the Symposium on Wheats for More Tropical Environments - cimmyt

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180Agricultural Sciences. through <strong>the</strong>statistical analysis of <strong>the</strong> relationshipamong meteorological factors. <strong>the</strong>number of ascospores present on whea<strong>the</strong>ads at <strong>the</strong> mUk stage and <strong>the</strong>preliminary incidence of <strong>the</strong> disease.Satisfactory results were obtained withthis program.Integrated coDtrol of scabA reasonable strategy for <strong>the</strong> integratedcontrol of scab should involve <strong>the</strong>utilization of resistant varieties. propercultural practices and <strong>the</strong> application ofchemicals in <strong>the</strong> critical growth stage.[n <strong>the</strong> early 1950s. many resistantvarieties. such as Wan-nan 2. E-mail 6.Hua-zhong 2133. Xiang-mai 1.Zhen-mai 7495. Jingzhou 1 andJingzhou 66 were bred and released. Inrecent years. still more resistantvarieties with good agronomiccharacters. such as Yangmai 4.Nanjing 8017 and Nanjing 8026. havebeen released.[n <strong>the</strong> beginning of <strong>the</strong> 19708. manyworkers reported that Benzimidazole(BMZ) was an efficient systemicchemical for controlling wheat scab.Since 1978. a series of rapid andefficient techniques have beendeveloped. such as those of <strong>the</strong> JiangsuAcademy of Agricultural Sciences(15.16). to improve <strong>the</strong> effects of BMZ.These include <strong>the</strong> use of a BMZsuspensoid.soluble agent. which is amicronized powder. instead of wettablepowder. Also. a new type of atomizerhas been produced to change <strong>the</strong>application of <strong>the</strong> chemical from highvolume to low. and <strong>the</strong> spray from fineto atomized. This increases chemicalcoverage and enhances adhesion to <strong>the</strong>wheat heads to prevent its beingwashed off by rain.This combination of new resistantvarieties and new methods of applyingfungicide has brought <strong>the</strong> level ofintegrated control to a new high.References1. All-ehina Cooperation of Researchon Wheat Scab. Studies onFusarium species infection onspikes of wheat in China. 1984.Journal ofShanghai Teachers'College (Natural Science Section) 3.2. Chen. C.H. 1983. Acta AgriculturaeUniversitatis Zhejiangensis9(2):115-126.3. Chen. H.K.. and Ling Xun-yt. 1982.Acta Phytopathologica Sinica12(3):1-12.4. Chen. H.Z.. and K.C. Li. 1982.Biology Communications(38-50):40-52.5. Huang. Z.X.• and R.C. Xu. 1983.Journal of Jiangsu AgriculturalScience 7:30-31.6. Hubei Provincial Cooperative Groupfor Long-Range Forecast ofGibberella zeae in Wheat. 1983.Statistical model of Gtbberella zeaeepidemic in wheat and methods oflong-range forecast in HubeiProvince. Scientia AgriculturaSinica 1:71-77.7. Jin. S.B. 1983. Chinese wheatcultivars and <strong>the</strong>ir pedigrees.Agricultural Press. Peking. China.8. Li. K.C. 1982. Wheat scab and itscontrol. 2nd ed. Science andTechnology Press. Shanghai. China.9. Li. g.X.• and Z.M. Wang. 1982.Acta Phytophylacica Sinica9(3): 163-168.10. Lt. g.X.• and Z.M. Wang. 1983.Acta Phytophylacica Sinica10(1):25-32.11. Schroeder. H.W.. andJ.J. Christensen. 1963.Phytopathology 53:831-838.
