the Symposium on Wheats for More Tropical Environments - cimmyt

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228Whe<strong>the</strong>r or not <strong>the</strong>se specificsuggestions on issues are followed.<strong>the</strong>re is no doubt that researchers. bothwithin and outside <strong>the</strong> internationalnetwork. will continue to lookinquisitively at <strong>the</strong> physiology of wheatin <strong>the</strong> tropics. This is good. since solittle is known. However, efforts foradvancing general understandingwould be more useful if a minimum setof information were collected andreported in future field experiments. At<strong>the</strong> least. this should include sowingdate, established plant population.an<strong>the</strong>sis date. yield. harvest index andindividual grain weight. PreVailingtemperatures are essential information.and reliable radiation data areimportant. If <strong>the</strong> crop is rainfed andwater limited. data on soil moisture atsowing and maturity. rainfall and panevaporation are essential. Everyoneshould agree on <strong>the</strong>se data. A seriousconsideration is urged of measurementsof ground cover or light interception.total and spike dry matter at an<strong>the</strong>sisand counting of florets and grains todetermine grain set. Growth and yieldsampling should be on an area basis.ra<strong>the</strong>r than per plant. and edge effectsmust be avoided. Finally. those temptedor obliged to work in controlledenvironments should continuallyexamine results for <strong>the</strong>ir relevance tofield research programs.AcknowledgementsThe author wishes to thank Ms. Y.S.Stockman for help with <strong>the</strong> preparationof this paper. and L.T. Evans. M.G.Bush. H.M. Rawson and I.F. Wardlawfor <strong>the</strong> provision of unpublished data.References1. Amores-Vergara. E.. andP.M. Cartwright. 1984. AustralianJournal of Agricultural Research35:139-148.2. Angus. J.F.. RB. Cunningham.M.W. Moncur and D.H. MacKenzie.1980/1981. Field Crops Research3:365-378.3. Angus. J.F.. D.H. MacKenzie.R Morton and C.A. Schafer. 1981.Field Crops Research 4:269-283.4. Azzi, G. 1956. Agricultural Ecology.Constable. London. England.5. Bagga. A.K.. and H.M. Rawson.1977. Australian Journal of PlantPhysiology 4:877-887.6. Beech. D.F.. and M.J.T. Norman.1968. Australian Journal ofExploratory Agricultural AnimalHusbandry 8:349-357.7. Bhullar. S.S.. and C.F. Jenner.1983. Australian Journal of PlantPhysiology 10:549-560.8. Cackett. K.E.• and P.C. Wall. 1971.Rhodesian Journal of AgriculturalResearch 9:107-120.9. Campbell. C.A.. D.S. McBean andD.G. Green. 1969. CanadianJournal of Plant Science 49:29-37.10. Chowdhury. S.I.. and I.F. Wardlaw.1978. Australian Journal ofAgricultural Research 29:205-223.11. De. R. G. Saran. B.B. Turkhede.RB. Lal. RK. Singh and G. Girl.1983. Journal of AgriculturalScience (Cambridge) 101:727-733.12. Evans. L.T.• and M.G. Bush. 1984.(Unpublished manuscript.)
22913. Fischer. RA.. I. Aguilar. R Maurerand S. Rivas. 1976. Journal ofAgricultural Science (Cambridge)87: 137-147.14. Fischer. RA., and D.HilleRisLambers. 1978. AustralianJournal of Agricultural Research29:443-458.15. Fischer. RA.• and R Maurer. 1978.Crop Science 16:855-859.16. Fischer. RA. 1981. Plant and Soil58:249-278.17. Fischer. RA. 1983. In Proceedingsof <strong>the</strong> <strong>Symposium</strong> of PotentialProductivity of Field Crops underDifferent Environments. IRRI.Manila. Philippines.18. Friend, D.J.C. 1966. In The Growthof Cereals and Grasses. F.L.Milthorpe and J.D. Iviris. eds.Butterworths. London. England.Pp. 181-199.19. Gabar. A.G.A. 1977. ExploratoryAgriculture 13:401-407.20. IRRI. 1982. Drought resistance incrops with emphasis on rice. IRRI.Manila. Philippines.21. Jones, M.B.• E.L. Leafe. W. Stilesand B. Collett. 1978. Annals ofBotany 42:693-703.22. Khalifa. M.A.• M.H. Akasha andM.B.Said.1977.JournalofAgricultural Science (Cambridge)89:35-42.23. Kolderup. F. 1979. Acta AgriculturaeSCandinavica 29:11-16.24. Langridge. J. 1963. InEnvironmental Control of PlantGrowth. L.T. Evans. ed. AcademicPress. New York. USA.25. Midmore. D.J. 1976. Growth.development and yield of wheat. (Triticum aestivum L.) in <strong>the</strong>tropics. PhD Thesis. University ofReading. England.26. Midmore. D.J.• P.M. Cartwright andRA. Fischer. 1982. Field CropsResearch 5:185-200.27. Midmore, D.J.• P.M. Cartwright andRA. Fischer. 1984. Field CropsResearch 8:207-227.28. Passioura. J.B. 1977. Journal of <strong>the</strong>Australian Institute of AgriculturalScience 43:117-120.29. Phillips. D.A.. RO. Pierce.S.A. Edie, K.W. Foster and P.F.Knowles. 1984. Crop Science24:518-522.30. Rawson. H.W.. J.E. Begg andRG. Woodward. 1977. Planta134:5-10.31. Rawson. H.M.. and A.K. Bagga.1979. Australian Journal of PlantPhysiology 6:391-400.32. Saini. H.S., and D. Aspinall. 1982.Annals of Botany (London) 49:835846.33. Saini. H.S.• M. Sedgley andD. Aspinall. 1983. AustralianJournal of Plant Physiology10:137-144.34. Sinclair. T.R. C.B. Tanner andJ.M. Bennett. 1984. Bioscience34:36-40.35. Sofield. I.. L.T. Evans. M.G. Cookand I.F. Wardlaw. 1977. AustralianJournal of Plant Physiology 5:785798.
