the Symposium on Wheats for More Tropical Environments - cimmyt

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156dry weight per ear was caused mainlyby a severe reduction in <strong>the</strong> number ofkernels per ear.ConclusionsEarly foliar infection byhelminthosporium reduced <strong>the</strong> kerneldry weight per ear of both Africangenotypes. Foliar infection betweendevelopment stages 30 and 50 DC of<strong>the</strong> plant inhibited kernel production.but did not appear to influence dryweight per kernel. Foliar infectionbetween development stages 40 and 65DC of <strong>the</strong> plant. however. could affectboth number of kernels per ear and dryweight per kernel. The results suggestthat <strong>the</strong> development stage at which<strong>the</strong> infection occurs is of importance for<strong>the</strong> number of kernels produced. Thedegree of inhibition was high.particularly at <strong>the</strong> moderately high airtemperature and humidity. Underirrigated conditions. as in Zambia.helminthosporium occurs on <strong>the</strong> leavesbefore an<strong>the</strong>sis; <strong>the</strong> experimentssuggest that helminthosporium may<strong>the</strong>n cause significant yield loss. Theamount of yield loss found in <strong>the</strong>seexperiments justifies yield loss studieswith fungicide applications beforean<strong>the</strong>sis. and screening for geneticvariation in resistance to earlyinfection.At high air temperatures andmoderately high humidity. <strong>the</strong> effect oftemperature on kernel dry weight perear was larger than was <strong>the</strong> effect ofhelminthosporium. This indicates that.in areas with high air temperature andhumidity, breeding for tolerance to hightemperature should have priority overbreeding for resistance tohelminthosporium.In both trials. kernel dry weight per eardiffered between genotypes; it washighest for MIL04-21. which wasselected under warm. rainy-seasonconditions in Zambia. Under thoseenvironmental conditions, MIL04-21had a higher yield than Tokwe. Geneticvariation appears to allow selection forincomplete resistance to helminthosporiumbut. Without good tolerance tohigh temperature. this resistance mayhave little practical value.AcknowledgementsThe authors wish to thank CIMMYT forproViding <strong>the</strong> opportunity forpresenting this paper. <strong>the</strong> Departmentof Phytopathology of <strong>the</strong> StateAgricultural University. Wageningen.Ne<strong>the</strong>rlands. for proViding <strong>the</strong> facilitiesto perform <strong>the</strong> trials. M. Kelfkens andM. Krot for carrying out <strong>the</strong> 1982 and1983 trials. respectively. and W.Hoogkamer for prOViding technicalassistance.Table 3. The effect of foliar infection by Helminthosporium sativum on yield componentsof first tillers for two African wheat genotypes grown in a growth chamber. Ne<strong>the</strong>rlands.1982 and 1983YieldcomponentTria/1,1982(genotype and effect)Effect ofEffect ofTokwe inoculatign!.' Mll04·21 inoculatio.,!.'Trial 2. 1983(genotype and effect)Effect ofEffect ofTokwe inoculation!' Ml104·21 inoculatio.,!.'Kernel dry weightper ear (g)No inoculation 0.14Inoculated 0.14 0Number of kernels HNo inoculation 5Inoculated 6Kernel dry weight (my)No inoculation 29Inoculated 25 .14!' Effect of inoculation =1.00-(+/-10.53 0.68 1.280.33 .38 0.25 .63 0.80 .3719 21 4315 .21 8 .62 28 .3528 35 3024 .14 35 0 30 0
157References1. De Milliano. W.A.J. 1983.Improvement of wheat in Zambiausing incomplete resistance againstrusts. PhD Thesis. StateAgricultural University.Wageningen. Ne<strong>the</strong>rlands.2. Edwards. LB. 1968. Release of newwheat varieties with high bakingqualities. Rhodesian AgriculturalJournal 65:55-57.3. Jorgensen. J. 1974. Occurrenceand importance of seed-borneinoculum of Cochliobolus sativuson barley seed in Denmark. ActaAgriculturae Scandinavica 24:4954.4. Mehta. Y.R 1978. Doencas do trigoe seu controle. Ed. AgronomicaCeres. Sao Paulo e SummaPhytopathologica 20:112-118.5. Peregrine. W.T.H.. and M.A.Siddiqi. 1972. A revised andannotated list of plant diseases inMalawi. Phytopathological Paper16. Commonwealth MycologicalInstitute. Kew. England.6. Raemaekers. RN. 1978. Diseasesituation on rainfed wheat 1977-78in Zambia. In Wheat DiseaseWorkshop. Zambia. ZAM-CANWheat Development Project,Lusaka. Zambia. Pp. 22-26.8. Rieuf. P. 1971. Parasites etsaprofytes des plantes au Maroc.Cahiers Recherche Agronomique30:469-570.9. Riley. E.A. 1960. A revised list ofplant diseases in Tanganyikaterritory. Mycological Paper 75.Commonwealth MycologicalInstitute. Kew. England.10. Saari, E.E.. and RD. Wilcoxson.1974. Plant disease situation ofhigh-yielding dwarf wheats in Asiaand Africa. Annual Review ofPhytopathology 12:49-68.11. Thorold. M.A. 1935. Diseases ofcereal crops in Kenya colony.Department of Agriculture Bulletin2. Colony and Protectorate ofKenya. Nairobi. Kenya.12. Waterhouse. RG.F. 1976. Adescription of old and new wheatvarieties. Department ofAgriculture. NIRS. Mazabuka.Zambia.13. Zadoks. J.C.. T.T. Chang and C.F.Konzak. 1974. A decimal code forgrowth stages of cereals. EucarpiaBulletin 7.7. Raemaekers. RN. 1981. Plantpathology report: Rainfed wheat1980-81. In Annual Report 198081. Plant Protection Section. MountMakulu Research Station. Chilanga.Zambia.
