the Symposium on Wheats for More Tropical Environments - cimmyt

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2 _Welcome to <strong>the</strong><strong>Symposium</strong> on Wheats forMore Tropical EnvironmentsR.D. Havener. Director General.CIMMYT. MexicoIt is my privilege to welcome you tothis, <strong>the</strong> first symposium whichCIMMYT is holding to focus on <strong>the</strong>problems related to increasing <strong>the</strong>production of wheat in more tropicaland nontraditional productionenvironments. I would like to thankboth Rey Villareal, chairman of <strong>the</strong>symposium, and Art Klatt on behalf ofCIMMYT. Before introducing ourkeynote speaker, let me share a fewthoughts with you to set a frameworkfor what I hope you will be talkingabout dUring <strong>the</strong> balance of thisconference.CIMMYT, whose headquarters is at EISatan. about 45 km from Mexico City,is <strong>the</strong> hub of an international networkof which many of you are partners.CIMMYT itself is a very smallorganization. Within our wheat. maize,economics and support programs. even<strong>the</strong> largest programs, wheat and maize.each have only about 35 scientistsworking on a global basis. Only byacting as <strong>the</strong> hub of an internationalnetwork can we accomplish very much.CIMMYT is a part ofan internationalorganization of agricultural researchcenters supported by <strong>the</strong> ConsultativeGroup on International AgriculturalResearch (CGIAR). The CGIAR iscomposed of a group of approximately40 donors that support <strong>the</strong>se centerslocated across <strong>the</strong> tropical andsubtropical world. Included are CIATand CIP in Latin America, IFPRI inWashington, D.C., USA. and ISNAR, <strong>the</strong>International Service for NationalAgricultural Research in <strong>the</strong>Ne<strong>the</strong>rlands. IBPGR, <strong>the</strong> gene board, islocated at FAa headquarters in Rome.O<strong>the</strong>r crop and livestock centers inAfrica include WARDA, <strong>the</strong> West AfricaRice Development Association, liTA,<strong>the</strong> International Institute of TropicalAgriculture in Nigeria. and ILCA andILRAD, <strong>the</strong> livestock centers in Ethiopiaand Kenya in East Africa. ICARDA, in<strong>the</strong> Middle East. works with drylandfarming systems for <strong>the</strong> semi-aridregions having a Mediterranean-typeclimate, and ICRISAT is in India, whichhas similar climatic zones. but withsummer rainfall patterns and tropicalclimates. Then <strong>the</strong>re is IRRI, <strong>the</strong>International Rice Research Institute in<strong>the</strong> Philippines. These13 centers comprise <strong>the</strong> internationalnetwork supported by <strong>the</strong> CGIAR.The peasant farm family about whichwe will be talking a great deal in <strong>the</strong>next few days is <strong>the</strong> target group for us.<strong>the</strong> international centers; <strong>the</strong>y arehowever. not our client group. You. <strong>the</strong>national agricultural researchprograms, <strong>the</strong> national agriculturaluniversities, those national institutionsworking for <strong>the</strong> welfare of developingcountryfarm families, are in fact ourclient group. <strong>the</strong> ones with whom wework. You, in turn, work with <strong>the</strong>farmers who actually produce <strong>the</strong> cropsaround <strong>the</strong> world.Here at CIMMYT, we work principallyon five experiment stations, Poza Ricaon <strong>the</strong> coast at 60 meters of elevation in<strong>the</strong> hot. humid tropics. Tlaltizpan. amid-elevation station at 1000 melevation, EI Satan at 2250 m elevation,
uToluca, a high-elevation station at2650 m and Ciudad Obregon (CIANO)in <strong>the</strong> Sonora desert at 40 m. CIANO isowned and operated principally by <strong>the</strong>government of Mexico, which hasallocated to CIMMYT 175 hectares ofland in an irrigated valley for acooperative wheat-improvementprogram. Within <strong>the</strong>se stations we cantypify most of <strong>the</strong> agroclimatic zones inwhich wheat and maize are grownaround <strong>the</strong> world.CIMMYT's products are germplasm,research procedures, trained personnel.information and consulting services.We have global testing networks ofwhich you are a part or, at least, now asubpart dealing with <strong>the</strong> tropicalgermplasm of <strong>the</strong> wheat program.International testing is important forgermplasm development, and it isimportant in <strong>the</strong> mechanism ofgermplasm distribution to ourcollaborators around <strong>the</strong> globe. Dealingwith both wheat and maize areapproXimately 125 nationalgovernments in <strong>the</strong> germplasmexchangeprogram.At CIMMYT, we have had in-servicetrainees or visiting scientists fromvirtually every country in <strong>the</strong> worldwhere wheat and maize are