Page 2 and 3:
The International Maize and Wheat I
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3AcknowledgementsThe Tropical Wheat
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5Wheat Production in Bangladesh: It
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7Chemical Control ofHelmtn.thosport
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1 9PrefaceThe international worksho
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uToluca, a high-elevation station a
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13In Bangladesh. many farmers' fiel
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global cooperation that permits apo
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17Recognizing the
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19With UNDP assistance. CIMMYTexpan
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4 21Introduction to the</st
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23grain-filling stages are required
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Table 1. Countries growing whut in
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27Month of sowing and month afterfl
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29. Table 3. Correlation coefficien
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31Earliness-Earliness is needed if
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33requires more than technical solu
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3~from other crops
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37Table 2. Advanced lines selected
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39If Bol1via does not radically cha
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41Table 5. Water efficiency utiliza
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4320-year period. Also indicated ar
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Table 2. (Con't)Cross and pedigreeN
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47respectively. for central AlaJuel
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49Table 1. Climatological data, Fra
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51Wheat Research in the</st
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53Table 3. Average yield of best wh
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Selection of Wheats forSubtropical
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Nigeria is high temperature. South
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59Wheat Production in Bangladesh:It
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61Research PrioritiesVarietal devel
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63Wheat Improvement Programsfor <st
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65In India, a series of wheat varie
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67in temperature are capable of cau
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69primarily due to a lack of financ
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71Triticale ImprovementRegular bree
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73The climate in this region is war
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75Recently, the pe
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77Variety improvement must also bec
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79those areas that are suitable for
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Wheat Growing in the</stron
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83Thailand Winter Cereals ProgramP.
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Many farmers are now exploring <str
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87crop is present, and known. at pl
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6 ~89Contributed PapersI. BreedingB
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91area at flowering. Vegetative vig
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93of the plants se
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Screening for tropical adaptationTh
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97Table 3. Best advanced lines of b
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99Table 4. Highest yielding advance
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101very late, high temperatures at
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103hence, select for drought tolera
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106References1. Anonymous. 1972. Wh
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107Breeding Wheats for Heatand Drou
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109unit area. However, looking at s
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111Identifying Wheats Adapted to Mo
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113standard date for sowing. In spi
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115transferred into high-yielding a
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117Table 1. Chemical properties of
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119• Resistance to shattering•
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121References1. Araujo. J.E.G. 1949
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123hours of sunlight monthly. Altho
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125Screening Wheats for QualityA. A
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127Wide Crosses and New Genesfor Wh
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129The introduction of alien geneti
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131averaged about 2.5 tonslha. Howe
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133must also demonstrate a yieldadv
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135II. Diseases and Disease Control
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137beaker with 200 ml sterilized di
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139Table 1. (Cont'd)Resistance reac
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141Identification ofSources of Resi
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143References1. Adlakha, K, RD. Wil
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Breeding Wheats with Resistanceto H
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147conditions. whereby infectionper
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149CIMMYT Methods for Screening Whe
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151Selection under Field Conditions
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153February. Environmental conditio
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156Each trla1 had two replications
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157References1. De Milliano. W.A.J.
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159Shinchunaga and descendants). se
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161Wheat Breedingfor Scab Resistanc
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163References1. Andersen. A.L. 1948
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16526. Luzzardi. G.C.. C.R. Pierobo
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18748. Nisikado. Y. 1958. Studies o
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Head Scab Screening Methods Used at
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171Wheat spikes are spray-inoculate
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173Reference.1. Bekele. G.T. 1984.
