the Symposium on Wheats for More Tropical Environments - cimmyt

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284Uha. Highest net income was obtained in<strong>the</strong> rice-chickpea rotation (usa 893).22% better than rice-wheat (Table 6).Rice-Wheat in Sou<strong>the</strong>ast AsiaWheat is not commercially grown inmost Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asian countries. exceptin Burma. However. <strong>the</strong> consumption ofwheat in <strong>the</strong>se countries is increasing ata rapid rate. The Philippines. forexample. imported about 1.2 milliontons in 1983; likewise. Indonesia. SriLanka and Thailand are heavy importersof wheat. There is now great interest ingrOwing wheat because of this increasein demand and imports. Research is inprogress in Thailand. Philippines.Indonesia. Burma and Sri Lanka. Thereis potential to grow wheat. especiallyafter rice. in areas with irrigation andUght-to-medium textured soils. Rice isgenerally planted in June or July.during <strong>the</strong> rainy season. and wheat inNovember or December. during <strong>the</strong> dryseason when <strong>the</strong>re are coolertemperatures. In high elevation areas in<strong>the</strong> tropics. wheat can be grown afterrice. Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Thailand and Burma cangrow wheat after rice on a commercialscale.There have stlll not been rice-wheatcropping-pattern trials in Sou<strong>the</strong>astAsia: most of <strong>the</strong> work is on varietalevaluation and agronomic management.Variety trials of wheat in nor<strong>the</strong>rnThailand and high elevation areas inIndonesia (Margahayu) have shownyields of up to 3.5 Uha. However. inmost trials. yields are generally low andunstable. There are years when yieldsare high. and years when <strong>the</strong>y are low.The First International Rice-WheatIntegrated Trial. which started in <strong>the</strong>Philippines. Burma and Thailand in late1982. gave very low yield levels. Thehighest wheat yields at IRRI.Philippines. came from Trigo 1 (localcheck) with 1.55 Uha: at Yezin. Burma.Abasolo 81 yielded 1.81 Uha. At Dagan.Philippines. Ures 81 had a yield of 0.43Uha and. in nor<strong>the</strong>rn Thailand.CIAN079 yielded 0.94 Uha. Yield levelsin 1983 were far better. At IRRI.Philippines. wheat yields ranged from0.58 to 1.96 Uha. The highest yield wasfrom C214-1. a variety developed by <strong>the</strong>Institute of Plant Breeding at <strong>the</strong>University of <strong>the</strong> Philippines in LosBailos.Agronomic management studies at IRRIshow low yield levels for wheat:however. <strong>the</strong>y can be considered highTable 6. Yield and net returns of various cropping patterns tested at <strong>the</strong> Rice ResearchInstitute, Dokri, PakistanCropping patternYield It/ha)Crop 1 Crop 2Net returns(US$/ha)Rice-wheatRice-barleyRice-ehickpeaRice-lentilRice-ehickling vetchRice-mustardRice-safflowerRice-IinseedRice4.584.335.084.914.994.164.414.385.240.954.260.660.620.580.290.676.76618610893756647500644626555Source: Bhatti (1)
for tropical environments. Highestaverage yields in some experimentswere only about 2.5 t/ha. Planting dateand fertilizer-level experiments withwheat after lowland rice was conductedby <strong>the</strong> IRRI Multiple CroppingDepartment in Cagayan and at <strong>the</strong> IRRIFarm at Los Baflos. Among fourvarieties (UPLWI. C220-5. C169-6 andINIA66) used in different planting-dateexperiments in Cagayan. C 169-6showed <strong>the</strong> highest average yield (2.0t/ha). Five planting-date trials wereconducted at IRRI. using five varieties.UPLWI. INIA66. C220-5. ANZA andC169-6. There <strong>the</strong> highest average yieldwas from C220-5 (2.5 t/ha) followed byC169-6 (2.4 tlha). In <strong>the</strong> fertilizerexperiment at Cagayan. 2.58 t/ha wasobtained with a nitrogen application of120 kglha on <strong>the</strong> variety UPLW 1(Trigo 1).Better varieties and managementtechniques are needed for wheat tocompete with o<strong>the</strong>r crops that can begrown after rice. Hopefully. thissymposium will help us arrive at bettertechnologies for Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia.References3. Majid Chaudhary. A. Croppingpattern testing. Punjab. Pakistan.1983. International Rice ResearchConference. IRRI. Los Baflos.Philippines. (Unpublished.)4. Sikurajapathy. M. Croppingsystems program. Sri Lanka.Report of <strong>the</strong> Fifteenth Asian RiceFarming Systems Working GroupMeeting. Rice Farming SystemsProgram. IRRI. Los Baflos.Philippines. (In press.)5. Pillai. K. Gopalakrishna. 1983.Cropping systems research in Indiarice-based cropping systems. InReport of <strong>the</strong> Fourteenth CroppingSystems Working Group Meeting.Rice Farming Systems Program.IRRI. Los Baflos. Philippines. Pp.384-407.6. Rahman. M.M.• and A.H. Manzano.Cropping pattern testing inBangladesh. Report of <strong>the</strong> FifteenthAsian Rice Farming SystemsWorking Group Meeting. RiceFarming Systems Program. IRRI.Los Baflos. Philippines. (In press.)1. Bhatti. I.M. Cropping patterntesting. Sind. Pakistan. 1983.International Rice ResearchConference. IRRI. Los Baflos.Philippines. (Unpublished.)2. Cropping Systems Staff. Progressreport on cropping pattern testingin Nepal for 1983. Report of <strong>the</strong>Fifteenth Asian Rice FarmingSystems Working Group Meeting.Rice Farming Systems Program.IRRI. Los Baflos. Philippines. (Inpress.)