importantcrops. In this hemisphere, we haveregional programs in Mexico, CentralAmerica and <strong>the</strong> Caribbean, and <strong>the</strong>Andean Region and Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Cone ofSouth America. We work in West andNorth Mrica, in <strong>the</strong> areas that are nowclassified as East and sou<strong>the</strong>rn Mricaand in <strong>the</strong> ICARDA zone of nor<strong>the</strong>rnMrtca and <strong>the</strong> Middle East. We alsohave programs in South and Sou<strong>the</strong>astAsia. In each of those locations, wehave regional offices and/or regionalstaff posted to serve <strong>the</strong> nationalprograms. They conduct workshops,circulate regional nurseries, exchangeresearch data, expand trainingopportunities, support on-farm researchactivities and, we hope, improveconsulting services.Depending on <strong>the</strong> needs of particularcountries, we now have assigned staffwith special-project funding in Haiti,Peru, Ghana, Bangladesh, Pakistan andTurkey, working in national wheat ormaize improvement programs. Underconsideration are national programswith extra-core special project fundingin Ethiopia and Kenya.How are we doing? When one looks atwheat production on a global basis, <strong>the</strong>answer Is pretty well. Comparing <strong>the</strong>1979-81 period to 1969-71, <strong>the</strong>worldwide annual rate of increase inwheat yield has been 3.4%: <strong>the</strong> annualincrease in total production has been4.8%. Looking at selected individualcountries, <strong>the</strong> growth in wheatproduction and yield has been quitespectacular: here in Mexico <strong>the</strong>re hasbeen a compound growth rateapproaching 5% annually during <strong>the</strong>past 20 years. There have been peaksand valleys, depending on governmentpolicies, availability of water andseasonal variations, but <strong>the</strong> trendcontinues to go up. In 1983-84, it Ispredicted that It will go even higher.In India, an average of 10.5 million tonsof wheat were harvested from 1961 to1965. For 1984, <strong>the</strong> harvest Is reportedto be in <strong>the</strong> neighborhood of 45 m1lliontons. There Is a similar story inPakistan and also in Turkey. In Turkey,<strong>the</strong> increase in production has comeabout as a result of improved farmingpractices and farming systems ra<strong>the</strong>rthan through <strong>the</strong> use of improvedgenetic materials; it has been basedlargely on· better dryland farmingpractices, espec1al1y on <strong>the</strong> Anatolianplateau.
Page 2 and 3: The International Maize and Wheat I
Page 5 and 6: 3AcknowledgementsThe Tropical Wheat
Page 7 and 8: 5Wheat Production in Bangladesh: It
Page 9 and 10: 7Chemical Control ofHelmtn.thosport
Page 11: 1 9PrefaceThe international worksho
Page 15 and 16: 13In Bangladesh. many farmers' fiel
Page 17 and 18: global cooperation that permits apo
Page 19 and 20: 17Recognizing the
Page 21 and 22: 19With UNDP assistance. CIMMYTexpan
Page 23 and 24: 4 21Introduction to the</st
Page 25 and 26: 23grain-filling stages are required
Page 27 and 28: Table 1. Countries growing whut in
Page 29 and 30: 27Month of sowing and month afterfl
Page 31 and 32: 29. Table 3. Correlation coefficien
Page 33 and 34: 31Earliness-Earliness is needed if
Page 35 and 36: 33requires more than technical solu
Page 37 and 38: 3~from other crops
Page 39 and 40: 37Table 2. Advanced lines selected
Page 41 and 42: 39If Bol1via does not radically cha
Page 43 and 44: 41Table 5. Water efficiency utiliza
Page 45 and 46: 4320-year period. Also indicated ar
Page 47 and 48: Table 2. (Con't)Cross and pedigreeN
Page 49 and 50: 47respectively. for central AlaJuel
Page 51 and 52: 49Table 1. Climatological data, Fra
Page 53 and 54: 51Wheat Research in the</st
Page 55 and 56: 53Table 3. Average yield of best wh
Page 57 and 58: Selection of Wheats forSubtropical
Page 59 and 60: Nigeria is high temperature. South
Page 61 and 62: 59Wheat Production in Bangladesh:It
Page 63 and 64:
61Research PrioritiesVarietal devel
Page 65 and 66:
63Wheat Improvement Programsfor <st
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65In India, a series of wheat varie
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67in temperature are capable of cau
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69primarily due to a lack of financ
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71Triticale ImprovementRegular bree
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73The climate in this region is war
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75Recently, the pe
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77Variety improvement must also bec
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79those areas that are suitable for
Page 83 and 84:
Wheat Growing in the</stron
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83Thailand Winter Cereals ProgramP.
