the Symposium on Wheats for More Tropical Environments - cimmyt

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188In summary. <strong>the</strong> better-known diseasesof wheat in <strong>the</strong> more traditional areas ofwheat cultivation are not always <strong>the</strong>most important diseases in tropicalenvironments. Disease research hasbeen centered in <strong>the</strong> traditional wheatareas; consequently. very little isknown about wheat diseases in <strong>the</strong>warm and humid tropics and muchmore research is necessary.
-188Distribution and Importance ofRoot Rot Diseases of Wheat, Barley andTriticale in South and Sou<strong>the</strong>ast AsiaE.E. Saari. Wheat Program. CIMMYT. MezlcoAbstractWheat and barley are cultivated under a wide range ofenvironments in SouthAsia. and <strong>the</strong> climates varyfrom temperate to tropical. In Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia.wheat. barley and triticale are experimental crops. There are a number ofrotations involved. as cropping intensities are generally greater than one crop inboth South and Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia. The influence ofenvtronment and croppingsystem has a pronounced effect on soil-borne cUseases. with a number ofcommon pre-emergence and post-emergence diseases reported; afew uniquesoil-borne diseases arefound in <strong>the</strong> more tropical environments. Most of <strong>the</strong>research on soil-borne diseases has been descriptive; <strong>the</strong>re is relatively littleiriformation on ei<strong>the</strong>r losses or control.Wheat and barley are traditional cropsin <strong>the</strong> South Asian countries ofPakistan. India and Nepal. The climaticconditions in <strong>the</strong>se countries varywidely. depending upon latitude andaltitude. The majority of <strong>the</strong> acreage.however. is cultivated on <strong>the</strong> plains ofnor<strong>the</strong>rn India and Pakistan. and on<strong>the</strong> plains of Nepal bordering on India.There is a small area cultivated in <strong>the</strong>mountainous areas of all threecountries. and some acreage in centraland sou<strong>the</strong>rn India which can beclassified as subtropical to tropical.The cultivation of wheat has beenexpanding into new areas in <strong>the</strong> past15 years (9). The most notable increasein acreage has been in Bangladesh.sou<strong>the</strong>rn and eastern India and. morerecently. Burma. There has been anincreasing awareness and interest in<strong>the</strong> possibUities of wheat cultivation in<strong>the</strong> countries of Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asia as well.Wheat as a possible crop in <strong>the</strong>senontraditional areas has developedmainly as a result of <strong>the</strong> closing gap in<strong>the</strong> production of <strong>the</strong> basic food crop.rice. The growing level of wheatconsumption and imports. with itsimplications for foreign exchange. isalso contributing to <strong>the</strong> question ofwheat cultivation. There is interest in<strong>the</strong> possible cultivation of wheat forcrop diversification and intensificationduring <strong>the</strong> dry season in <strong>the</strong>se areas.The climate ofSouth and Sou<strong>the</strong>astAsia is typified by a monsoon season.The duration of <strong>the</strong> rainy season varies.depending upon several factors. but it ischaracterized by high rainfall. humidityand warm temperatures. Rice is <strong>the</strong>main crop in <strong>the</strong> lowlands or whereverwater can be contained for a floodedpaddy. In well-drained soils. numerousupland crops are available. Themonsoon season is generally followedby a drier. cooler season. The dryperiod is defined as those months withless than 100 mm of precipitation. Theaverage temperatures are <strong>the</strong> coolestduring this period of <strong>the</strong> year. andrelative humidity is lower. In <strong>the</strong>nor<strong>the</strong>rn hemisphere. December andJanuary are generally <strong>the</strong> coolest anddriest months.Historically. few crops have beencultivated during this period. unlessirrigation is available. In areas withlimited irrigation. vegetable crops oro<strong>the</strong>r high cash-value crops aregenerally grown. Where irrigation is
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The International Maize and Wheat I
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3AcknowledgementsThe Tropical Wheat
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5Wheat Production in Bangladesh: It
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7Chemical Control ofHelmtn.thosport
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1 9PrefaceThe international worksho
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uToluca, a high-elevation station a
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13In Bangladesh. many farmers' fiel
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global cooperation that permits apo
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17Recognizing the
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19With UNDP assistance. CIMMYTexpan
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4 21Introduction to the</st
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23grain-filling stages are required
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Table 1. Countries growing whut in
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27Month of sowing and month afterfl
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29. Table 3. Correlation coefficien
