the Symposium on Wheats for More Tropical Environments - cimmyt

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16cases. UNDP resources from <strong>the</strong> globalprojects play an important catalytic rolein attracting collateral support fromo<strong>the</strong>r donors. What is remarkable is <strong>the</strong>fact that <strong>the</strong>se supporting organizationsare ones which generally like to seeminimum risk and maximum safety ininvestment. They have learned qUicklyand with unmatched enthusiasm thatrisks taken, as <strong>the</strong>y must be inscienUfic research. can pay handsomedividends. particularly when <strong>the</strong>investments are made in institutions ofexcellence such as <strong>the</strong> IARCs. Equallyremarkable here is ano<strong>the</strong>r fact: <strong>the</strong>actors and personalities who created<strong>the</strong> system are for <strong>the</strong> most part gone,but those who are now representing<strong>the</strong>ir donor organizations are no lesssupportive of <strong>the</strong> system than were<strong>the</strong>ir predecessors. Speaking ofnetworking in <strong>the</strong> area of scienUficresearch, we have scored success alsoin achieving what hopefully will be along-tenn network of donor support.I mentioned that <strong>the</strong> main emphasis in<strong>the</strong> global program is placed onagricultural research. which represents72% of <strong>the</strong> program's resources: healthresearch has claimed 24% of <strong>the</strong>available resources. The program inagriculture consists of:• Development of improved varities ofimportant food crops such as rice.wheat (adapted to tropical climates).maize, sorghum, millet, cassava,sweet potato and potato. combininghigher yields with resistance to pestsand diseases, at selected IARCs:• Enhancement of <strong>the</strong> nutritio.nalquality of maize through increasingits protein content, at CIMMYT:• Multilocation testing of differentstrains of rice to adapt <strong>the</strong>m tovarious agroecological conditions.including drought. cold, adverse soUconditions. pests and diseases as partof a global network of rice testingprograms,atlRRI:• Research on enhancement ofbiological nitrogen fixation by freeliVingbacteria. azolla and blue-greenalgae in association with paddy solls.and also fixation-associated foodlegumes such as cowpeas andsoybeans. at IRRI. UTA and ICARDA:• Improvement of efficiency of soUwateruse by food crops under aridconditions. at ICARDA;• Intensification of research on <strong>the</strong>development of pest managementtechniques through biologicalmethods of control as an alternativeto expensive. toxic andenvironmentally unsafe chemicalpesticides. at ICIPE;• Continuation of basic research todevelop effective and economicallyviable measures to controltrypanosomiasis and o<strong>the</strong>r diseaseswhich seriously limit livestockproduction. at ILRAD;• Research and training in fertllizertechnology and utilization to conductstudies on <strong>the</strong> efficiency of nitrogenand phosphorus fertilizers underdifferent soU conditions. and aprogram to train developing-countrypersonnel in fertilizer production.distribution. marketing andutilization. at IFDC;• Intensification of currentagroeconomic research in East Africaand its extension into Asia throughon-farm trials and farm level surveysto facilitate <strong>the</strong> adoption of improvedtechnology by fanners. at CIMMYT.and• Research on food systems beingconducted by IFPRI in associationwith <strong>the</strong> United Nations ResearchInstitute for Social Development and<strong>the</strong> United Nations University.
