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204Chemical Control ofWheat Diseases in <strong>the</strong> PhilippinesD.B. Lapis, Institute for Plant Breeding, University of <strong>the</strong>Philippines, Los BaAos, PhilippinesAbstractCommercial production of wheat has only been attempted in <strong>the</strong> Philippines in<strong>the</strong> 1980s. This has been triggered by <strong>the</strong> release of two varieties, Trigo 1 andTrigo 2. These cultivars have agronomic adaptation to <strong>the</strong> environmentalconditions of <strong>the</strong> country, but lack resistance to <strong>the</strong> major diseases. As <strong>the</strong>development of resistant cultivars takes time, chemicals have been evaluatedfordisease control when applied asfoliar sprays,forfrequency and rates ofapplicationfor leafspot control, as well asfor seed treatmentsfor protectingagainst and eradicating soil and seed-borne pathogens. Foliar sprays testedunder nursery conditions have shown that Tilt 250 EC is <strong>the</strong> most effectivechemicalfor controlling helminthosporium leaf spot. Some chemicals have alsoshown promise as protectants and eradicants ofseed-borne diseases; Homai.Vitavax-thiram, Vitavax-captan and Arasan are effective against Sclerotiumrolfsii. Rhizoctonia solani and FUsarium moniliforme. as well asfor seed-bornefungi.Although <strong>the</strong> Philippines has a longhistory of wheat cultivation, datingback as early as 1664, recentcommercial production has only beenattempted in <strong>the</strong> 19808. This attemptwas triggered by <strong>the</strong> release by <strong>the</strong>Philippine Seed Board of two wheatvarieties. UPLWI and UPLW2 (Trigo 1and Trigo 2). with good adaptation to<strong>the</strong> environmental conditions of <strong>the</strong>country. Unluckily. <strong>the</strong> two wheatvarieties lack resistance to majordiseases present in <strong>the</strong> Philippines.Faced with this situation. and realizingthat <strong>the</strong> development of resistantcultivars would be <strong>the</strong> most logical andeconomical approach to disease control,a breeding program has been begun.Since <strong>the</strong> development of resistantcultivars takes time. as an emergencymeasure chemicals were evaluated fordisease control in 1984. They weretested for use as foliar sprays and forfrequency and rates of application forleaf spot control. as well as for seedtreatments for protecting against anderadicating soil and seed-bornepathogens.Foliar sprays of chemicals undernursery conditions. using <strong>the</strong> microplottechnique. showed that <strong>the</strong> fungicidesCaltan F. Manzate D. Manzate 200.Orthocide 50 WP and Vinicur. at <strong>the</strong>irrecommended rates. and Tilt 250 EC. at0.4 and 0.6 ltlha formulated product(FP). were effective both as protectantsand as eradicants. compared with <strong>the</strong>control. Among <strong>the</strong>se chemicals. itappeared that Tilt 250 EC at <strong>the</strong> rate of0.6 ltlha FP was <strong>the</strong> most effectivechemical for controlling helminthosporiumleaf spot, with 24 and 14 meanlesion counts. as a protectant and aneradicant. respectively (Table 1). Thiswas fur<strong>the</strong>r corroborated with fieldexperiments; Tilt 250 EC at 0.6 It/ha FPgave 65% control and a yield of 1.5 tlhaversus <strong>the</strong> yield of <strong>the</strong> control at 0.9tlha (Table 2).