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The International Maize and Wheat I
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3AcknowledgementsThe Tropical Wheat
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5Wheat Production in Bangladesh: It
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7Chemical Control ofHelmtn.thosport
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1 9PrefaceThe international worksho
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uToluca, a high-elevation station a
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13In Bangladesh. many farmers' fiel
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global cooperation that permits apo
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17Recognizing the
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19With UNDP assistance. CIMMYTexpan
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4 21Introduction to the</st
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23grain-filling stages are required
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Table 1. Countries growing whut in
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27Month of sowing and month afterfl
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29. Table 3. Correlation coefficien
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31Earliness-Earliness is needed if
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33requires more than technical solu
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3~from other crops
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37Table 2. Advanced lines selected
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39If Bol1via does not radically cha
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41Table 5. Water efficiency utiliza
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4320-year period. Also indicated ar
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Table 2. (Con't)Cross and pedigreeN
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47respectively. for central AlaJuel
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49Table 1. Climatological data, Fra
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51Wheat Research in the</st
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53Table 3. Average yield of best wh
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Selection of Wheats forSubtropical
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Nigeria is high temperature. South
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59Wheat Production in Bangladesh:It
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61Research PrioritiesVarietal devel
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63Wheat Improvement Programsfor <st
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65In India, a series of wheat varie
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67in temperature are capable of cau
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69primarily due to a lack of financ
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71Triticale ImprovementRegular bree
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73The climate in this region is war
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75Recently, the pe
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77Variety improvement must also bec
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79those areas that are suitable for
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Wheat Growing in the</stron
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83Thailand Winter Cereals ProgramP.
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Many farmers are now exploring <str
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87crop is present, and known. at pl
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6 ~89Contributed PapersI. BreedingB
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91area at flowering. Vegetative vig
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93of the plants se
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Screening for tropical adaptationTh
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97Table 3. Best advanced lines of b
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99Table 4. Highest yielding advance
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101very late, high temperatures at
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103hence, select for drought tolera
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106References1. Anonymous. 1972. Wh
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107Breeding Wheats for Heatand Drou
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109unit area. However, looking at s
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111Identifying Wheats Adapted to Mo
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113standard date for sowing. In spi
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115transferred into high-yielding a
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117Table 1. Chemical properties of
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119• Resistance to shattering•
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121References1. Araujo. J.E.G. 1949
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123hours of sunlight monthly. Altho
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125Screening Wheats for QualityA. A
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127Wide Crosses and New Genesfor Wh
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129The introduction of alien geneti
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131averaged about 2.5 tonslha. Howe
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133must also demonstrate a yieldadv
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135II. Diseases and Disease Control
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137beaker with 200 ml sterilized di
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139Table 1. (Cont'd)Resistance reac
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141Identification ofSources of Resi
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143References1. Adlakha, K, RD. Wil
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Breeding Wheats with Resistanceto H
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147conditions. whereby infectionper
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149CIMMYT Methods for Screening Whe
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151Selection under Field Conditions
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153February. Environmental conditio
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156Each trla1 had two replications
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157References1. De Milliano. W.A.J.
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159Shinchunaga and descendants). se
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161Wheat Breedingfor Scab Resistanc
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163References1. Andersen. A.L. 1948
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16526. Luzzardi. G.C.. C.R. Pierobo
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18748. Nisikado. Y. 1958. Studies o
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Head Scab Screening Methods Used at
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171Wheat spikes are spray-inoculate
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173Reference.1. Bekele. G.T. 1984.