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31Earliness-Earliness is needed if
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33requires more than technical solu
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3~from other crops
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37Table 2. Advanced lines selected
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39If Bol1via does not radically cha
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41Table 5. Water efficiency utiliza
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4320-year period. Also indicated ar
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Table 2. (Con't)Cross and pedigreeN
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47respectively. for central AlaJuel
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49Table 1. Climatological data, Fra
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51Wheat Research in the</st
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53Table 3. Average yield of best wh
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Selection of Wheats forSubtropical
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Nigeria is high temperature. South
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59Wheat Production in Bangladesh:It
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61Research PrioritiesVarietal devel
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63Wheat Improvement Programsfor <st
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65In India, a series of wheat varie
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67in temperature are capable of cau
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69primarily due to a lack of financ
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71Triticale ImprovementRegular bree
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73The climate in this region is war
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75Recently, the pe
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77Variety improvement must also bec
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79those areas that are suitable for
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Wheat Growing in the</stron
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83Thailand Winter Cereals ProgramP.
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Many farmers are now exploring <str
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87crop is present, and known. at pl
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6 ~89Contributed PapersI. BreedingB
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91area at flowering. Vegetative vig
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93of the plants se
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Screening for tropical adaptationTh
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97Table 3. Best advanced lines of b
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99Table 4. Highest yielding advance
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101very late, high temperatures at
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103hence, select for drought tolera
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106References1. Anonymous. 1972. Wh
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107Breeding Wheats for Heatand Drou
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109unit area. However, looking at s
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111Identifying Wheats Adapted to Mo
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113standard date for sowing. In spi
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115transferred into high-yielding a
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117Table 1. Chemical properties of
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119• Resistance to shattering•
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121References1. Araujo. J.E.G. 1949
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123hours of sunlight monthly. Altho
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125Screening Wheats for QualityA. A
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127Wide Crosses and New Genesfor Wh
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129The introduction of alien geneti
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131averaged about 2.5 tonslha. Howe
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133must also demonstrate a yieldadv
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135II. Diseases and Disease Control
Page 139 and 140: 137beaker with 200 ml sterilized di
Page 141 and 142: 139Table 1. (Cont'd)Resistance reac
Page 143 and 144: 141Identification ofSources of Resi
Page 145 and 146: 143References1. Adlakha, K, RD. Wil
Page 147 and 148: Breeding Wheats with Resistanceto H
Page 149 and 150: 147conditions. whereby infectionper
Page 151 and 152: 149CIMMYT Methods for Screening Whe
Page 153 and 154: 151Selection under Field Conditions
Page 155 and 156: 153February. Environmental conditio
Page 157 and 158: 156Each trla1 had two replications
Page 159 and 160: 157References1. De Milliano. W.A.J.
Page 161 and 162: 159Shinchunaga and descendants). se
Page 163 and 164: 161Wheat Breedingfor Scab Resistanc
Page 165 and 166: 163References1. Andersen. A.L. 1948
Page 167 and 168: 16526. Luzzardi. G.C.. C.R. Pierobo
Page 169 and 170: 18748. Nisikado. Y. 1958. Studies o
Page 171 and 172: Head Scab Screening Methods Used at
Page 173 and 174: 171Wheat spikes are spray-inoculate
Page 175 and 176: 173Reference.1. Bekele. G.T. 1984.
