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280improved rice-rice-wheat because. in<strong>the</strong> past three years. <strong>the</strong> use ofimproved varieties and betteragronomic practices has steadilyincreased. The o<strong>the</strong>r improved patternshave lower production and net returns.There are two land categories in PumdiBhumdi. The rainfed lowlands have ahigh production potential where <strong>the</strong>cropping pattern is rice-wheat-maize.and a medium production potentialwhere <strong>the</strong> cropping pattern is ricemaize.Several years of testing haveresulted in <strong>the</strong> identification of a varietyof rice adapted to <strong>the</strong> hills. K39 is anearly-maturing variety with satisfactorygrain type. high grain yield. acceptablestraw characteristics; it is less damagedby hail. It fits into both <strong>the</strong> areas ofhigh and medium production-potential.Its yield ranges from 4.0 to 4.4 tlha in<strong>the</strong> rice-wheat-maize pattern and from3.6 to 4.4 tlha in <strong>the</strong> rice-wheat patternin <strong>the</strong> areas of high productionpotential. The maize variety Arun hasnow been adopted by farmers in bothhigh and medium production potentialareas. with yields up to 3.57 tlha. Yieldlevels of wheat (RR21) are low (1.9 t1ha)in both patterns. Hence. better varietiesof wheat are needed to fur<strong>the</strong>r increaseproduction and income.The rice-wheat-maize pattern undergood agronomic management wastested in 1982-83 in <strong>the</strong> highproduction potential areas. The annualproduction was 12.8% higher than <strong>the</strong>farmers' rice-wheat-maize pattern. but<strong>the</strong> net returns did not differ. Theresults of several tests led to farmeradoption of improved agronomicpractices and high-yielding varieties. In<strong>the</strong> medium production potential areas.four cropping patterns were tested. ricewheat.rice-maize. rice-broad beansmaizeand rice-oats. The highest netreturn was obtained from <strong>the</strong> rice-maizepattern (US$ 899); it was 25% higherthan <strong>the</strong> rice-wheat pattern.BangladeshWheat is a nontraditional crop inBangladesh. In <strong>the</strong> 1970s. a ten-foldincrease in wheat production wasachieved. It increased from a total of89.000 tons in 1973 to 1.1 million tonsin 1981. ApproXimately 500.000hectares are now under rice-wheatcropping systems. There is <strong>the</strong> potentialto expand to about 2 million hectares. ifbetter varieties are identified andirrigation prOVided. Wheat is generallygrown after transplanted Aman rice inrainfed and irrigated rice areas. Themost common cropping patternsinvolving wheat are rice-wheat and ricerice-wheat.On-farm cropping systems research inBangladesh is conducted on 16 sites byseven institutions under <strong>the</strong>coordination of <strong>the</strong> BangladeshAgricultural Research Council. Inseveral sites. <strong>the</strong> rice-wheat system isone of <strong>the</strong> patterns being studied. As inNepal. <strong>the</strong> farmers' existing croppingpattern is compared with alternative orimproved cropping patterns. ResultsinvolVing wheat from three sites arepresented in Table 3.The farmers in Hathanzari traditionallygrow only two rice crops. and leave <strong>the</strong>field fallow for 180 days after harvest.The team has introduced wheat as athird crop. coupled with an improvedvariety of rice. The total yield of <strong>the</strong> tworice crops under improved managementwas 7.5 tlha. 32% better than <strong>the</strong>farmers' practice (6). The net returns ofrice-rice-wheat was 59% better than <strong>the</strong>farmers' rice-rice cropping pattern(Table 3).In <strong>the</strong> rainfed areas of Trishal Thana.<strong>the</strong> Bangladesh Agricultural Universitytested rice-rice-wheat and jute-ricewheat.The predominant or existingcropping patterns are rice-rice and juterice.using local varieties; wheat wasintroduced as a new crop. The yields ofimproved rice and jute were muchhigher than <strong>the</strong> local varieties. and <strong>the</strong>wheat crop was excellent. Net return
281was higher with <strong>the</strong> introduction ofwheat in both <strong>the</strong> rice-rice pattern(318-510% better) and in jute-rice(383% better).The predominant cropping pattern inThakurgaen is local rice-wheat. In someareas, rice-rice-wheat is grown. TheWater Development Board tested severalcropping patterns, using improvedvarieties and medium levels of fertilizerin <strong>the</strong> Aman season. The yields and netreturns of alternative cropping patternswere higher than <strong>the</strong> farmers' rice-ricewheatrotation (Table 3). Inclusion ofmungbean and millet proved to be goodalternatives in imprOVing <strong>the</strong> existingsystem; <strong>the</strong> highest net returns wereobserved in <strong>the</strong> rice-wheat pattern. Theuse of Jupateco, Balaka and, especially,Pavon increased production and netreturns.IndiaUnder irrigated conditions, <strong>the</strong> ricewheatcropping system is an importantpractice in <strong>the</strong> states of Punjab,Haryana, Uttar Pradesh. Bihar. WestBengal. Orissa. parts of Madhya Pradeshand Rajasthan. The area has expandedin <strong>the</strong> last 20 years with <strong>the</strong>development of photo-insensitive. highyieldingand early-maturing varieties ofboth rice and wheat and <strong>the</strong>development of irrigation systems.Recently. <strong>the</strong> area has also expanded torainfed rice areas. especially when <strong>the</strong>reis available moisture. The three-cropsystems are becoming popular inirrigated areas in nor<strong>the</strong>astern India.Cropping patterns such as rice-wheat·rice and rice-wheat-mungbean are fastbecoming popular among farmers.Table 3. Yield and economic returns of cropping patterns tested at three sites in Bangladesh,1982-83Yield (t/ha) Net returnsLocation and cropping pattern Crop 1 Crop 2 Crop 3 (US$/ha).!1Hathazari (partially irrigated, highland)(F) Rice (Purbachj)-rice (Nizershail) 3.16 2.46 552(FA) Rice (Purbachj)-rice (BRll)-wheat (Sonalika) 3.70 3.75 1.62 879Trishal Thana (rainfed, lowland)(F) Rice (Aus L)-rice (T. amon L)-fallow 1.31 1.87 273(FA) Rice (BR10)-rice (BR11)-wheat (INIA66) 3.86 4.84 3.57 1142(FA) Rice (B R10) -rice (B R11) -wheat (I NIA66) 4.91 5.40 4.17 1665(F) Jute (L)-rice (T. amon L)-fallow 1.34 1.87 243(FA) Jute (I)-rice (T. amon HYV)-wheat 2.43 5.38 3.99 975Thakurgaon (irrigated, highland)(F) Rice (Sanj)-rice (Kalam)-wheat (Sonalika) 1.91 1.57 1.30 576(FA) Rice (Dharial)-rice (BR 11 )-wheat (Jupateco) 1.68 4.19 2.33 1181(FA) Mungbean-rice (BR10)-wheat (Balaka) 0.70 3.73 2.65 1066(FA) Millet-rice (Pajam)-wheat (Pavon) 1.12 4.13 3.43 1171(FA) Fallow-rice (BR4)-wheat (Pavon) 4.53 3.73 1200F = farmers' cropping pattern, FA = alternative cropping pattern.!/ US$ 1 = 25 TKSource: Rahman and Manzano (6)
