the Symposium on Wheats for More Tropical Environments - cimmyt

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150InoculationInoculation is done at <strong>the</strong> two-leafgrowth stage (about eight to ten daysafter germination). using a handsprayer. Each tray receivesapproximately 100 ml of inoculum.Inoculated plants are <strong>the</strong>n kept in amist chamber. with two hours ofcontinuous misting. and <strong>the</strong>n 15minutes of misting every two hours<strong>the</strong>reafter for 24 hours. Later. <strong>the</strong>seedlings are transferred into achamber and kept at 22° to 24°C and75 to 80% relative humidity for fivedays.Evaluation and selection of materialInoculated materials are evaluated afterfive to seven days. according to <strong>the</strong>follOWing I-to-5 scale:1 = a few small black lesions onleaves2 = more black lesions. some withsmall chlorotic halos3 = lesions surrounded by chlorotichalos. many of which startconverging; some drying effectsat leaf tips4 = broad lesions with amplenecrotic zones; drying over alarge part of <strong>the</strong> leaf5 = large lesions; drying of <strong>the</strong>whole leaf25 1 5 10 15 20 25 1 5 10Figure 1. Disease development on four late-maturing wheat varieties. fromfiowering to milk stage, January 25 to March 10, Poza Rica. Mexico,1983-848--"-...,.'.....•............":;;"'''.............. ,-'........
151Selection under Field ConditionsDUring <strong>the</strong> 1983-1984 cycle. conditionswere optimum fOT <strong>the</strong> d velopment ofH. sativum in Poza Rica. Relati ehumidity was recorded as between 90and 106% for more than 95 % of <strong>the</strong>gro ing cycle. This high relativehumidity resulted from dail earlymorning and afternoon fogs. with lessthan nve hours of direct sunlight perdaj r~corded during most of <strong>the</strong> cycle.The optimum average temperatur for<strong>the</strong> development of <strong>the</strong> fungus (18 to24 Q C) was also recorded duringapproximately 75% of <strong>the</strong> gro\ ingcycle. These conditions allowed goodselection pressure fOT <strong>the</strong> program.Four foliar evaluations were made for<strong>the</strong> early-maturing lines and six for tbelate-maturing materials. A 1 to 9 scalewas used for scoring. allowing <strong>the</strong>noting of more ariations in levels ofdisease presence.Figure 1 shows <strong>the</strong> d velopment of <strong>the</strong>disease on four late-maturing m.aterials.The advanoed lines Cook-Vec.ry"S" xDovc"S"-Veery"S" (PC236) and AIFong4-Yaco"S" x Tanager"S"·Pewee"S"(PC252) gave susceptibleresponses, while <strong>the</strong> lines F371-TRM(HTL2) and Yaco"S"-Phoebe"S"fCalidad-CHKW x Veery"S" Calidad-CHKW ~ Veery"S" (PC230) showed510\'\,1 development of <strong>the</strong> fung andhigh disease tolerance.Figure 2 shows <strong>the</strong> development of <strong>the</strong>disease on fOUT e..-u-ly-maturingmaterials. To-rim 73 and Cleopatrasho ed a susceptible response. LineAntbird"S"- aco"S" (PCI95j exhibitedslow development at <strong>the</strong> start. butreached a high level! of infection by <strong>the</strong>end of <strong>the</strong> c cleo Line Lir,a"S" (PC 1056)displayed good resislance. exhibiting alow level of infection during <strong>the</strong> entirecycle.In addition to field evaluation, 50 spikesof each selected line ere harvested atmaturity and <strong>the</strong> percentage of diseasedgrain and <strong>the</strong> severity of <strong>the</strong> damagewas evaluated. aCGording to a I-to-5scale (Figure 3). The best lines selectedat CThlMYT with tbis methodology arepresented in <strong>the</strong> paper by VilJarealet al. (<strong>the</strong>se proceedings).Reference1. CIMMYT. IntruclHms for <strong>the</strong>anagement and Reporting ofResults for Wheat ProgramInternational Yield and ScreeningNurseties. C1MMYT. Mexico. (Nodate.)Figure 3. One~to-fivescale used at CIMMYT for scoring severity of diseasedamage on wheat grains
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The International Maize and Wheat I
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3AcknowledgementsThe Tropical Wheat
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5Wheat Production in Bangladesh: It
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7Chemical Control ofHelmtn.thosport
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1 9PrefaceThe international worksho
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uToluca, a high-elevation station a
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13In Bangladesh. many farmers' fiel
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global cooperation that permits apo
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17Recognizing the
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19With UNDP assistance. CIMMYTexpan
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4 21Introduction to the</st
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23grain-filling stages are required
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Table 1. Countries growing whut in