205Table 1. Mean number of lesions of helminthosporium leaf spot on wheat variety UPLW2with protectant and eradicant methods of spray applications under nursery conditions,Los Banos, Philippines, 1984FungicideTilt 250 ECOrthocide 50 WPCaltan FManzate 0Manzate 200Tilt 250 ECVinicurControlApplicationrate(FP/ha)!l0.6 It1.0 kg1.0 kg2.0 kg2.0 kg0.4 It1.0 ItLesion count,according.toapplication methodRlProtectantEradicant24 (25) 14 (56)26 (19) 20 (37)27 (16) 25 (21)27 (16) 17 (47)28 (12) 19(41)29 ( 9) 21 (34)30 ( 6) 20 (37)32 ( 0) 32 ( 0).!I FP = formulated product~/ Figures in brackets = percent controlTable 2. Yield and percent control of helminthosporium leaf spot of wheat varietyUPLW2 sprayed under field conditions, Los Banos, Philippines, 1984Applicationalate Yield PercentFungicide (FP/ha~ h/ha) controlTilt 250 EO 0.6 It 1.5 65Manzate 0 2.0 kg 1.3 56Manzate 200 2.0 kg 1.4 54Caltan F 2.0 It 1.5 53Orthocide 50 WP 1.0 kg 1.2 43Vinicur 1.0 kg 1.4 13Control 0.9 0.!/ FP = formulated product
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The International Maize and Wheat I
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3AcknowledgementsThe Tropical Wheat
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5Wheat Production in Bangladesh: It
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7Chemical Control ofHelmtn.thosport
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1 9PrefaceThe international worksho
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uToluca, a high-elevation station a
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13In Bangladesh. many farmers' fiel
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global cooperation that permits apo
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17Recognizing the
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19With UNDP assistance. CIMMYTexpan
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4 21Introduction to the</st
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23grain-filling stages are required
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Table 1. Countries growing whut in
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27Month of sowing and month afterfl
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29. Table 3. Correlation coefficien
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31Earliness-Earliness is needed if
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33requires more than technical solu
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3~from other crops
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37Table 2. Advanced lines selected
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39If Bol1via does not radically cha
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41Table 5. Water efficiency utiliza
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4320-year period. Also indicated ar
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Table 2. (Con't)Cross and pedigreeN
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47respectively. for central AlaJuel
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49Table 1. Climatological data, Fra
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51Wheat Research in the</st
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53Table 3. Average yield of best wh
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Selection of Wheats forSubtropical
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Nigeria is high temperature. South
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59Wheat Production in Bangladesh:It
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61Research PrioritiesVarietal devel
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63Wheat Improvement Programsfor <st
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65In India, a series of wheat varie
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67in temperature are capable of cau
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69primarily due to a lack of financ
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71Triticale ImprovementRegular bree
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73The climate in this region is war
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75Recently, the pe
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77Variety improvement must also bec
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79those areas that are suitable for
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Wheat Growing in the</stron
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83Thailand Winter Cereals ProgramP.
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Many farmers are now exploring <str
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87crop is present, and known. at pl
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6 ~89Contributed PapersI. BreedingB
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91area at flowering. Vegetative vig
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93of the plants se
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Screening for tropical adaptationTh
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97Table 3. Best advanced lines of b
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99Table 4. Highest yielding advance
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101very late, high temperatures at
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103hence, select for drought tolera
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106References1. Anonymous. 1972. Wh
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107Breeding Wheats for Heatand Drou
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109unit area. However, looking at s
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111Identifying Wheats Adapted to Mo
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113standard date for sowing. In spi
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115transferred into high-yielding a
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117Table 1. Chemical properties of
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119• Resistance to shattering•
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121References1. Araujo. J.E.G. 1949
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123hours of sunlight monthly. Altho
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125Screening Wheats for QualityA. A
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127Wide Crosses and New Genesfor Wh
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129The introduction of alien geneti
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131averaged about 2.5 tonslha. Howe
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133must also demonstrate a yieldadv
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135II. Diseases and Disease Control
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137beaker with 200 ml sterilized di
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139Table 1. (Cont'd)Resistance reac
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141Identification ofSources of Resi
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143References1. Adlakha, K, RD. Wil
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Breeding Wheats with Resistanceto H
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147conditions. whereby infectionper
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149CIMMYT Methods for Screening Whe
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151Selection under Field Conditions
Page 155 and 156: 153February. Environmental conditio
Page 157 and 158: 156Each trla1 had two replications
Page 159 and 160: 157References1. De Milliano. W.A.J.
Page 161 and 162: 159Shinchunaga and descendants). se
Page 163 and 164: 161Wheat Breedingfor Scab Resistanc
Page 165 and 166: 163References1. Andersen. A.L. 1948
Page 167 and 168: 16526. Luzzardi. G.C.. C.R. Pierobo
Page 169 and 170: 18748. Nisikado. Y. 1958. Studies o
Page 171 and 172: Head Scab Screening Methods Used at
Page 173 and 174: 171Wheat spikes are spray-inoculate
Page 175 and 176: 173Reference.1. Bekele. G.T. 1984.