Page 177 and 178: 1'71SThe species and varieties with
Page 179 and 180: 177suspension. This method has prov
Page 181 and 182: 179How the pathoge
Page 183 and 184: 18112. Takegami, S. 1961. Proceedin
Page 185 and 186: 183Documented Foot RotDlseaBes in W
Page 187 and 188: 185References1. Anderson. N.A. 1982
Page 189: 187against leaf rust by the
Page 193 and 194: 191Surprisingly. little or no stem
Page 195 and 196: 193temperatures. but this differenc
Page 197 and 198: 19~14. Lapis. D.B. and M.C. Kamatoy
Page 199 and 200: 197According to a new criterionesta
Page 201 and 202: 199Loss in yield is directly propor
Page 203 and 204: Chemical Control ofHelminthosportum
Page 205 and 206: 203H. sattvum on foliage and heads
Page 207 and 208: 205Table 1. Mean number of lesions
Page 209 and 210: 20'7Table 4. Effect on lelf spot in
Page 211 and 212: 209III. AgronomyPhysiological Limit
Page 213 and 214: Table 1. Actual and pouible wheat1l
Page 215 and 216: 213Table 2. Wheat yield determinati
Page 217 and 218: 216unpublished). A role of thumb de
Page 219 and 220: 217seasonally and cloudiness persis
Page 221 and 222: 219developmental periods. to around
Page 223 and 224: 221Growth at high temperaturesEarly
Page 225 and 226: CertainlY crop growth rates in exce
Page 227 and 228: 225rice, another C
Page 229 and 230: 227105% that of C306 for th
Page 231 and 232: 22913. Fischer. RA.. I. Aguilar. R
Page 233 and 234: Soil Management as an Alternativefo
Page 235 and 236: 233water content in the</st
Page 237 and 238: 23~Tolerance to soil aciditySoil ac
Page 239 and 240: 237applied without increasing <stro
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The Cerrados: Future WheatProductio
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241there is utiliz
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243• Ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2S04]
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245Physical Soil ProblemsThe soils
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247program. these
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249References1. Commisao Norte Bras
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251was rather poor
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253Tolerant vartettes-The yield ofv
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255Alternative locations-An evaluat
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257Wheat Production Constraintsand
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259numerical grading which showed <
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261directed towards minimum loss of
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'.2636. Cheng, C.P. 1977. Wheatprod
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Wheat in Rice...BasedCropping Syste
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267Rice varietiesAs mentioned above
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269A problem of declining yields ha
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271_.z.:::-~:J.."•._,:.\--_.r+++v
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273Agronomic Practices and Problems
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275water percolation in rice. For w
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277Rice-Wheat Cropping Systemsin So
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279Table 1. Yield and economic retu
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281was higher with the</str
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283to compete with othe</st
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for tropical environments. Highesta
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287can be used. The computer is a u
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289The computer has become a valuab
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291IV. SeedWheat Seed Production,St
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293On average, no more that 100 mm
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295Storage in 20-liter biscuit or k
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Production, Storageand Marketing of
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299true to type. are selected and t
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301discussed and ascertained; <stro
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303V. EconomicsWheat in the
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305than in Asia and Africa (about 1
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307wheat consumption). However, <st
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309These changing consumption patte
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311Finally. it should be clarified
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313in areas where wheat yields arer
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31510. FAO. 1982. The bread economy
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317Lowlands withinadequate dry-seas
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319Table 1. Private and social prof
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The Local-Use Approach to t
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323fired oven has been used at oneu
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325ControlliDg fungal diseasesThe i
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The Relative Priority andEconomics
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329Comparative MarketPrices of Stap
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331References1. Agricultural Extens
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Table 1. Area, average yield and to
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Table 3. Annual domestic wheat prod
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337Table 5. Financial costs of whea
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Comments'D.L. WiDkelmaDll, DIrector
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7341------_1Closing Remarks, <stron
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343Table 1. Probleml for th
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345While efforts to develop wheatge
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347Appendix IIWheat Pests and Disea
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349Appendix IIIParticipants. <stron
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351NigeriaMr. Ahmed M. FalakiResear
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353CIMMYT Staff. MexicoMr. Robert D
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