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27Month of sowing and month afterfl
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29. Table 3. Correlation coefficien
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31Earliness-Earliness is needed if
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33requires more than technical solu
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3~from other crops
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37Table 2. Advanced lines selected
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39If Bol1via does not radically cha
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41Table 5. Water efficiency utiliza
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4320-year period. Also indicated ar
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Table 2. (Con't)Cross and pedigreeN
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47respectively. for central AlaJuel
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49Table 1. Climatological data, Fra
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51Wheat Research in the</st
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53Table 3. Average yield of best wh
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Selection of Wheats forSubtropical
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Nigeria is high temperature. South
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59Wheat Production in Bangladesh:It
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61Research PrioritiesVarietal devel
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63Wheat Improvement Programsfor <st
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65In India, a series of wheat varie
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67in temperature are capable of cau
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69primarily due to a lack of financ
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71Triticale ImprovementRegular bree
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73The climate in this region is war
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75Recently, the pe
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77Variety improvement must also bec
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79those areas that are suitable for
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Wheat Growing in the</stron
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83Thailand Winter Cereals ProgramP.
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Many farmers are now exploring <str
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87crop is present, and known. at pl
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6 ~89Contributed PapersI. BreedingB
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91area at flowering. Vegetative vig
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93of the plants se
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Screening for tropical adaptationTh
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97Table 3. Best advanced lines of b
Page 101 and 102: 99Table 4. Highest yielding advance
Page 103 and 104: 101very late, high temperatures at
Page 105 and 106: 103hence, select for drought tolera
Page 107 and 108: 106References1. Anonymous. 1972. Wh
Page 109 and 110: 107Breeding Wheats for Heatand Drou
Page 111 and 112: 109unit area. However, looking at s
Page 113 and 114: 111Identifying Wheats Adapted to Mo
Page 115 and 116: 113standard date for sowing. In spi
Page 117 and 118: 115transferred into high-yielding a
Page 119 and 120: 117Table 1. Chemical properties of
Page 121 and 122: 119• Resistance to shattering•
Page 123 and 124: 121References1. Araujo. J.E.G. 1949
Page 125 and 126: 123hours of sunlight monthly. Altho
Page 127 and 128: 125Screening Wheats for QualityA. A
Page 129 and 130: 127Wide Crosses and New Genesfor Wh
Page 131 and 132: 129The introduction of alien geneti
Page 133 and 134: 131averaged about 2.5 tonslha. Howe
Page 135 and 136: 133must also demonstrate a yieldadv
Page 137 and 138: 135II. Diseases and Disease Control
Page 139 and 140: 137beaker with 200 ml sterilized di
Page 141 and 142: 139Table 1. (Cont'd)Resistance reac
Page 143 and 144: 141Identification ofSources of Resi
Page 145 and 146: 143References1. Adlakha, K, RD. Wil
Page 147 and 148: Breeding Wheats with Resistanceto H
Page 149 and 150: 147conditions. whereby infectionper
Page 151: 149CIMMYT Methods for Screening Whe
Page 155 and 156: 153February. Environmental conditio
Page 157 and 158: 156Each trla1 had two replications
Page 159 and 160: 157References1. De Milliano. W.A.J.
Page 161 and 162: 159Shinchunaga and descendants). se
Page 163 and 164: 161Wheat Breedingfor Scab Resistanc
Page 165 and 166: 163References1. Andersen. A.L. 1948
Page 167 and 168: 16526. Luzzardi. G.C.. C.R. Pierobo
Page 169 and 170: 18748. Nisikado. Y. 1958. Studies o
Page 171 and 172: Head Scab Screening Methods Used at
Page 173 and 174: 171Wheat spikes are spray-inoculate
Page 175 and 176: 173Reference.1. Bekele. G.T. 1984.
