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334for sowing. both as a result of researchfindings and for practical reasons.Factors that must be considered by <strong>the</strong>farmer include <strong>the</strong> availability of capitaland farm machinery. as well asirrigation water. for <strong>the</strong> various crops of<strong>the</strong> rotations in <strong>the</strong> different farmingschemes.SeecUDg rate aDd method of sowbagA seeding rate of 143 kg/ha isrecommended. with <strong>the</strong> seed sown witha drill in rows 20 cm apart.FertUlzer useThe only fertilizer recommended isnitrogen applied at sowing as sidedressing at <strong>the</strong> rate of 86 kg/ha.InlgatioDThe general recommendation is toirrigate wheat every two weeks.Weed eODtrolTaking into consideration <strong>the</strong> high seedrate being used and its effect insmo<strong>the</strong>ring weeds. as well as <strong>the</strong>herbicides being used on o<strong>the</strong>r crops in<strong>the</strong> rotation and mechanical weedcontrol dUring land preparation. noherbicides are officially recommendedfor wheat.IDseet aDd cUsease eODtrolThe only economically important insectpest in Sudan is <strong>the</strong> aphid and, to someextent. stem borers. Normally one ortwo sprayings of <strong>the</strong> appropriateinsecticide are applied dUring <strong>the</strong>season. Rust problems are ofimportance in New Halfa and <strong>the</strong>nor<strong>the</strong>rn part of <strong>the</strong> country; hence.only resistant varieties arerecommended for those areas.VarietiesThe principal recommended wheatvarieties for Sudan are Mexicani,Giza 155. Condor. Mukhtar. Shenaband Debera.When wheat is grown follOWing <strong>the</strong>above recommendations. yields as highas 3 to 3.5 t1ha are obtained on <strong>the</strong>experiment farms at Gezira and NewHalfa. In <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn parts of <strong>the</strong>country. yields of 4 to 4.5 t1ha areachieved.Wheat Production,Imports and ConsumptionConsumption of wheat in <strong>the</strong> Sudanhas continued to rise, due to increasesin population. urbanization and <strong>the</strong>rising income of <strong>the</strong> people. Table 3Table 2. Average maximum and minimum temperatures during <strong>the</strong> wheat productionperiod in <strong>the</strong> three wheat-growing regions, Sudan, 1941 to 1970Wad Medani (Gezira) Kassala (New Haifa) Dongla(central region) (eastern region) (nor<strong>the</strong>rn region)Month Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum(OC) (OC) (OC) (OC) (OC) (OC)October 37.8 21.6 36.9 23.2 38.7 21.1November 36.5 18.0 37.5 20.6 32.9 15.4December 33.8 14.5 35.0 17.0 29.0 10.7January 33.6 14.0 34.3 16.0 27.8 9.3February 35.1 14.7 35.4 16.4 29.7 10.2March 38.4 18.2 38.6 19.2 33.9 14.1Source: Sudan Meteorological Service Memo 5
Table 3. Annual domestic wheat production, imports and consumption, Sudan, 1975-76 to 1979-80Total domestic Amount saved Amount available Imports Total Totalproduction for seed~ for consumption Wheat Flour.!!1 imports consumptionSeason (000 tons) (000 tons) (000 tons) (000 tons) (000 tons) (000 tons)1975-76 264 56 208 120 - 120 3281976-77 294 53 241 207 21 230 4711977-78 317 52 265 143 24 170 4351978·79 117 44 133 187 26 216 3491979-80 219 38 181 298 33 335 516.!/ Includes 5 % extra for seed lossE/ Converted to wheat at extraction rate of 900/0Source: The Policy of Wheat Production in <strong>the</strong> Gezira Scheme (in Arabic)!
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The International Maize and Wheat I
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3AcknowledgementsThe Tropical Wheat
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5Wheat Production in Bangladesh: It
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7Chemical Control ofHelmtn.thosport
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1 9PrefaceThe international worksho
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uToluca, a high-elevation station a
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13In Bangladesh. many farmers' fiel
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global cooperation that permits apo
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17Recognizing the
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19With UNDP assistance. CIMMYTexpan
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4 21Introduction to the</st
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23grain-filling stages are required
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Table 1. Countries growing whut in
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27Month of sowing and month afterfl
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29. Table 3. Correlation coefficien
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31Earliness-Earliness is needed if
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33requires more than technical solu
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3~from other crops
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37Table 2. Advanced lines selected
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39If Bol1via does not radically cha
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41Table 5. Water efficiency utiliza
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4320-year period. Also indicated ar
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Table 2. (Con't)Cross and pedigreeN
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47respectively. for central AlaJuel
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49Table 1. Climatological data, Fra
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51Wheat Research in the</st
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53Table 3. Average yield of best wh
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Selection of Wheats forSubtropical
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Nigeria is high temperature. South
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59Wheat Production in Bangladesh:It
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61Research PrioritiesVarietal devel
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63Wheat Improvement Programsfor <st
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65In India, a series of wheat varie
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67in temperature are capable of cau
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69primarily due to a lack of financ
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71Triticale ImprovementRegular bree
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73The climate in this region is war
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75Recently, the pe
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77Variety improvement must also bec
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79those areas that are suitable for
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Wheat Growing in the</stron
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83Thailand Winter Cereals ProgramP.