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The International Maize and Wheat I
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3AcknowledgementsThe Tropical Wheat
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5Wheat Production in Bangladesh: It
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7Chemical Control ofHelmtn.thosport
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1 9PrefaceThe international worksho
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uToluca, a high-elevation station a
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13In Bangladesh. many farmers' fiel
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global cooperation that permits apo
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17Recognizing the
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19With UNDP assistance. CIMMYTexpan
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4 21Introduction to the</st
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23grain-filling stages are required
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Table 1. Countries growing whut in
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27Month of sowing and month afterfl
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29. Table 3. Correlation coefficien
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31Earliness-Earliness is needed if
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33requires more than technical solu
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3~from other crops
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37Table 2. Advanced lines selected
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39If Bol1via does not radically cha
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41Table 5. Water efficiency utiliza
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4320-year period. Also indicated ar
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Table 2. (Con't)Cross and pedigreeN
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47respectively. for central AlaJuel
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49Table 1. Climatological data, Fra
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51Wheat Research in the</st
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53Table 3. Average yield of best wh
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Selection of Wheats forSubtropical
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Nigeria is high temperature. South
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59Wheat Production in Bangladesh:It
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61Research PrioritiesVarietal devel
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63Wheat Improvement Programsfor <st
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65In India, a series of wheat varie
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67in temperature are capable of cau
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69primarily due to a lack of financ
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71Triticale ImprovementRegular bree
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73The climate in this region is war
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75Recently, the pe
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77Variety improvement must also bec
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79those areas that are suitable for
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Wheat Growing in the</stron
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83Thailand Winter Cereals ProgramP.
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Many farmers are now exploring <str
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87crop is present, and known. at pl
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6 ~89Contributed PapersI. BreedingB
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91area at flowering. Vegetative vig
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93of the plants se
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Screening for tropical adaptationTh
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97Table 3. Best advanced lines of b
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99Table 4. Highest yielding advance
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101very late, high temperatures at
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103hence, select for drought tolera
Page 107 and 108: 106References1. Anonymous. 1972. Wh
Page 109 and 110: 107Breeding Wheats for Heatand Drou
Page 111 and 112: 109unit area. However, looking at s
Page 113 and 114: 111Identifying Wheats Adapted to Mo
Page 115 and 116: 113standard date for sowing. In spi
Page 117 and 118: 115transferred into high-yielding a
Page 119 and 120: 117Table 1. Chemical properties of
Page 121 and 122: 119• Resistance to shattering•
Page 123 and 124: 121References1. Araujo. J.E.G. 1949
Page 125 and 126: 123hours of sunlight monthly. Altho
Page 127 and 128: 125Screening Wheats for QualityA. A
Page 129 and 130: 127Wide Crosses and New Genesfor Wh
Page 131 and 132: 129The introduction of alien geneti
Page 133 and 134: 131averaged about 2.5 tonslha. Howe
Page 135 and 136: 133must also demonstrate a yieldadv
Page 137 and 138: 135II. Diseases and Disease Control
Page 139 and 140: 137beaker with 200 ml sterilized di
Page 141 and 142: 139Table 1. (Cont'd)Resistance reac
Page 143 and 144: 141Identification ofSources of Resi
Page 145 and 146: 143References1. Adlakha, K, RD. Wil
Page 147 and 148: Breeding Wheats with Resistanceto H
Page 149 and 150: 147conditions. whereby infectionper
Page 151 and 152: 149CIMMYT Methods for Screening Whe
Page 153 and 154: 151Selection under Field Conditions
Page 155 and 156: 153February. Environmental conditio
Page 157: 156Each trla1 had two replications
Page 161 and 162: 159Shinchunaga and descendants). se
Page 163 and 164: 161Wheat Breedingfor Scab Resistanc
Page 165 and 166: 163References1. Andersen. A.L. 1948
Page 167 and 168: 16526. Luzzardi. G.C.. C.R. Pierobo
Page 169 and 170: 18748. Nisikado. Y. 1958. Studies o
Page 171 and 172: Head Scab Screening Methods Used at
Page 173 and 174: 171Wheat spikes are spray-inoculate
Page 175 and 176: 173Reference.1. Bekele. G.T. 1984.