Page 177 and 178: 1'71SThe species and varieties with
Page 179 and 180: 177suspension. This method has prov
Page 181 and 182: 179How the pathoge
Page 183 and 184: 18112. Takegami, S. 1961. Proceedin
Page 185 and 186: 183Documented Foot RotDlseaBes in W
Page 187 and 188: 185References1. Anderson. N.A. 1982
Page 189 and 190: 187against leaf rust by the
Page 191 and 192: -188Distribution and Importance ofR
Page 193 and 194: 191Surprisingly. little or no stem
Page 195 and 196: 193temperatures. but this differenc
Page 197 and 198: 19~14. Lapis. D.B. and M.C. Kamatoy
Page 199 and 200: 197According to a new criterionesta
Page 201 and 202: 199Loss in yield is directly propor
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Chemical Control ofHelminthosportum
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203H. sattvum on foliage and heads
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205Table 1. Mean number of lesions
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20'7Table 4. Effect on lelf spot in
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209III. AgronomyPhysiological Limit
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Table 1. Actual and pouible wheat1l
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213Table 2. Wheat yield determinati
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216unpublished). A role of thumb de
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217seasonally and cloudiness persis
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219developmental periods. to around
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221Growth at high temperaturesEarly
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CertainlY crop growth rates in exce
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225rice, another C
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227105% that of C306 for th
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22913. Fischer. RA.. I. Aguilar. R
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Soil Management as an Alternativefo
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233water content in the</st
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23~Tolerance to soil aciditySoil ac
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237applied without increasing <stro
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The Cerrados: Future WheatProductio
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241there is utiliz
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243• Ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2S04]
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245Physical Soil ProblemsThe soils
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247program. these
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249References1. Commisao Norte Bras
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251was rather poor
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253Tolerant vartettes-The yield ofv
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255Alternative locations-An evaluat
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257Wheat Production Constraintsand
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259numerical grading which showed <
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261directed towards minimum loss of
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'.2636. Cheng, C.P. 1977. Wheatprod
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Wheat in Rice...BasedCropping Syste
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267Rice varietiesAs mentioned above
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269A problem of declining yields ha
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271_.z.:::-~:J.."•._,:.\--_.r+++v
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273Agronomic Practices and Problems
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275water percolation in rice. For w
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277Rice-Wheat Cropping Systemsin So
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279Table 1. Yield and economic retu
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281was higher with the</str
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283to compete with othe</st
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for tropical environments. Highesta
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287can be used. The computer is a u
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289The computer has become a valuab
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291IV. SeedWheat Seed Production,St
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293On average, no more that 100 mm
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295Storage in 20-liter biscuit or k
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Production, Storageand Marketing of
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299true to type. are selected and t
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301discussed and ascertained; <stro
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303V. EconomicsWheat in the
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305than in Asia and Africa (about 1
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307wheat consumption). However, <st
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309These changing consumption patte
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311Finally. it should be clarified
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313in areas where wheat yields arer
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31510. FAO. 1982. The bread economy
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317Lowlands withinadequate dry-seas
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319Table 1. Private and social prof
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The Local-Use Approach to t
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323fired oven has been used at oneu
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325ControlliDg fungal diseasesThe i
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The Relative Priority andEconomics
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329Comparative MarketPrices of Stap
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331References1. Agricultural Extens
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Table 1. Area, average yield and to
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Table 3. Annual domestic wheat prod
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337Table 5. Financial costs of whea
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Comments'D.L. WiDkelmaDll, DIrector
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7341------_1Closing Remarks, <stron
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343Table 1. Probleml for th
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345While efforts to develop wheatge
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347Appendix IIWheat Pests and Disea
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349Appendix IIIParticipants. <stron
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351NigeriaMr. Ahmed M. FalakiResear
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353CIMMYT Staff. MexicoMr. Robert D
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