the Symposium on Wheats for More Tropical Environments - cimmyt

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326Governmental ConsiderationsDesigning a nationalwheat programThe present wheat developmentprogram comes under <strong>the</strong> PhilippineCouncil for Agricultural ResourcesResearch Development (PCARRD). Ithas an ad hoc interagency structure,with each of <strong>the</strong> six membersconducting specialized and more or lessindependent projects. The objective of<strong>the</strong> wheat management committee ofPCARRD is to elevate <strong>the</strong> present wheatprogram, now in its third year, to <strong>the</strong>national level. As a national program, itshould gain more support for attainingindustry status. This proposal is nowunder consideration (5).Streng<strong>the</strong>ninginteragency coordinationCooperation among <strong>the</strong> agenciesworking on <strong>the</strong> wheat program shouldbe streng<strong>the</strong>ned, particularly in <strong>the</strong>expansion of commercial projects.Priority research is now focused on fieldproblems being encountered byfarmers.Financing wheat farmersand providing crop insuranceCrop loans and insurance should beprovided to wheat farmers.Arrangements are being made with <strong>the</strong>Technical Board of Agricultural Credit(TBAC) of <strong>the</strong> Central Bank and <strong>the</strong>Philippine Crop Insurance Corporation(PCIC) as part of <strong>the</strong> proposed nationalwheat program.The hope of developing a local wheatindustry hinges on <strong>the</strong> expansion of <strong>the</strong>present program. To a large extent, italso depends on world issues affecting<strong>the</strong> commodity. The Philippines atpresent is bracing itself against aneconomic crisis. Wheat imports, whichin 1982 alone reached 900,000 tonsworth US$ 156 million, are now beingdrastically cut to reduce <strong>the</strong> foreignexchange drain (4). Now is <strong>the</strong> time torevive <strong>the</strong> old, lost wheat industry.References1. Cabafios, J.B. 1960. Progress reporton trial cultures of wheat withcooperators in <strong>the</strong> Philippines.Araneta Journal of Agriculture7(1):36-39.2. Cruz, E.E. 1960. The work of <strong>the</strong>Bureau of Plant Industry on Wheat.Araneta Journal of Agriculture7(1):40-42.3. Gironiere, P. de. 1962. Twentyyears in <strong>the</strong> Philippines. FilipinianaBook Guild I. P. 221.4. National Food Authority. 1984.Briefing materials. Quezon City,Metro Manila, Philippines.5. Philippine Council for Agricultureand Resources Research andDevelopment. 1984. Notes on wheatcrop year 1983-84. Los Bafios,Laguna, Philippines.
The Relative Priority andEconomics of Growing Wheat in NigeriaA.a. OgUDgblle, Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu BelloUniversity, Zaria, NigeriaAbstractThe main aims of <strong>the</strong> Nigerian government policy ofproducing wheat on largescaleirrigation schemes were to substantially increasefood production and toachieve import substitution objectives. Many years after <strong>the</strong> establishment of <strong>the</strong>projects. those objectives are stillfarfrom beingfuifUled. Although wheatproduction appears more profitable than some cereal crop enterprises. averageyields have remained lower than <strong>the</strong> potential. Timely planting. better inputdelivery and improved extension services arefactors crucial to achievingproduction increases. Local market prices are higher than <strong>the</strong> governmentproducer price and, <strong>the</strong>refore. farmers do not sell to <strong>the</strong>.flour mills.327Wheat has been grown traditionally in<strong>the</strong> river valleys in <strong>the</strong> nor<strong>the</strong>rn parts ofNigeria for many years. However. earlyproduction was on a small scale. with<strong>the</strong> grain being sold in local markets asa luxury product used for makingtraditional dishes (4). Its importance in<strong>the</strong> diet of <strong>the</strong> people has increaseddramatically in recent years withincreases in income and population.Annual wheat importation rose fromabout 190.000 tons in 1969 to about1.5 million tons in 1983. costing <strong>the</strong>country nearly US$ 290 million inforeign exchange. A total of US$ 1.95billion was spent on food imports in1980 (5). with wheat constituting <strong>the</strong>single largest item in Nigeria's heavyfood import bill. The sudden popularityof wheat bread in <strong>the</strong> Nigerian diet. and<strong>the</strong> consequent increase in wheatimportation. prompted <strong>the</strong> Nigeriangovernment to encourage <strong>the</strong>production of wheat in substantialquantities domestically.Objectives of <strong>the</strong> WheatProduction and Water ResourceDevelopment PolleyGovernment encouragement ofdomestic wheat production for flourcannot be isolated from <strong>the</strong> agriculturalpolicy of achieving self-suffiCiency infood production and promoting <strong>the</strong>welfare of <strong>the</strong> rural people. The mainobjectives of domestic wheat productionare 1) to stimulate substitution forimported wheat in order to improve <strong>the</strong>balance of payment situation. 2) topromote agro-industrtal developmentand 3) to enhance food productionefforts (1).The majority of <strong>the</strong> wheat consumed inNigeria is in <strong>the</strong> form of bread. In orderto facilitate <strong>the</strong> processing of wheat intoflour. a flour-milling industry wasconsidered. not only as an integral partof <strong>the</strong> package of wheat production. butalso as an important agro-based infantindustry that would have to be protectedfrom foreign competition. This proVided<strong>the</strong> justification for increasing <strong>the</strong>number of flour mills to five by 1980.with a joint capacity of 1.2 million tonsof wheat per annum.Wheat Production andWater Resource DevelopmentSince <strong>the</strong> early 19708. increasedemphasis has been given to <strong>the</strong>development of irrigation. as a means ofachieving <strong>the</strong> full agricultural potentialof <strong>the</strong> country (5). The Sahel drought of<strong>the</strong> early 19708 gave impetus to heavypublic investment in irrigation schemes.About US$ 398.4 million and $2.95
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The International Maize and Wheat I
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3AcknowledgementsThe Tropical Wheat
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5Wheat Production in Bangladesh: It