17Recognizing <strong>the</strong> importance of closerlinks between our global researchprojects and national programs. wehave made a special effort to expand. to<strong>the</strong> extent possible from availableresources. <strong>the</strong> scope of our projects tostreng<strong>the</strong>n national capabilities throughincreased training opportunities.conferences. workshops and. in certaincases. small grants to selected nationalinstitutions to undertake collaborativeresearch. The International RiceTesting and Improvement Programmeand <strong>the</strong> West African Sorghum andMillet Improvement Programme beingsupported by UNDP are excellentexamples of such collaborativeprograms designed to streng<strong>the</strong>n linkswith national institutions. Expandedtraining of nationals of developingcountries continues to be a vital andintegral part of all of our current andfuture projects. However. it is obviousthat. in view of <strong>the</strong> financial limits ofour Global Programme. a much largereffort has to be made by donor agenciesand developing countries <strong>the</strong>mselves tomobilize adequate resources tostreng<strong>the</strong>n national institutions. so asto ensure sustained agriculturalproduction in developing countries tomeet <strong>the</strong> needs of a growing population.In all of our projects with <strong>the</strong> IARCs. wehave. from <strong>the</strong> beginning. encouragedinter-institutional cooperation inpertinent fields. including close linkageswith related disciplines. For example.ever since we became involved withCIMMYT on research to improve <strong>the</strong>quality of protein in maize. I have beenemphasiZing to crop-oriented IARCs <strong>the</strong>importance of developing closerinteraction between nutritional andcrop sciences. so that an understandingcan be reached on <strong>the</strong> parameters fornutritional improvement of food crops. Iam indeed glad that we played a role inbringing toge<strong>the</strong>r concerned IARCs at<strong>the</strong> recent nutrition workshop at ILCA.supported by UNDP. which was <strong>the</strong>culmination ofan effort which I startedyears ago.Although <strong>the</strong> IARCs were created asindividual entities. it was always <strong>the</strong>intent of <strong>the</strong> founder of <strong>the</strong> CGIARsystem that <strong>the</strong>y interact with eacho<strong>the</strong>r Within a system of centers. As <strong>the</strong>IARCs have grown and matured. wecan now see how <strong>the</strong>y fit into <strong>the</strong>system. respond to each o<strong>the</strong>r's needsas well as to those of nationalprograms. and thus are forgingimportant links and networks whoseeffectiveness will increasingly benefit<strong>the</strong> objectives of our joint aims. Thisissue needs to be pursued Vigilantlyand new opportinities recognized andseized. As an example, I point to <strong>the</strong>study of <strong>the</strong> integration of IARCactivities in sou<strong>the</strong>rn Africa (Sou<strong>the</strong>rnAfrica Development CoordinationConference. SADCC). which wasinitiated at my suggestion at <strong>the</strong> lastmeeting of <strong>the</strong> CGIAR in 1984. O<strong>the</strong>rexamples of intercenter cooperation are<strong>the</strong> recent agreement between CIMMYTand lITA on maize research in Africa.collaborative arrangements betweenICARDA and CIMMYT and jointendeavors between CIAT. CIP and IITA.There are many o<strong>the</strong>rs. including <strong>the</strong>joint rice-wheat integrated productiontrials initiated by IRRI and CIMMYT.Going back to our association withCIMMYT. it is a matter of greatsatisfaction to us that UNDP's sustainedasistance to research at CIMMYT hascontributed to a major breakthrough in<strong>the</strong> development of <strong>the</strong> high-qualityprotein maize. This is indeed aspectacular achievement in research onplant breeding and genetics involVing acrop which constitutes <strong>the</strong> staple diet ofmillions of people in <strong>the</strong> world. A stagehas been reached where efforts shouldbe made to encourage countries toadopt <strong>the</strong> nutritionally rich maize on alarge scale. although it is recognizedthat in several countries an activepromotional campaign is needed tofamiliarize 'farmers and senior
Page 2 and 3: The International Maize and Wheat I
Page 5 and 6: 3AcknowledgementsThe Tropical Wheat
Page 7 and 8: 5Wheat Production in Bangladesh: It
Page 9 and 10: 7Chemical Control ofHelmtn.thosport
Page 11 and 12: 1 9PrefaceThe international worksho
Page 13 and 14: uToluca, a high-elevation station a
Page 15 and 16: 13In Bangladesh. many farmers' fiel
Page 17: global cooperation that permits apo
Page 21 and 22: 19With UNDP assistance. CIMMYTexpan
Page 23 and 24: 4 21Introduction to the</st
Page 25 and 26: 23grain-filling stages are required
Page 27 and 28: Table 1. Countries growing whut in
Page 29 and 30: 27Month of sowing and month afterfl
Page 31 and 32: 29. Table 3. Correlation coefficien
Page 33 and 34: 31Earliness-Earliness is needed if
Page 35 and 36: 33requires more than technical solu
Page 37 and 38: 3~from other crops
Page 39 and 40: 37Table 2. Advanced lines selected
Page 41 and 42: 39If Bol1via does not radically cha
Page 43 and 44: 41Table 5. Water efficiency utiliza
Page 45 and 46: 4320-year period. Also indicated ar
Page 47 and 48: Table 2. (Con't)Cross and pedigreeN
Page 49 and 50: 47respectively. for central AlaJuel
Page 51 and 52: 49Table 1. Climatological data, Fra
Page 53 and 54: 51Wheat Research in the</st
Page 55 and 56: 53Table 3. Average yield of best wh
Page 57 and 58: Selection of Wheats forSubtropical
Page 59 and 60: Nigeria is high temperature. South
Page 61 and 62: 59Wheat Production in Bangladesh:It
Page 63 and 64: 61Research PrioritiesVarietal devel
Page 65 and 66: 63Wheat Improvement Programsfor <st
Page 67 and 68: 65In India, a series of wheat varie
Page 69 and 70:
67in temperature are capable of cau
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69primarily due to a lack of financ
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71Triticale ImprovementRegular bree
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73The climate in this region is war
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75Recently, the pe
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77Variety improvement must also bec
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79those areas that are suitable for
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Wheat Growing in the</stron
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83Thailand Winter Cereals ProgramP.