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Many farmers are now exploring <str
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87crop is present, and known. at pl
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6 ~89Contributed PapersI. BreedingB
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91area at flowering. Vegetative vig
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93of the plants se
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Screening for tropical adaptationTh
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97Table 3. Best advanced lines of b
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99Table 4. Highest yielding advance
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101very late, high temperatures at
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103hence, select for drought tolera
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106References1. Anonymous. 1972. Wh
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107Breeding Wheats for Heatand Drou
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109unit area. However, looking at s
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111Identifying Wheats Adapted to Mo
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113standard date for sowing. In spi
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115transferred into high-yielding a
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117Table 1. Chemical properties of
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119• Resistance to shattering•
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121References1. Araujo. J.E.G. 1949
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123hours of sunlight monthly. Altho
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125Screening Wheats for QualityA. A
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127Wide Crosses and New Genesfor Wh
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129The introduction of alien geneti
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131averaged about 2.5 tonslha. Howe
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133must also demonstrate a yieldadv
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135II. Diseases and Disease Control
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137beaker with 200 ml sterilized di
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139Table 1. (Cont'd)Resistance reac
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141Identification ofSources of Resi
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143References1. Adlakha, K, RD. Wil
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Breeding Wheats with Resistanceto H
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147conditions. whereby infectionper
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149CIMMYT Methods for Screening Whe
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151Selection under Field Conditions
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153February. Environmental conditio
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156Each trla1 had two replications
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157References1. De Milliano. W.A.J.
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159Shinchunaga and descendants). se
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161Wheat Breedingfor Scab Resistanc
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163References1. Andersen. A.L. 1948
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16526. Luzzardi. G.C.. C.R. Pierobo
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18748. Nisikado. Y. 1958. Studies o
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Head Scab Screening Methods Used at
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171Wheat spikes are spray-inoculate
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173Reference.1. Bekele. G.T. 1984.
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1'71SThe species and varieties with
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177suspension. This method has prov
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179How the pathoge
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18112. Takegami, S. 1961. Proceedin
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183Documented Foot RotDlseaBes in W
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185References1. Anderson. N.A. 1982
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187against leaf rust by the
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-188Distribution and Importance ofR
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191Surprisingly. little or no stem
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193temperatures. but this differenc
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19~14. Lapis. D.B. and M.C. Kamatoy
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197According to a new criterionesta
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199Loss in yield is directly propor
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Chemical Control ofHelminthosportum
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203H. sattvum on foliage and heads
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205Table 1. Mean number of lesions
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20'7Table 4. Effect on lelf spot in
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209III. AgronomyPhysiological Limit
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Table 1. Actual and pouible wheat1l
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213Table 2. Wheat yield determinati
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216unpublished). A role of thumb de
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217seasonally and cloudiness persis
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219developmental periods. to around
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221Growth at high temperaturesEarly
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CertainlY crop growth rates in exce
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225rice, another C
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227105% that of C306 for th
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22913. Fischer. RA.. I. Aguilar. R
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Soil Management as an Alternativefo
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233water content in the</st
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23~Tolerance to soil aciditySoil ac
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237applied without increasing <stro
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The Cerrados: Future WheatProductio
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241there is utiliz
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243• Ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2S04]
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245Physical Soil ProblemsThe soils
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247program. these
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249References1. Commisao Norte Bras
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251was rather poor
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253Tolerant vartettes-The yield ofv
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255Alternative locations-An evaluat
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257Wheat Production Constraintsand
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259numerical grading which showed <
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261directed towards minimum loss of
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'.2636. Cheng, C.P. 1977. Wheatprod
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Wheat in Rice...BasedCropping Syste
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267Rice varietiesAs mentioned above
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269A problem of declining yields ha
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271_.z.:::-~:J.."•._,:.\--_.r+++v
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273Agronomic Practices and Problems
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275water percolation in rice. For w
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277Rice-Wheat Cropping Systemsin So
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279Table 1. Yield and economic retu
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281was higher with the</str
Page 285 and 286: 283to compete with othe</st
Page 287 and 288: for tropical environments. Highesta
Page 289 and 290: 287can be used. The computer is a u
Page 291 and 292: 289The computer has become a valuab
Page 293 and 294: 291IV. SeedWheat Seed Production,St
Page 295 and 296: 293On average, no more that 100 mm
Page 297 and 298: 295Storage in 20-liter biscuit or k
Page 299 and 300: Production, Storageand Marketing of
Page 301 and 302: 299true to type. are selected and t
Page 303 and 304: 301discussed and ascertained; <stro
Page 305 and 306: 303V. EconomicsWheat in the
Page 307 and 308: 305than in Asia and Africa (about 1
Page 309 and 310: 307wheat consumption). However, <st
Page 311 and 312: 309These changing consumption patte
Page 313 and 314: 311Finally. it should be clarified
Page 315 and 316: 313in areas where wheat yields arer
Page 317 and 318: 31510. FAO. 1982. The bread economy
Page 319 and 320: 317Lowlands withinadequate dry-seas
Page 321 and 322: 319Table 1. Private and social prof
Page 323 and 324: The Local-Use Approach to t
Page 325 and 326: 323fired oven has been used at oneu
Page 327 and 328: 325ControlliDg fungal diseasesThe i
Page 329 and 330: The Relative Priority andEconomics
Page 331 and 332: 329Comparative MarketPrices of Stap
Page 333 and 334: 331References1. Agricultural Extens
Page 335: Table 1. Area, average yield and to
Page 339 and 340: 337Table 5. Financial costs of whea
Page 341 and 342: Comments'D.L. WiDkelmaDll, DIrector
Page 343 and 344: 7341------_1Closing Remarks, <stron
Page 345 and 346: 343Table 1. Probleml for th
Page 347 and 348: 345While efforts to develop wheatge
Page 349 and 350: 347Appendix IIWheat Pests and Disea
Page 351 and 352: 349Appendix IIIParticipants. <stron
Page 353 and 354: 351NigeriaMr. Ahmed M. FalakiResear
Page 355 and 356: 353CIMMYT Staff. MexicoMr. Robert D
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