing the
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19With UNDP assistance. CIMMYTexpan
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4 21Introduction to the</st
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23grain-filling stages are required
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Table 1. Countries growing whut in
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27Month of sowing and month afterfl
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29. Table 3. Correlation coefficien
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31Earliness-Earliness is needed if
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33requires more than technical solu
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3~from other crops
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37Table 2. Advanced lines selected
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39If Bol1via does not radically cha
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41Table 5. Water efficiency utiliza
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4320-year period. Also indicated ar
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Table 2. (Con't)Cross and pedigreeN
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47respectively. for central AlaJuel
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49Table 1. Climatological data, Fra
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51Wheat Research in the</st
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53Table 3. Average yield of best wh
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Selection of Wheats forSubtropical
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Nigeria is high temperature. South
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59Wheat Production in Bangladesh:It
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61Research PrioritiesVarietal devel
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63Wheat Improvement Programsfor <st
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65In India, a series of wheat varie
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67in temperature are capable of cau
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69primarily due to a lack of financ
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71Triticale ImprovementRegular bree
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73The climate in this region is war
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75Recently, the pe
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77Variety improvement must also bec
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79those areas that are suitable for
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Wheat Growing in the</stron
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83Thailand Winter Cereals ProgramP.
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Many farmers are now exploring <str
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87crop is present, and known. at pl
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6 ~89Contributed PapersI. BreedingB
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91area at flowering. Vegetative vig
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93of the plants se
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Screening for tropical adaptationTh
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97Table 3. Best advanced lines of b
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99Table 4. Highest yielding advance
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101very late, high temperatures at
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103hence, select for drought tolera
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106References1. Anonymous. 1972. Wh
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107Breeding Wheats for Heatand Drou
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109unit area. However, looking at s
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111Identifying Wheats Adapted to Mo
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113standard date for sowing. In spi
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115transferred into high-yielding a
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117Table 1. Chemical properties of
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119• Resistance to shattering•
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121References1. Araujo. J.E.G. 1949
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123hours of sunlight monthly. Altho
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125Screening Wheats for QualityA. A
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127Wide Crosses and New Genesfor Wh
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129The introduction of alien geneti
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131averaged about 2.5 tonslha. Howe
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133must also demonstrate a yieldadv
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135II. Diseases and Disease Control
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137beaker with 200 ml sterilized di
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139Table 1. (Cont'd)Resistance reac
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141Identification ofSources of Resi
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143References1. Adlakha, K, RD. Wil
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Breeding Wheats with Resistanceto H
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147conditions. whereby infectionper
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149CIMMYT Methods for Screening Whe
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151Selection under Field Conditions
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153February. Environmental conditio
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156Each trla1 had two replications
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157References1. De Milliano. W.A.J.
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159Shinchunaga and descendants). se
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161Wheat Breedingfor Scab Resistanc
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163References1. Andersen. A.L. 1948
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16526. Luzzardi. G.C.. C.R. Pierobo
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18748. Nisikado. Y. 1958. Studies o
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Head Scab Screening Methods Used at
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171Wheat spikes are spray-inoculate
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173Reference.1. Bekele. G.T. 1984.
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1'71SThe species and varieties with
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177suspension. This method has prov
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179How the pathoge
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18112. Takegami, S. 1961. Proceedin
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183Documented Foot RotDlseaBes in W
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185References1. Anderson. N.A. 1982
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187against leaf rust by the
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-188Distribution and Importance ofR
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191Surprisingly. little or no stem
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193temperatures. but this differenc
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19~14. Lapis. D.B. and M.C. Kamatoy
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197According to a new criterionesta
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199Loss in yield is directly propor
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Chemical Control ofHelminthosportum
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203H. sattvum on foliage and heads
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205Table 1. Mean number of lesions
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20'7Table 4. Effect on lelf spot in
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209III. AgronomyPhysiological Limit
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Table 1. Actual and pouible wheat1l
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213Table 2. Wheat yield determinati
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216unpublished). A role of thumb de
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217seasonally and cloudiness persis
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219developmental periods. to around
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221Growth at high temperaturesEarly
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CertainlY crop growth rates in exce
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225rice, another C
Page 229 and 230: 227105% that of C306 for th
Page 231 and 232: 22913. Fischer. RA.. I. Aguilar. R
Page 233 and 234: Soil Management as an Alternativefo
Page 235 and 236: 233water content in the</st
Page 237 and 238: 23~Tolerance to soil aciditySoil ac
Page 239 and 240: 237applied without increasing <stro
Page 241 and 242: The Cerrados: Future WheatProductio
Page 243 and 244: 241there is utiliz
Page 245 and 246: 243• Ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2S04]
Page 247 and 248: 245Physical Soil ProblemsThe soils
Page 249 and 250: 247program. these
Page 251 and 252: 249References1. Commisao Norte Bras
Page 253 and 254: 251was rather poor
Page 255 and 256: 253Tolerant vartettes-The yield ofv
Page 257 and 258: 255Alternative locations-An evaluat
Page 259 and 260: 257Wheat Production Constraintsand
Page 261 and 262: 259numerical grading which showed <
Page 263 and 264: 261directed towards minimum loss of
Page 265 and 266: '.2636. Cheng, C.P. 1977. Wheatprod
Page 267 and 268: Wheat in Rice...BasedCropping Syste
Page 269 and 270: 267Rice varietiesAs mentioned above
Page 271 and 272: 269A problem of declining yields ha
Page 273 and 274: 271_.z.:::-~:J.."•._,:.\--_.r+++v
Page 275 and 276: 273Agronomic Practices and Problems
Page 277 and 278: 275water percolation in rice. For w
Page 279: 277Rice-Wheat Cropping Systemsin So
Page 283 and 284: 281was higher with the</str
Page 285 and 286: 283to compete with othe</st
Page 287 and 288: for tropical environments. Highesta
Page 289 and 290: 287can be used. The computer is a u
Page 291 and 292: 289The computer has become a valuab
Page 293 and 294: 291IV. SeedWheat Seed Production,St
Page 295 and 296: 293On average, no more that 100 mm
Page 297 and 298: 295Storage in 20-liter biscuit or k
Page 299 and 300: Production, Storageand Marketing of
Page 301 and 302: 299true to type. are selected and t
Page 303 and 304: 301discussed and ascertained; <stro
Page 305 and 306: 303V. EconomicsWheat in the
Page 307 and 308: 305than in Asia and Africa (about 1
Page 309 and 310: 307wheat consumption). However, <st
Page 311 and 312: 309These changing consumption patte
Page 313 and 314: 311Finally. it should be clarified
Page 315 and 316: 313in areas where wheat yields arer
Page 317 and 318: 31510. FAO. 1982. The bread economy
Page 319 and 320: 317Lowlands withinadequate dry-seas
Page 321 and 322: 319Table 1. Private and social prof
Page 323 and 324: The Local-Use Approach to t
Page 325 and 326: 323fired oven has been used at oneu
Page 327 and 328: 325ControlliDg fungal diseasesThe i
Page 329 and 330: The Relative Priority andEconomics
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329Comparative MarketPrices of Stap
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331References1. Agricultural Extens
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Table 1. Area, average yield and to
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Table 3. Annual domestic wheat prod
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337Table 5. Financial costs of whea
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Comments'D.L. WiDkelmaDll, DIrector
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7341------_1Closing Remarks, <stron
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343Table 1. Probleml for th
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345While efforts to develop wheatge
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347Appendix IIWheat Pests and Disea
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349Appendix IIIParticipants. <stron
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351NigeriaMr. Ahmed M. FalakiResear
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353CIMMYT Staff. MexicoMr. Robert D
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