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7Chemical Control ofHelmtn.thosport
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1 9PrefaceThe international worksho
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uToluca, a high-elevation station a
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13In Bangladesh. many farmers' fiel
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global cooperation that permits apo
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17Recognizing the
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19With UNDP assistance. CIMMYTexpan
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4 21Introduction to the</st
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23grain-filling stages are required
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Table 1. Countries growing whut in
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27Month of sowing and month afterfl
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29. Table 3. Correlation coefficien
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31Earliness-Earliness is needed if
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33requires more than technical solu
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3~from other crops
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37Table 2. Advanced lines selected
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39If Bol1via does not radically cha
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41Table 5. Water efficiency utiliza
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4320-year period. Also indicated ar
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Table 2. (Con't)Cross and pedigreeN
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47respectively. for central AlaJuel
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49Table 1. Climatological data, Fra
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51Wheat Research in the</st
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53Table 3. Average yield of best wh
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Selection of Wheats forSubtropical
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Nigeria is high temperature. South
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59Wheat Production in Bangladesh:It
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61Research PrioritiesVarietal devel
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63Wheat Improvement Programsfor <st
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65In India, a series of wheat varie
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67in temperature are capable of cau
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69primarily due to a lack of financ
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71Triticale ImprovementRegular bree
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73The climate in this region is war
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75Recently, the pe
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77Variety improvement must also bec
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79those areas that are suitable for
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Wheat Growing in the</stron
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83Thailand Winter Cereals ProgramP.
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Many farmers are now exploring <str
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87crop is present, and known. at pl
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6 ~89Contributed PapersI. BreedingB
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91area at flowering. Vegetative vig
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93of the plants se
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Screening for tropical adaptationTh
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97Table 3. Best advanced lines of b
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99Table 4. Highest yielding advance
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101very late, high temperatures at
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103hence, select for drought tolera
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106References1. Anonymous. 1972. Wh
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107Breeding Wheats for Heatand Drou
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109unit area. However, looking at s
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111Identifying Wheats Adapted to Mo
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113standard date for sowing. In spi
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115transferred into high-yielding a
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117Table 1. Chemical properties of
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119• Resistance to shattering•
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121References1. Araujo. J.E.G. 1949
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123hours of sunlight monthly. Altho
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125Screening Wheats for QualityA. A
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127Wide Crosses and New Genesfor Wh
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129The introduction of alien geneti
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131averaged about 2.5 tonslha. Howe
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133must also demonstrate a yieldadv
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135II. Diseases and Disease Control
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137beaker with 200 ml sterilized di
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139Table 1. (Cont'd)Resistance reac
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141Identification ofSources of Resi
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143References1. Adlakha, K, RD. Wil
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Breeding Wheats with Resistanceto H
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147conditions. whereby infectionper
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149CIMMYT Methods for Screening Whe
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151Selection under Field Conditions
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153February. Environmental conditio
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156Each trla1 had two replications
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157References1. De Milliano. W.A.J.