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Many farmers are now exploring <str
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87crop is present, and known. at pl
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6 ~89Contributed PapersI. BreedingB
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91area at flowering. Vegetative vig
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93of the plants se
Page 97 and 98:
Screening for tropical adaptationTh
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97Table 3. Best advanced lines of b
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99Table 4. Highest yielding advance
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101very late, high temperatures at
Page 105 and 106:
103hence, select for drought tolera
Page 107 and 108:
106References1. Anonymous. 1972. Wh
Page 109 and 110:
107Breeding Wheats for Heatand Drou
Page 111 and 112:
109unit area. However, looking at s
Page 113 and 114:
111Identifying Wheats Adapted to Mo
Page 115 and 116:
113standard date for sowing. In spi
Page 117 and 118:
115transferred into high-yielding a
Page 119 and 120:
117Table 1. Chemical properties of
Page 121 and 122:
119• Resistance to shattering•
Page 123 and 124:
121References1. Araujo. J.E.G. 1949
Page 125 and 126:
123hours of sunlight monthly. Altho
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125Screening Wheats for QualityA. A
Page 129 and 130:
127Wide Crosses and New Genesfor Wh
Page 131 and 132:
129The introduction of alien geneti
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131averaged about 2.5 tonslha. Howe
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133must also demonstrate a yieldadv
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135II. Diseases and Disease Control
Page 139 and 140:
137beaker with 200 ml sterilized di
Page 141 and 142:
139Table 1. (Cont'd)Resistance reac
Page 143 and 144:
141Identification ofSources of Resi
Page 145 and 146:
143References1. Adlakha, K, RD. Wil
Page 147 and 148:
Breeding Wheats with Resistanceto H
Page 149 and 150:
147conditions. whereby infectionper
Page 151 and 152:
149CIMMYT Methods for Screening Whe
Page 153 and 154:
151Selection under Field Conditions
Page 155 and 156:
153February. Environmental conditio
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156Each trla1 had two replications
Page 159 and 160:
157References1. De Milliano. W.A.J.
Page 161 and 162:
159Shinchunaga and descendants). se
Page 163 and 164:
161Wheat Breedingfor Scab Resistanc
Page 165 and 166:
163References1. Andersen. A.L. 1948
Page 167 and 168:
16526. Luzzardi. G.C.. C.R. Pierobo
Page 169 and 170:
18748. Nisikado. Y. 1958. Studies o
Page 171 and 172:
Head Scab Screening Methods Used at
Page 173 and 174:
171Wheat spikes are spray-inoculate
Page 175 and 176:
173Reference.1. Bekele. G.T. 1984.