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1'71SThe species and varieties with
Page 179 and 180: 177suspension. This method has prov
Page 181 and 182: 179How the pathoge
Page 183 and 184: 18112. Takegami, S. 1961. Proceedin
Page 185 and 186: 183Documented Foot RotDlseaBes in W
Page 187 and 188: 185References1. Anderson. N.A. 1982
Page 189 and 190: 187against leaf rust by the
Page 191 and 192: -188Distribution and Importance ofR
Page 193 and 194: 191Surprisingly. little or no stem
Page 195 and 196: 193temperatures. but this differenc
Page 197 and 198: 19~14. Lapis. D.B. and M.C. Kamatoy
Page 199 and 200: 197According to a new criterionesta
Page 201 and 202: 199Loss in yield is directly propor
Page 203 and 204: Chemical Control ofHelminthosportum
Page 205 and 206: 203H. sattvum on foliage and heads
Page 207 and 208: 205Table 1. Mean number of lesions
Page 209 and 210: 20'7Table 4. Effect on lelf spot in
Page 211 and 212: 209III. AgronomyPhysiological Limit
Page 213 and 214: Table 1. Actual and pouible wheat1l
Page 215 and 216: 213Table 2. Wheat yield determinati
Page 217 and 218: 216unpublished). A role of thumb de
Page 219 and 220: 217seasonally and cloudiness persis
Page 221 and 222: 219developmental periods. to around
Page 223 and 224: 221Growth at high temperaturesEarly
Page 225 and 226: CertainlY crop growth rates in exce
Page 227 and 228: 225rice, another C
Page 229: 227105% that of C306 for th
Page 233 and 234: Soil Management as an Alternativefo
Page 235 and 236: 233water content in the</st
Page 237 and 238: 23~Tolerance to soil aciditySoil ac
Page 239 and 240: 237applied without increasing <stro
Page 241 and 242: The Cerrados: Future WheatProductio
Page 243 and 244: 241there is utiliz
Page 245 and 246: 243• Ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2S04]
Page 247 and 248: 245Physical Soil ProblemsThe soils
Page 249 and 250: 247program. these
Page 251 and 252: 249References1. Commisao Norte Bras
Page 253 and 254: 251was rather poor
Page 255 and 256: 253Tolerant vartettes-The yield ofv
Page 257 and 258: 255Alternative locations-An evaluat
Page 259 and 260: 257Wheat Production Constraintsand
Page 261 and 262: 259numerical grading which showed <
Page 263 and 264: 261directed towards minimum loss of
Page 265 and 266: '.2636. Cheng, C.P. 1977. Wheatprod
Page 267 and 268: Wheat in Rice...BasedCropping Syste
Page 269 and 270: 267Rice varietiesAs mentioned above
Page 271 and 272: 269A problem of declining yields ha
Page 273 and 274: 271_.z.:::-~:J.."•._,:.\--_.r+++v
Page 275 and 276: 273Agronomic Practices and Problems
Page 277 and 278: 275water percolation in rice. For w
Page 279 and 280: 277Rice-Wheat Cropping Systemsin So
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279Table 1. Yield and economic retu
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281was higher with the</str
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283to compete with othe</st
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for tropical environments. Highesta
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287can be used. The computer is a u
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289The computer has become a valuab
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291IV. SeedWheat Seed Production,St
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293On average, no more that 100 mm
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295Storage in 20-liter biscuit or k
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Production, Storageand Marketing of
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299true to type. are selected and t
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301discussed and ascertained; <stro
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303V. EconomicsWheat in the
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305than in Asia and Africa (about 1
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307wheat consumption). However, <st
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309These changing consumption patte
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311Finally. it should be clarified
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313in areas where wheat yields arer
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31510. FAO. 1982. The bread economy
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317Lowlands withinadequate dry-seas
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319Table 1. Private and social prof
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The Local-Use Approach to t
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323fired oven has been used at oneu
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325ControlliDg fungal diseasesThe i
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The Relative Priority andEconomics
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329Comparative MarketPrices of Stap
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331References1. Agricultural Extens
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Table 1. Area, average yield and to
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Table 3. Annual domestic wheat prod
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337Table 5. Financial costs of whea
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Comments'D.L. WiDkelmaDll, DIrector
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7341------_1Closing Remarks, <stron
Page 345 and 346:
343Table 1. Probleml for th
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345While efforts to develop wheatge
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347Appendix IIWheat Pests and Disea
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349Appendix IIIParticipants. <stron
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351NigeriaMr. Ahmed M. FalakiResear
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353CIMMYT Staff. MexicoMr. Robert D
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