Page 177 and 178: 1'71SThe species and varieties with
Page 179 and 180: 177suspension. This method has prov
Page 181 and 182: 179How the pathoge
Page 183 and 184: 18112. Takegami, S. 1961. Proceedin
Page 185 and 186: 183Documented Foot RotDlseaBes in W
Page 187 and 188: 185References1. Anderson. N.A. 1982
Page 189 and 190: 187against leaf rust by the
Page 191 and 192: -188Distribution and Importance ofR
Page 193 and 194: 191Surprisingly. little or no stem
Page 195 and 196: 193temperatures. but this differenc
Page 197 and 198: 19~14. Lapis. D.B. and M.C. Kamatoy
Page 199 and 200: 197According to a new criterionesta
Page 201 and 202: 199Loss in yield is directly propor
Page 203 and 204: Chemical Control ofHelminthosportum
Page 205 and 206: 203H. sattvum on foliage and heads
Page 207 and 208: 205Table 1. Mean number of lesions
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20'7Table 4. Effect on lelf spot in
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209III. AgronomyPhysiological Limit
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Table 1. Actual and pouible wheat1l
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213Table 2. Wheat yield determinati
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216unpublished). A role of thumb de
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217seasonally and cloudiness persis
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219developmental periods. to around
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221Growth at high temperaturesEarly
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CertainlY crop growth rates in exce
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225rice, another C
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227105% that of C306 for th
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22913. Fischer. RA.. I. Aguilar. R
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Soil Management as an Alternativefo
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233water content in the</st
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23~Tolerance to soil aciditySoil ac
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237applied without increasing <stro
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The Cerrados: Future WheatProductio
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241there is utiliz
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243• Ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2S04]
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245Physical Soil ProblemsThe soils
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247program. these
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249References1. Commisao Norte Bras
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251was rather poor
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253Tolerant vartettes-The yield ofv
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255Alternative locations-An evaluat
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257Wheat Production Constraintsand
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259numerical grading which showed <
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261directed towards minimum loss of
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'.2636. Cheng, C.P. 1977. Wheatprod
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Wheat in Rice...BasedCropping Syste
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267Rice varietiesAs mentioned above
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269A problem of declining yields ha
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271_.z.:::-~:J.."•._,:.\--_.r+++v
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273Agronomic Practices and Problems
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275water percolation in rice. For w
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277Rice-Wheat Cropping Systemsin So
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279Table 1. Yield and economic retu
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281was higher with the</str
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283to compete with othe</st
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for tropical environments. Highesta
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287can be used. The computer is a u
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289The computer has become a valuab
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291IV. SeedWheat Seed Production,St
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293On average, no more that 100 mm
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295Storage in 20-liter biscuit or k
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Production, Storageand Marketing of
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299true to type. are selected and t
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301discussed and ascertained; <stro
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303V. EconomicsWheat in the
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305than in Asia and Africa (about 1
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307wheat consumption). However, <st
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309These changing consumption patte
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311Finally. it should be clarified
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313in areas where wheat yields arer
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31510. FAO. 1982. The bread economy
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317Lowlands withinadequate dry-seas
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319Table 1. Private and social prof
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The Local-Use Approach to t
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323fired oven has been used at oneu
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325ControlliDg fungal diseasesThe i
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The Relative Priority andEconomics
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329Comparative MarketPrices of Stap
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331References1. Agricultural Extens
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Table 1. Area, average yield and to
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Table 3. Annual domestic wheat prod
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337Table 5. Financial costs of whea
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Comments'D.L. WiDkelmaDll, DIrector
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7341------_1Closing Remarks, <stron
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343Table 1. Probleml for th
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345While efforts to develop wheatge
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347Appendix IIWheat Pests and Disea
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349Appendix IIIParticipants. <stron
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351NigeriaMr. Ahmed M. FalakiResear
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353CIMMYT Staff. MexicoMr. Robert D
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