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The International Maize and Wheat I
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3AcknowledgementsThe Tropical Wheat
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5Wheat Production in Bangladesh: It
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7Chemical Control ofHelmtn.thosport
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1 9PrefaceThe international worksho
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uToluca, a high-elevation station a
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13In Bangladesh. many farmers' fiel
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global cooperation that permits apo
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17Recognizing the
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19With UNDP assistance. CIMMYTexpan
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4 21Introduction to the</st
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23grain-filling stages are required
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Table 1. Countries growing whut in
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27Month of sowing and month afterfl
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29. Table 3. Correlation coefficien
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31Earliness-Earliness is needed if
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33requires more than technical solu
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3~from other crops
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37Table 2. Advanced lines selected
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39If Bol1via does not radically cha
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41Table 5. Water efficiency utiliza
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4320-year period. Also indicated ar
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Table 2. (Con't)Cross and pedigreeN
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47respectively. for central AlaJuel
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49Table 1. Climatological data, Fra
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51Wheat Research in the</st
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53Table 3. Average yield of best wh
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Selection of Wheats forSubtropical
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Nigeria is high temperature. South
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59Wheat Production in Bangladesh:It
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61Research PrioritiesVarietal devel
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63Wheat Improvement Programsfor <st
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65In India, a series of wheat varie
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67in temperature are capable of cau
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69primarily due to a lack of financ
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71Triticale ImprovementRegular bree
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73The climate in this region is war
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75Recently, the pe
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77Variety improvement must also bec
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79those areas that are suitable for
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Wheat Growing in the</stron
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83Thailand Winter Cereals ProgramP.
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Many farmers are now exploring <str
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87crop is present, and known. at pl
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6 ~89Contributed PapersI. BreedingB
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91area at flowering. Vegetative vig
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93of the plants se
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Screening for tropical adaptationTh
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97Table 3. Best advanced lines of b
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99Table 4. Highest yielding advance
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101very late, high temperatures at
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103hence, select for drought tolera
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106References1. Anonymous. 1972. Wh
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107Breeding Wheats for Heatand Drou
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109unit area. However, looking at s
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111Identifying Wheats Adapted to Mo
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113standard date for sowing. In spi
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115transferred into high-yielding a
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117Table 1. Chemical properties of
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119• Resistance to shattering•
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121References1. Araujo. J.E.G. 1949
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123hours of sunlight monthly. Altho
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125Screening Wheats for QualityA. A
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127Wide Crosses and New Genesfor Wh
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129The introduction of alien geneti
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131averaged about 2.5 tonslha. Howe
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133must also demonstrate a yieldadv
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135II. Diseases and Disease Control
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137beaker with 200 ml sterilized di
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139Table 1. (Cont'd)Resistance reac
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141Identification ofSources of Resi
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143References1. Adlakha, K, RD. Wil
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Breeding Wheats with Resistanceto H
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147conditions. whereby infectionper
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149CIMMYT Methods for Screening Whe
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151Selection under Field Conditions
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153February. Environmental conditio
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156Each trla1 had two replications
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157References1. De Milliano. W.A.J.