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1'71SThe species and varieties with
Page 179 and 180:
177suspension. This method has prov
Page 181 and 182:
179How the pathoge
Page 183 and 184:
18112. Takegami, S. 1961. Proceedin
Page 185 and 186:
183Documented Foot RotDlseaBes in W
Page 187 and 188:
185References1. Anderson. N.A. 1982
Page 189 and 190:
187against leaf rust by the
Page 191 and 192:
-188Distribution and Importance ofR
Page 193 and 194:
191Surprisingly. little or no stem
Page 195 and 196:
193temperatures. but this differenc
Page 197 and 198:
19~14. Lapis. D.B. and M.C. Kamatoy
Page 199 and 200:
197According to a new criterionesta
Page 201 and 202:
199Loss in yield is directly propor
Page 203 and 204:
Chemical Control ofHelminthosportum
Page 205 and 206:
203H. sattvum on foliage and heads
Page 207 and 208:
205Table 1. Mean number of lesions
Page 209 and 210:
20'7Table 4. Effect on lelf spot in
Page 211 and 212:
209III. AgronomyPhysiological Limit
Page 213 and 214:
Table 1. Actual and pouible wheat1l
Page 215 and 216:
213Table 2. Wheat yield determinati
Page 217 and 218:
216unpublished). A role of thumb de
Page 219 and 220:
217seasonally and cloudiness persis
Page 221 and 222:
219developmental periods. to around
Page 223 and 224:
221Growth at high temperaturesEarly
Page 225 and 226:
CertainlY crop growth rates in exce
Page 227 and 228:
225rice, another C
Page 229 and 230:
227105% that of C306 for th
Page 231 and 232:
22913. Fischer. RA.. I. Aguilar. R
Page 233 and 234:
Soil Management as an Alternativefo
Page 235 and 236:
233water content in the</st
Page 237 and 238:
23~Tolerance to soil aciditySoil ac
Page 239 and 240:
237applied without increasing <stro
Page 241 and 242:
The Cerrados: Future WheatProductio
Page 243 and 244:
241there is utiliz
Page 245 and 246:
243• Ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2S04]
Page 247 and 248:
245Physical Soil ProblemsThe soils
Page 249 and 250:
247program. these
Page 251 and 252:
249References1. Commisao Norte Bras
Page 253 and 254:
251was rather poor
Page 255 and 256:
253Tolerant vartettes-The yield ofv
Page 257 and 258:
255Alternative locations-An evaluat
Page 259 and 260:
257Wheat Production Constraintsand
Page 261 and 262:
259numerical grading which showed <
Page 263 and 264:
261directed towards minimum loss of
Page 265 and 266:
'.2636. Cheng, C.P. 1977. Wheatprod
Page 267 and 268:
Wheat in Rice...BasedCropping Syste
Page 269 and 270:
267Rice varietiesAs mentioned above
Page 271 and 272:
269A problem of declining yields ha
Page 273 and 274:
271_.z.:::-~:J.."•._,:.\--_.r+++v
Page 275 and 276:
273Agronomic Practices and Problems
Page 277 and 278:
275water percolation in rice. For w
Page 279 and 280:
277Rice-Wheat Cropping Systemsin So
Page 281 and 282:
279Table 1. Yield and economic retu
Page 283 and 284:
281was higher with the</str
Page 285 and 286:
283to compete with othe</st
Page 287 and 288:
for tropical environments. Highesta
Page 289 and 290:
287can be used. The computer is a u
Page 291 and 292:
289The computer has become a valuab
Page 293 and 294:
291IV. SeedWheat Seed Production,St
Page 295 and 296:
293On average, no more that 100 mm
Page 297 and 298:
295Storage in 20-liter biscuit or k
Page 299 and 300:
Production, Storageand Marketing of
Page 301 and 302:
299true to type. are selected and t
Page 303 and 304:
301discussed and ascertained; <stro
Page 305 and 306:
303V. EconomicsWheat in the
Page 307 and 308:
305than in Asia and Africa (about 1
Page 309 and 310:
307wheat consumption). However, <st
Page 311 and 312:
309These changing consumption patte
Page 313 and 314:
311Finally. it should be clarified
Page 315 and 316:
313in areas where wheat yields arer
Page 317 and 318:
31510. FAO. 1982. The bread economy
Page 319 and 320:
317Lowlands withinadequate dry-seas
Page 321 and 322:
319Table 1. Private and social prof
Page 323 and 324:
The Local-Use Approach to t
Page 325 and 326:
323fired oven has been used at oneu
Page 327 and 328:
325ControlliDg fungal diseasesThe i
Page 329 and 330:
The Relative Priority andEconomics
Page 331 and 332:
329Comparative MarketPrices of Stap
Page 333 and 334:
331References1. Agricultural Extens
Page 335 and 336:
Table 1. Area, average yield and to
Page 337 and 338:
Table 3. Annual domestic wheat prod
Page 339 and 340:
337Table 5. Financial costs of whea
Page 341 and 342:
Comments'D.L. WiDkelmaDll, DIrector
Page 343 and 344:
7341------_1Closing Remarks, <stron
Page 345 and 346:
343Table 1. Probleml for th
Page 347 and 348:
345While efforts to develop wheatge
Page 349 and 350:
347Appendix IIWheat Pests and Disea
Page 351 and 352:
349Appendix IIIParticipants. <stron
Page 353 and 354:
351NigeriaMr. Ahmed M. FalakiResear
Page 355 and 356:
353CIMMYT Staff. MexicoMr. Robert D
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