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Many farmers are now exploring <str
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87crop is present, and known. at pl
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6 ~89Contributed PapersI. BreedingB
Page 93 and 94:
91area at flowering. Vegetative vig
Page 95 and 96:
93of the plants se
Page 97 and 98:
Screening for tropical adaptationTh
Page 99 and 100:
97Table 3. Best advanced lines of b
Page 101 and 102:
99Table 4. Highest yielding advance
Page 103 and 104:
101very late, high temperatures at
Page 105 and 106:
103hence, select for drought tolera
Page 107 and 108:
106References1. Anonymous. 1972. Wh
Page 109 and 110:
107Breeding Wheats for Heatand Drou
Page 111 and 112:
109unit area. However, looking at s
Page 113 and 114:
111Identifying Wheats Adapted to Mo
Page 115 and 116:
113standard date for sowing. In spi
Page 117 and 118:
115transferred into high-yielding a
Page 119 and 120:
117Table 1. Chemical properties of
Page 121 and 122:
119• Resistance to shattering•
Page 123 and 124:
121References1. Araujo. J.E.G. 1949
Page 125 and 126:
123hours of sunlight monthly. Altho
Page 127 and 128:
125Screening Wheats for QualityA. A
Page 129 and 130:
127Wide Crosses and New Genesfor Wh
Page 131 and 132:
129The introduction of alien geneti
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131averaged about 2.5 tonslha. Howe
Page 135 and 136:
133must also demonstrate a yieldadv
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135II. Diseases and Disease Control
Page 139 and 140:
137beaker with 200 ml sterilized di
Page 141 and 142:
139Table 1. (Cont'd)Resistance reac
Page 143 and 144:
141Identification ofSources of Resi
Page 145 and 146:
143References1. Adlakha, K, RD. Wil
Page 147 and 148:
Breeding Wheats with Resistanceto H
Page 149 and 150:
147conditions. whereby infectionper
Page 151 and 152:
149CIMMYT Methods for Screening Whe
Page 153 and 154:
151Selection under Field Conditions
Page 155 and 156:
153February. Environmental conditio
Page 157 and 158:
156Each trla1 had two replications
Page 159 and 160:
157References1. De Milliano. W.A.J.
Page 161 and 162:
159Shinchunaga and descendants). se
Page 163 and 164:
161Wheat Breedingfor Scab Resistanc
Page 165 and 166:
163References1. Andersen. A.L. 1948
Page 167 and 168:
16526. Luzzardi. G.C.. C.R. Pierobo
Page 169 and 170:
18748. Nisikado. Y. 1958. Studies o
Page 171 and 172:
Head Scab Screening Methods Used at
Page 173 and 174:
171Wheat spikes are spray-inoculate
Page 175 and 176:
173Reference.1. Bekele. G.T. 1984.