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159Shinchunaga and descendants). se
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161Wheat Breedingfor Scab Resistanc
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163References1. Andersen. A.L. 1948
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16526. Luzzardi. G.C.. C.R. Pierobo
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18748. Nisikado. Y. 1958. Studies o
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Head Scab Screening Methods Used at
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171Wheat spikes are spray-inoculate
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173Reference.1. Bekele. G.T. 1984.
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1'71SThe species and varieties with
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177suspension. This method has prov
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179How the pathoge
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18112. Takegami, S. 1961. Proceedin
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183Documented Foot RotDlseaBes in W
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185References1. Anderson. N.A. 1982
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187against leaf rust by the
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-188Distribution and Importance ofR
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191Surprisingly. little or no stem
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193temperatures. but this differenc
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19~14. Lapis. D.B. and M.C. Kamatoy
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197According to a new criterionesta
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199Loss in yield is directly propor
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Chemical Control ofHelminthosportum
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203H. sattvum on foliage and heads
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205Table 1. Mean number of lesions
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20'7Table 4. Effect on lelf spot in
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209III. AgronomyPhysiological Limit
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Table 1. Actual and pouible wheat1l
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213Table 2. Wheat yield determinati
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216unpublished). A role of thumb de
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217seasonally and cloudiness persis
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219developmental periods. to around
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221Growth at high temperaturesEarly
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CertainlY crop growth rates in exce
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225rice, another C
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227105% that of C306 for th
Page 231 and 232: 22913. Fischer. RA.. I. Aguilar. R
Page 233 and 234: Soil Management as an Alternativefo
Page 235 and 236: 233water content in the</st
Page 237 and 238: 23~Tolerance to soil aciditySoil ac
Page 239 and 240: 237applied without increasing <stro
Page 241 and 242: The Cerrados: Future WheatProductio
Page 243 and 244: 241there is utiliz
Page 245 and 246: 243• Ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2S04]
Page 247 and 248: 245Physical Soil ProblemsThe soils
Page 249 and 250: 247program. these
Page 251 and 252: 249References1. Commisao Norte Bras
Page 253 and 254: 251was rather poor
Page 255 and 256: 253Tolerant vartettes-The yield ofv
Page 257 and 258: 255Alternative locations-An evaluat
Page 259 and 260: 257Wheat Production Constraintsand
Page 261 and 262: 259numerical grading which showed <
Page 263 and 264: 261directed towards minimum loss of
Page 265 and 266: '.2636. Cheng, C.P. 1977. Wheatprod
Page 267 and 268: Wheat in Rice...BasedCropping Syste
Page 269 and 270: 267Rice varietiesAs mentioned above
Page 271 and 272: 269A problem of declining yields ha
Page 273 and 274: 271_.z.:::-~:J.."•._,:.\--_.r+++v
Page 275 and 276: 273Agronomic Practices and Problems
Page 277 and 278: 275water percolation in rice. For w
Page 279 and 280: 277Rice-Wheat Cropping Systemsin So
Page 281: 279Table 1. Yield and economic retu
Page 285 and 286: 283to compete with othe</st
Page 287 and 288: for tropical environments. Highesta
Page 289 and 290: 287can be used. The computer is a u
Page 291 and 292: 289The computer has become a valuab
Page 293 and 294: 291IV. SeedWheat Seed Production,St
Page 295 and 296: 293On average, no more that 100 mm
Page 297 and 298: 295Storage in 20-liter biscuit or k
Page 299 and 300: Production, Storageand Marketing of
Page 301 and 302: 299true to type. are selected and t
Page 303 and 304: 301discussed and ascertained; <stro
Page 305 and 306: 303V. EconomicsWheat in the
Page 307 and 308: 305than in Asia and Africa (about 1
Page 309 and 310: 307wheat consumption). However, <st
Page 311 and 312: 309These changing consumption patte
Page 313 and 314: 311Finally. it should be clarified
Page 315 and 316: 313in areas where wheat yields arer
Page 317 and 318: 31510. FAO. 1982. The bread economy
Page 319 and 320: 317Lowlands withinadequate dry-seas
Page 321 and 322: 319Table 1. Private and social prof
Page 323 and 324: The Local-Use Approach to t
Page 325 and 326: 323fired oven has been used at oneu
Page 327 and 328: 325ControlliDg fungal diseasesThe i
Page 329 and 330: The Relative Priority andEconomics
Page 331 and 332: 329Comparative MarketPrices of Stap
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331References1. Agricultural Extens
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Table 1. Area, average yield and to
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Table 3. Annual domestic wheat prod
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337Table 5. Financial costs of whea
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Comments'D.L. WiDkelmaDll, DIrector
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7341------_1Closing Remarks, <stron
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343Table 1. Probleml for th
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345While efforts to develop wheatge
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347Appendix IIWheat Pests and Disea
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349Appendix IIIParticipants. <stron
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351NigeriaMr. Ahmed M. FalakiResear
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353CIMMYT Staff. MexicoMr. Robert D
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