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159Shinchunaga and descendants). se
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161Wheat Breedingfor Scab Resistanc
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163References1. Andersen. A.L. 1948
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16526. Luzzardi. G.C.. C.R. Pierobo
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18748. Nisikado. Y. 1958. Studies o
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Head Scab Screening Methods Used at
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171Wheat spikes are spray-inoculate
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173Reference.1. Bekele. G.T. 1984.
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1'71SThe species and varieties with
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177suspension. This method has prov
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179How the pathoge
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18112. Takegami, S. 1961. Proceedin
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183Documented Foot RotDlseaBes in W
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185References1. Anderson. N.A. 1982
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187against leaf rust by the
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-188Distribution and Importance ofR
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191Surprisingly. little or no stem
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193temperatures. but this differenc
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19~14. Lapis. D.B. and M.C. Kamatoy
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197According to a new criterionesta
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199Loss in yield is directly propor
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Chemical Control ofHelminthosportum
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203H. sattvum on foliage and heads
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205Table 1. Mean number of lesions
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20'7Table 4. Effect on lelf spot in
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209III. AgronomyPhysiological Limit
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Table 1. Actual and pouible wheat1l
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213Table 2. Wheat yield determinati
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216unpublished). A role of thumb de
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217seasonally and cloudiness persis
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219developmental periods. to around
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221Growth at high temperaturesEarly
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CertainlY crop growth rates in exce
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225rice, another C
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227105% that of C306 for th
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22913. Fischer. RA.. I. Aguilar. R
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Soil Management as an Alternativefo
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233water content in the</st
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23~Tolerance to soil aciditySoil ac
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237applied without increasing <stro
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The Cerrados: Future WheatProductio
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241there is utiliz
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243• Ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2S04]
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245Physical Soil ProblemsThe soils
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247program. these
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249References1. Commisao Norte Bras
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251was rather poor
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253Tolerant vartettes-The yield ofv
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255Alternative locations-An evaluat
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257Wheat Production Constraintsand
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259numerical grading which showed <
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261directed towards minimum loss of
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'.2636. Cheng, C.P. 1977. Wheatprod
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Wheat in Rice...BasedCropping Syste
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267Rice varietiesAs mentioned above
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269A problem of declining yields ha
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271_.z.:::-~:J.."•._,:.\--_.r+++v
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273Agronomic Practices and Problems
Page 277 and 278: 275water percolation in rice. For w
Page 279 and 280: 277Rice-Wheat Cropping Systemsin So
Page 281 and 282: 279Table 1. Yield and economic retu
Page 283 and 284: 281was higher with the</str
Page 285 and 286: 283to compete with othe</st
Page 287 and 288: for tropical environments. Highesta
Page 289 and 290: 287can be used. The computer is a u
Page 291 and 292: 289The computer has become a valuab
Page 293 and 294: 291IV. SeedWheat Seed Production,St
Page 295 and 296: 293On average, no more that 100 mm
Page 297 and 298: 295Storage in 20-liter biscuit or k
Page 299 and 300: Production, Storageand Marketing of
Page 301 and 302: 299true to type. are selected and t
Page 303 and 304: 301discussed and ascertained; <stro
Page 305 and 306: 303V. EconomicsWheat in the
Page 307 and 308: 305than in Asia and Africa (about 1
Page 309 and 310: 307wheat consumption). However, <st
Page 311 and 312: 309These changing consumption patte
Page 313 and 314: 311Finally. it should be clarified
Page 315 and 316: 313in areas where wheat yields arer
Page 317 and 318: 31510. FAO. 1982. The bread economy
Page 319 and 320: 317Lowlands withinadequate dry-seas
Page 321 and 322: 319Table 1. Private and social prof
Page 323 and 324: The Local-Use Approach to t
Page 325 and 326: 323fired oven has been used at oneu
Page 327: 325ControlliDg fungal diseasesThe i
Page 331 and 332: 329Comparative MarketPrices of Stap
Page 333 and 334: 331References1. Agricultural Extens
Page 335 and 336: Table 1. Area, average yield and to
Page 337 and 338: Table 3. Annual domestic wheat prod
Page 339 and 340: 337Table 5. Financial costs of whea
Page 341 and 342: Comments'D.L. WiDkelmaDll, DIrector
Page 343 and 344: 7341------_1Closing Remarks, <stron
Page 345 and 346: 343Table 1. Probleml for th
Page 347 and 348: 345While efforts to develop wheatge
Page 349 and 350: 347Appendix IIWheat Pests and Disea
Page 351 and 352: 349Appendix IIIParticipants. <stron
Page 353 and 354: 351NigeriaMr. Ahmed M. FalakiResear
Page 355 and 356: 353CIMMYT Staff. MexicoMr. Robert D
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