Page 177 and 178:
1'71SThe species and varieties with
Page 179 and 180:
177suspension. This method has prov
Page 181 and 182:
179How the pathoge
Page 183 and 184:
18112. Takegami, S. 1961. Proceedin
Page 185 and 186:
183Documented Foot RotDlseaBes in W
Page 187 and 188:
185References1. Anderson. N.A. 1982
Page 189 and 190:
187against leaf rust by the
Page 191 and 192:
-188Distribution and Importance ofR
Page 193 and 194:
191Surprisingly. little or no stem
Page 195 and 196:
193temperatures. but this differenc
Page 197 and 198:
19~14. Lapis. D.B. and M.C. Kamatoy
Page 199 and 200:
197According to a new criterionesta
Page 201 and 202:
199Loss in yield is directly propor
Page 203 and 204:
Chemical Control ofHelminthosportum
Page 205 and 206:
203H. sattvum on foliage and heads
Page 207 and 208:
205Table 1. Mean number of lesions
Page 209 and 210:
20'7Table 4. Effect on lelf spot in
Page 211 and 212:
209III. AgronomyPhysiological Limit
Page 213 and 214:
Table 1. Actual and pouible wheat1l
Page 215 and 216:
213Table 2. Wheat yield determinati
Page 217 and 218:
216unpublished). A role of thumb de
Page 219 and 220:
217seasonally and cloudiness persis
Page 221 and 222:
219developmental periods. to around
Page 223 and 224:
221Growth at high temperaturesEarly
Page 225 and 226:
CertainlY crop growth rates in exce
Page 227 and 228:
225rice, another C
Page 229 and 230:
227105% that of C306 for th
Page 231 and 232:
22913. Fischer. RA.. I. Aguilar. R
Page 233 and 234:
Soil Management as an Alternativefo
Page 235 and 236:
233water content in the</st
Page 237 and 238:
23~Tolerance to soil aciditySoil ac
Page 239 and 240:
237applied without increasing <stro
Page 241 and 242:
The Cerrados: Future WheatProductio
Page 243 and 244:
241there is utiliz
Page 245 and 246:
243• Ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2S04]
Page 247 and 248:
245Physical Soil ProblemsThe soils
Page 249 and 250:
247program. these
Page 251 and 252:
249References1. Commisao Norte Bras
Page 253 and 254:
251was rather poor
Page 255 and 256:
253Tolerant vartettes-The yield ofv
Page 257 and 258:
255Alternative locations-An evaluat
Page 259 and 260:
257Wheat Production Constraintsand
Page 261 and 262:
259numerical grading which showed <
Page 263 and 264:
261directed towards minimum loss of
Page 265 and 266:
'.2636. Cheng, C.P. 1977. Wheatprod
Page 267 and 268:
Wheat in Rice...BasedCropping Syste
Page 269 and 270:
267Rice varietiesAs mentioned above
Page 271 and 272:
269A problem of declining yields ha
Page 273 and 274:
271_.z.:::-~:J.."•._,:.\--_.r+++v
Page 275 and 276:
273Agronomic Practices and Problems
Page 277 and 278:
275water percolation in rice. For w
Page 279 and 280:
277Rice-Wheat Cropping Systemsin So
Page 281 and 282:
279Table 1. Yield and economic retu
Page 283 and 284:
281was higher with the</str
Page 285 and 286:
283to compete with othe</st
Page 287 and 288:
for tropical environments. Highesta
Page 289 and 290:
287can be used. The computer is a u
Page 291 and 292:
289The computer has become a valuab
Page 293 and 294:
291IV. SeedWheat Seed Production,St
Page 295 and 296:
293On average, no more that 100 mm
Page 297 and 298:
295Storage in 20-liter biscuit or k
Page 299 and 300:
Production, Storageand Marketing of
Page 301 and 302:
299true to type. are selected and t
Page 303 and 304:
301discussed and ascertained; <stro
Page 305 and 306:
303V. EconomicsWheat in the
Page 307 and 308:
305than in Asia and Africa (about 1
Page 309 and 310:
307wheat consumption). However, <st
Page 311 and 312:
309These changing consumption patte
Page 313 and 314:
311Finally. it should be clarified
Page 315 and 316:
313in areas where wheat yields arer
Page 317 and 318:
31510. FAO. 1982. The bread economy
Page 319 and 320:
317Lowlands withinadequate dry-seas
Page 321 and 322:
319Table 1. Private and social prof
Page 323 and 324:
The Local-Use Approach to t
Page 325 and 326:
323fired oven has been used at oneu
Page 327 and 328:
325ControlliDg fungal diseasesThe i
Page 329 and 330:
The Relative Priority andEconomics
Page 331 and 332:
329Comparative MarketPrices of Stap
Page 333 and 334:
331References1. Agricultural Extens
Page 335 and 336:
Table 1. Area, average yield and to
Page 337 and 338:
Table 3. Annual domestic wheat prod
Page 339 and 340:
337Table 5. Financial costs of whea
Page 341 and 342:
Comments'D.L. WiDkelmaDll, DIrector
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7341------_1Closing Remarks, <stron
Page 345 and 346:
343Table 1. Probleml for th
Page 347 and 348:
345While efforts to develop wheatge
Page 349 and 350:
347Appendix IIWheat Pests and Disea
Page 351 and 352:
349Appendix IIIParticipants. <stron
Page 353 and 354:
351NigeriaMr. Ahmed M. FalakiResear
Page 355 and 356:
353CIMMYT Staff. MexicoMr. Robert D
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