18112. Takegami, S. 1961. Proceedings of<strong>the</strong> Crop Science Society of Japan29:245-248. (In Japanese.)13. Wang, Y.C., X.N. Yang andC.P. Hsiao. 1981. Journal ofJiangsu Agricultural Science1(3):38-41.14. Wang, Y.C. 1982. Journal ofJiangsu Agricultural Science10:46-47.15. Wang, Y.C., and X.N. Yang. 1982.Scientia Agricultura Sinica 5:67-77.16. Wheat Scab Research Group,Jiangsu Province. 1984. Journalof Jiangsu Agricultural Science3:25-28.17. Xia, Y.O., C.P. Hsiao and C.X. Gao.1955. Acta Phytopathologica Sinica1(1): 19-29.18. Xu, F.N. 1982. Journal of NanjingAgricultural College 1: 105-107.19. Xu, F.N. 1983. Journal of NanjingAgricultural College 1:72-90.20. Xu, R.C., and Z.X. Huang. 1982.Journal of Jiangsu AgriculturalScience 4:26-29.21. Xu, R.C., and Z.X. Huang. 1983.Journal of Jiangsu AgriculturalScience 4:24-28.22. Xu, Y.G., and Z.S. Yang. 1980.Journal of Nanjing AgriculturalCollege 1(1):119-126.23. Xu, Y.G., and Z.O. Fang. 1982.Acta Phytopathologica Sinica12(4):53-57.24. Ye, H.Z. 1980. Acta PhytophylacicaSinica 79(1):35-42.25. Yu, O.F. 1955. Acta PhytopathologicaSinica. 1(1): 1-18.26. Yu, Y.J. 1982. Journal of HuazhongAgricultural College 2:70-72.27. Zhang, L.Q., and X.P. Pan. 1982.Journal of Hunan AgriculturalCollege 3(2):21-29.28. Zhen, Y.M., Z.F. Lin and Z.O. Zhu.1983. Acta Phytopathologica Sinica13(2):53·59.29. Zhou, C.F., S.S. Xia and C.M. Qian.1984. Journal of JiangsuAgricultural Science 2: 15-18.
Page 2 and 3:
The International Maize and Wheat I
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3AcknowledgementsThe Tropical Wheat
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5Wheat Production in Bangladesh: It
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7Chemical Control ofHelmtn.thosport
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1 9PrefaceThe international worksho
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uToluca, a high-elevation station a
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13In Bangladesh. many farmers' fiel
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global cooperation that permits apo
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17Recognizing the
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19With UNDP assistance. CIMMYTexpan
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4 21Introduction to the</st
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23grain-filling stages are required
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Table 1. Countries growing whut in
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27Month of sowing and month afterfl
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29. Table 3. Correlation coefficien
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31Earliness-Earliness is needed if
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33requires more than technical solu
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3~from other crops
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37Table 2. Advanced lines selected
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39If Bol1via does not radically cha
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41Table 5. Water efficiency utiliza
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4320-year period. Also indicated ar
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Table 2. (Con't)Cross and pedigreeN
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47respectively. for central AlaJuel
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49Table 1. Climatological data, Fra
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51Wheat Research in the</st
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53Table 3. Average yield of best wh
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Selection of Wheats forSubtropical
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Nigeria is high temperature. South
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59Wheat Production in Bangladesh:It
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61Research PrioritiesVarietal devel
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63Wheat Improvement Programsfor <st
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65In India, a series of wheat varie
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67in temperature are capable of cau
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69primarily due to a lack of financ
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71Triticale ImprovementRegular bree
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73The climate in this region is war
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75Recently, the pe
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77Variety improvement must also bec
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79those areas that are suitable for
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Wheat Growing in the</stron
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83Thailand Winter Cereals ProgramP.
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Many farmers are now exploring <str
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87crop is present, and known. at pl
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6 ~89Contributed PapersI. BreedingB
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91area at flowering. Vegetative vig
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93of the plants se
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Screening for tropical adaptationTh
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97Table 3. Best advanced lines of b
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99Table 4. Highest yielding advance
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101very late, high temperatures at
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103hence, select for drought tolera
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106References1. Anonymous. 1972. Wh
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107Breeding Wheats for Heatand Drou
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109unit area. However, looking at s
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111Identifying Wheats Adapted to Mo
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113standard date for sowing. In spi
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115transferred into high-yielding a
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117Table 1. Chemical properties of
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119• Resistance to shattering•
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121References1. Araujo. J.E.G. 1949
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123hours of sunlight monthly. Altho
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125Screening Wheats for QualityA. A
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127Wide Crosses and New Genesfor Wh
Page 131 and 132: 129The introduction of alien geneti
Page 133 and 134: 131averaged about 2.5 tonslha. Howe
Page 135 and 136: 133must also demonstrate a yieldadv
Page 137 and 138: 135II. Diseases and Disease Control
Page 139 and 140: 137beaker with 200 ml sterilized di
Page 141 and 142: 139Table 1. (Cont'd)Resistance reac
Page 143 and 144: 141Identification ofSources of Resi
Page 145 and 146: 143References1. Adlakha, K, RD. Wil
Page 147 and 148: Breeding Wheats with Resistanceto H
Page 149 and 150: 147conditions. whereby infectionper
Page 151 and 152: 149CIMMYT Methods for Screening Whe
Page 153 and 154: 151Selection under Field Conditions
Page 155 and 156: 153February. Environmental conditio
Page 157 and 158: 156Each trla1 had two replications
Page 159 and 160: 157References1. De Milliano. W.A.J.