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1'71SThe species and varieties with
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177suspension. This method has prov
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179How the pathoge
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18112. Takegami, S. 1961. Proceedin
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183Documented Foot RotDlseaBes in W
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185References1. Anderson. N.A. 1982
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187against leaf rust by the
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-188Distribution and Importance ofR
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191Surprisingly. little or no stem
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193temperatures. but this differenc
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19~14. Lapis. D.B. and M.C. Kamatoy
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197According to a new criterionesta
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199Loss in yield is directly propor
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Chemical Control ofHelminthosportum
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203H. sattvum on foliage and heads
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205Table 1. Mean number of lesions
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20'7Table 4. Effect on lelf spot in
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209III. AgronomyPhysiological Limit
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Table 1. Actual and pouible wheat1l
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213Table 2. Wheat yield determinati
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216unpublished). A role of thumb de
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217seasonally and cloudiness persis
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219developmental periods. to around
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221Growth at high temperaturesEarly
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CertainlY crop growth rates in exce
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225rice, another C
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227105% that of C306 for th
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22913. Fischer. RA.. I. Aguilar. R
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Soil Management as an Alternativefo
Page 235 and 236: 233water content in the</st
Page 237 and 238: 23~Tolerance to soil aciditySoil ac
Page 239 and 240: 237applied without increasing <stro
Page 241 and 242: The Cerrados: Future WheatProductio
Page 243 and 244: 241there is utiliz
Page 245 and 246: 243• Ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2S04]
Page 247 and 248: 245Physical Soil ProblemsThe soils
Page 249 and 250: 247program. these
Page 251 and 252: 249References1. Commisao Norte Bras
Page 253 and 254: 251was rather poor
Page 255 and 256: 253Tolerant vartettes-The yield ofv
Page 257 and 258: 255Alternative locations-An evaluat
Page 259 and 260: 257Wheat Production Constraintsand
Page 261 and 262: 259numerical grading which showed <
Page 263 and 264: 261directed towards minimum loss of
Page 265 and 266: '.2636. Cheng, C.P. 1977. Wheatprod
Page 267 and 268: Wheat in Rice...BasedCropping Syste
Page 269 and 270: 267Rice varietiesAs mentioned above
Page 271 and 272: 269A problem of declining yields ha
Page 273 and 274: 271_.z.:::-~:J.."•._,:.\--_.r+++v
Page 275 and 276: 273Agronomic Practices and Problems
Page 277 and 278: 275water percolation in rice. For w
Page 279 and 280: 277Rice-Wheat Cropping Systemsin So
Page 281 and 282: 279Table 1. Yield and economic retu
Page 283 and 284: 281was higher with the</str
Page 285: 283to compete with othe</st
Page 289 and 290: 287can be used. The computer is a u
Page 291 and 292: 289The computer has become a valuab
Page 293 and 294: 291IV. SeedWheat Seed Production,St
Page 295 and 296: 293On average, no more that 100 mm
Page 297 and 298: 295Storage in 20-liter biscuit or k
Page 299 and 300: Production, Storageand Marketing of
Page 301 and 302: 299true to type. are selected and t
Page 303 and 304: 301discussed and ascertained; <stro
Page 305 and 306: 303V. EconomicsWheat in the
Page 307 and 308: 305than in Asia and Africa (about 1
Page 309 and 310: 307wheat consumption). However, <st
Page 311 and 312: 309These changing consumption patte
Page 313 and 314: 311Finally. it should be clarified
Page 315 and 316: 313in areas where wheat yields arer
Page 317 and 318: 31510. FAO. 1982. The bread economy
Page 319 and 320: 317Lowlands withinadequate dry-seas
Page 321 and 322: 319Table 1. Private and social prof
Page 323 and 324: The Local-Use Approach to t
Page 325 and 326: 323fired oven has been used at oneu
Page 327 and 328: 325ControlliDg fungal diseasesThe i
Page 329 and 330: The Relative Priority andEconomics
Page 331 and 332: 329Comparative MarketPrices of Stap
Page 333 and 334: 331References1. Agricultural Extens
Page 335 and 336: Table 1. Area, average yield and to
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Table 3. Annual domestic wheat prod
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337Table 5. Financial costs of whea
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Comments'D.L. WiDkelmaDll, DIrector
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7341------_1Closing Remarks, <stron
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343Table 1. Probleml for th
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345While efforts to develop wheatge
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347Appendix IIWheat Pests and Disea
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349Appendix IIIParticipants. <stron
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351NigeriaMr. Ahmed M. FalakiResear
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353CIMMYT Staff. MexicoMr. Robert D
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