Page 177 and 178: 1'71SThe species and varieties with
Page 179 and 180: 177suspension. This method has prov
Page 181 and 182: 179How the pathoge
Page 183 and 184: 18112. Takegami, S. 1961. Proceedin
Page 185 and 186: 183Documented Foot RotDlseaBes in W
Page 187 and 188: 185References1. Anderson. N.A. 1982
Page 189 and 190: 187against leaf rust by the
Page 191 and 192: -188Distribution and Importance ofR
Page 193 and 194: 191Surprisingly. little or no stem
Page 195 and 196: 193temperatures. but this differenc
Page 197 and 198: 19~14. Lapis. D.B. and M.C. Kamatoy
Page 199 and 200: 197According to a new criterionesta
Page 201 and 202: 199Loss in yield is directly propor
Page 203 and 204: Chemical Control ofHelminthosportum
Page 205: 203H. sattvum on foliage and heads
Page 209 and 210: 20'7Table 4. Effect on lelf spot in
Page 211 and 212: 209III. AgronomyPhysiological Limit
Page 213 and 214: Table 1. Actual and pouible wheat1l
Page 215 and 216: 213Table 2. Wheat yield determinati
Page 217 and 218: 216unpublished). A role of thumb de
Page 219 and 220: 217seasonally and cloudiness persis
Page 221 and 222: 219developmental periods. to around
Page 223 and 224: 221Growth at high temperaturesEarly
Page 225 and 226: CertainlY crop growth rates in exce
Page 227 and 228: 225rice, another C
Page 229 and 230: 227105% that of C306 for th
Page 231 and 232: 22913. Fischer. RA.. I. Aguilar. R
Page 233 and 234: Soil Management as an Alternativefo
Page 235 and 236: 233water content in the</st
Page 237 and 238: 23~Tolerance to soil aciditySoil ac
Page 239 and 240: 237applied without increasing <stro
Page 241 and 242: The Cerrados: Future WheatProductio
Page 243 and 244: 241there is utiliz
Page 245 and 246: 243• Ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2S04]
Page 247 and 248: 245Physical Soil ProblemsThe soils
Page 249 and 250: 247program. these
Page 251 and 252: 249References1. Commisao Norte Bras
Page 253 and 254: 251was rather poor
Page 255 and 256: 253Tolerant vartettes-The yield ofv
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255Alternative locations-An evaluat
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257Wheat Production Constraintsand
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259numerical grading which showed <
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261directed towards minimum loss of
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'.2636. Cheng, C.P. 1977. Wheatprod
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Wheat in Rice...BasedCropping Syste
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267Rice varietiesAs mentioned above
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269A problem of declining yields ha
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271_.z.:::-~:J.."•._,:.\--_.r+++v
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273Agronomic Practices and Problems
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275water percolation in rice. For w
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277Rice-Wheat Cropping Systemsin So
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279Table 1. Yield and economic retu
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281was higher with the</str
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283to compete with othe</st
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for tropical environments. Highesta
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287can be used. The computer is a u
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289The computer has become a valuab
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291IV. SeedWheat Seed Production,St
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293On average, no more that 100 mm
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295Storage in 20-liter biscuit or k
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Production, Storageand Marketing of
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299true to type. are selected and t
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301discussed and ascertained; <stro
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303V. EconomicsWheat in the
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305than in Asia and Africa (about 1
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307wheat consumption). However, <st
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309These changing consumption patte
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311Finally. it should be clarified
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313in areas where wheat yields arer
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31510. FAO. 1982. The bread economy
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317Lowlands withinadequate dry-seas
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319Table 1. Private and social prof
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The Local-Use Approach to t
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323fired oven has been used at oneu
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325ControlliDg fungal diseasesThe i
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The Relative Priority andEconomics
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329Comparative MarketPrices of Stap
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331References1. Agricultural Extens
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Table 1. Area, average yield and to
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Table 3. Annual domestic wheat prod
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337Table 5. Financial costs of whea
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Comments'D.L. WiDkelmaDll, DIrector
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7341------_1Closing Remarks, <stron
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343Table 1. Probleml for th
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345While efforts to develop wheatge
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347Appendix IIWheat Pests and Disea
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349Appendix IIIParticipants. <stron
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351NigeriaMr. Ahmed M. FalakiResear
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353CIMMYT Staff. MexicoMr. Robert D
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