Page 161 and 162: 159Shinchunaga and descendants). se
Page 163 and 164: 161Wheat Breedingfor Scab Resistanc
Page 165 and 166: 163References1. Andersen. A.L. 1948
Page 167 and 168: 16526. Luzzardi. G.C.. C.R. Pierobo
Page 169 and 170: 18748. Nisikado. Y. 1958. Studies o
Page 171 and 172: Head Scab Screening Methods Used at
Page 173 and 174: 171Wheat spikes are spray-inoculate
Page 175 and 176: 173Reference.1. Bekele. G.T. 1984.
Page 177 and 178: 1'71SThe species and varieties with
Page 179 and 180: 177suspension. This method has prov
Page 181: 179How the pathoge
Page 185 and 186: 183Documented Foot RotDlseaBes in W
Page 187 and 188: 185References1. Anderson. N.A. 1982
Page 189 and 190: 187against leaf rust by the
Page 191 and 192: -188Distribution and Importance ofR
Page 193 and 194: 191Surprisingly. little or no stem
Page 195 and 196: 193temperatures. but this differenc
Page 197 and 198: 19~14. Lapis. D.B. and M.C. Kamatoy
Page 199 and 200: 197According to a new criterionesta
Page 201 and 202: 199Loss in yield is directly propor
Page 203 and 204: Chemical Control ofHelminthosportum
Page 205 and 206: 203H. sattvum on foliage and heads
Page 207 and 208: 205Table 1. Mean number of lesions
Page 209 and 210: 20'7Table 4. Effect on lelf spot in
Page 211 and 212: 209III. AgronomyPhysiological Limit
Page 213 and 214: Table 1. Actual and pouible wheat1l
Page 215 and 216: 213Table 2. Wheat yield determinati
Page 217 and 218: 216unpublished). A role of thumb de
Page 219 and 220: 217seasonally and cloudiness persis
Page 221 and 222: 219developmental periods. to around
Page 223 and 224: 221Growth at high temperaturesEarly
Page 225 and 226: CertainlY crop growth rates in exce
Page 227 and 228: 225rice, another C
Page 229 and 230: 227105% that of C306 for th
Page 231 and 232: 22913. Fischer. RA.. I. Aguilar. R
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Soil Management as an Alternativefo
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233water content in the</st
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23~Tolerance to soil aciditySoil ac
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237applied without increasing <stro
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The Cerrados: Future WheatProductio
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241there is utiliz
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243• Ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2S04]
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245Physical Soil ProblemsThe soils
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247program. these
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249References1. Commisao Norte Bras
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251was rather poor
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253Tolerant vartettes-The yield ofv
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255Alternative locations-An evaluat
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257Wheat Production Constraintsand
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259numerical grading which showed <
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261directed towards minimum loss of
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'.2636. Cheng, C.P. 1977. Wheatprod
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Wheat in Rice...BasedCropping Syste
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267Rice varietiesAs mentioned above
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269A problem of declining yields ha
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271_.z.:::-~:J.."•._,:.\--_.r+++v
Page 275 and 276:
273Agronomic Practices and Problems
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275water percolation in rice. For w
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277Rice-Wheat Cropping Systemsin So
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279Table 1. Yield and economic retu
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281was higher with the</str
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283to compete with othe</st
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for tropical environments. Highesta
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287can be used. The computer is a u
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289The computer has become a valuab
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291IV. SeedWheat Seed Production,St
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293On average, no more that 100 mm
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295Storage in 20-liter biscuit or k
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Production, Storageand Marketing of
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299true to type. are selected and t
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301discussed and ascertained; <stro
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303V. EconomicsWheat in the
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305than in Asia and Africa (about 1
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307wheat consumption). However, <st
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309These changing consumption patte
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311Finally. it should be clarified
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313in areas where wheat yields arer
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31510. FAO. 1982. The bread economy
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317Lowlands withinadequate dry-seas
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319Table 1. Private and social prof
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The Local-Use Approach to t
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323fired oven has been used at oneu
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325ControlliDg fungal diseasesThe i
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The Relative Priority andEconomics
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329Comparative MarketPrices of Stap
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331References1. Agricultural Extens
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Table 1. Area, average yield and to
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Table 3. Annual domestic wheat prod
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337Table 5. Financial costs of whea
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Comments'D.L. WiDkelmaDll, DIrector
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7341------_1Closing Remarks, <stron
Page 345 and 346:
343Table 1. Probleml for th
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345While efforts to develop wheatge
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347Appendix IIWheat Pests and Disea
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349Appendix IIIParticipants. <stron
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351NigeriaMr. Ahmed M. FalakiResear
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353CIMMYT Staff. MexicoMr. Robert D
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