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120Efficiency in phosphorus useThe soils in <strong>the</strong> main wheat-producingregion of Rio Grande do Sul arecharacterized by a low level ofphosphorus aVailability. The interactionof plant response and aluminum andphosphorus absorption is well known.Ben and Rosa (3), working withcultivars tolerant to crestamento.identified <strong>the</strong> cultivars Toropi and PG1(a selection of Polissu) as haVing betterdevelopment in soils with lowphosphorus aVailability. These cultivarshave a better (more efficient) utilizationof phosphorus (natural or applied),indicating <strong>the</strong> possibility ofencountering genetic variability for thischaracter.Koehler (4), working at WashingtonState University, USA, carried outexperiments involVing 1600 springwheat accessions, with <strong>the</strong> objective ofidentifying accessions tolerant tophosphorus stress and learned how toselect for this characteristic. His resultsidentified various cultivars with goodadaptation to soils with low phosphoruslevels.Attempts are being made at <strong>the</strong>National Wheat Research Center totransfer such phosphorus-use efficiencyto o<strong>the</strong>r cultivars with better yieldpotential. The segregating generationsare grown in soils with low phosphorusavailability (around 3 ppm) and withtoxic aluminum. It is expected that, by1985, lines with better phosphorusutilization will be available for finalevaluation.ConclusioDSEcological conditions in Rio Grande doSul vary greatly, as compared to thoseof <strong>the</strong> wheat-producing regions ofArgentina or Mexico. Never<strong>the</strong>less,using <strong>the</strong> technology available atpresent, good farmers in <strong>the</strong> regionhave obtained average yields of 2.068kglha over <strong>the</strong> last five crop years. Theyutilize a production system involVing<strong>the</strong> use of <strong>the</strong> best cultivars. croprotations to control root diseases andfungicide application to complementgenetic resistance.New cultivars developed jointly byEMBRAPA and CIMMYT will be madeavailable to farmers in Rio Grande doSuI in 1985 (new lines of <strong>the</strong> crossIAS631Alondra''S"IIGabotol LagoaVermelha (PF79765, PF79767.PF79780 and PF79782)). It is expectedthat. with this material, <strong>the</strong>se samefarmers will be able to raise <strong>the</strong>ir yieldsto 3 t/ha within <strong>the</strong> next five years.
121References1. Araujo. J.E.G. 1949. 0 aluminiotrocavel. possivel cause docrestamento do trigo. In ReuniaoBrasileira de Ciencia do Solo. 2.Campinas. Brazil. Pp. 329-337.2. Araujo. J.E.G. 1948. A reacao dosolo sua possivel influencia no"Crestamento" do trigo. Agros(Pelotas) 1(2):81-94.3. Ben. J.R.. and 0.5. Rosa. 1983.Comportamento de algumascultivares de trigo em relacao afosforo no solo. PesquisaAgropecuaria Brasiliera (Brasilia)18(9):967-972.4. Koehler. T.J. 1983. Identifyingefficient spring wheat accessions oflow levels of phosphorus on acidsoils.6. Nodari. R.O. 1980. Bases geneticasda heranca do carater tolerancia aocrestamen to em genotipos de trigo(Triticum aestivum L.) M.Sc.Thesis. UFRGS. Porto Alegre.Brazil.7. Osorio. E.A. Variedades emelhoramento. 1982. Trigo noBrasil. In Fundacao Cargill. vol. 1.Campinas. Brazil. Pp. 146-197.8. Souza. C.N.A.. J.C.S. Moreira andL.J. del Duca. 1982. Reacao aocrestamento de cultivares de trigorecomendadas para cultivo noBrasil. In XIII Reuniao Nacional dePesquisa de Trigo. Resumos eComunicados Tecnicos. OCEPAR,Cascavel. PRo Brazil. Pp. 204-207.5. Lagos. M.B.• MJ.B. MoraesFernandes. F.I.F. de Carvalho andC.E. de O. Camargo. 1983.Localizacao de gene(s) de toleranciaao aluminio trocavel (AI + + +) emtrigo cv. BH1146 (Triticumaestivum). Paper presented in <strong>the</strong>XIII Reuniao Nacional de Pesquisade Trigo. Cruz Alta. Rio Grande doSuI. Brazil.
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The International Maize and Wheat I
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3AcknowledgementsThe Tropical Wheat
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5Wheat Production in Bangladesh: It
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7Chemical Control ofHelmtn.thosport
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1 9PrefaceThe international worksho
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uToluca, a high-elevation station a
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13In Bangladesh. many farmers' fiel
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global cooperation that permits apo
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17Recognizing the
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19With UNDP assistance. CIMMYTexpan
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4 21Introduction to the</st
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23grain-filling stages are required
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Table 1. Countries growing whut in
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27Month of sowing and month afterfl
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29. Table 3. Correlation coefficien
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31Earliness-Earliness is needed if
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33requires more than technical solu
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3~from other crops
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37Table 2. Advanced lines selected
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39If Bol1via does not radically cha
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41Table 5. Water efficiency utiliza
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4320-year period. Also indicated ar
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Table 2. (Con't)Cross and pedigreeN
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47respectively. for central AlaJuel
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49Table 1. Climatological data, Fra
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51Wheat Research in the</st
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53Table 3. Average yield of best wh
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Selection of Wheats forSubtropical
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Nigeria is high temperature. South
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59Wheat Production in Bangladesh:It
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61Research PrioritiesVarietal devel
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63Wheat Improvement Programsfor <st
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65In India, a series of wheat varie
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67in temperature are capable of cau
Page 71 and 72: 69primarily due to a lack of financ
Page 73 and 74: 71Triticale ImprovementRegular bree
Page 75 and 76: 73The climate in this region is war
Page 77 and 78: 75Recently, the pe
Page 79 and 80: 77Variety improvement must also bec
Page 81 and 82: 79those areas that are suitable for
Page 83 and 84: Wheat Growing in the</stron
Page 85 and 86: 83Thailand Winter Cereals ProgramP.
Page 87 and 88: Many farmers are now exploring <str
Page 89 and 90: 87crop is present, and known. at pl
Page 91 and 92: 6 ~89Contributed PapersI. BreedingB
Page 93 and 94: 91area at flowering. Vegetative vig
Page 95 and 96: 93of the plants se
Page 97 and 98: Screening for tropical adaptationTh
Page 99 and 100: 97Table 3. Best advanced lines of b
Page 101 and 102: 99Table 4. Highest yielding advance
Page 103 and 104: 101very late, high temperatures at
Page 105 and 106: 103hence, select for drought tolera
Page 107 and 108: 106References1. Anonymous. 1972. Wh
Page 109 and 110: 107Breeding Wheats for Heatand Drou
Page 111 and 112: 109unit area. However, looking at s
Page 113 and 114: 111Identifying Wheats Adapted to Mo
Page 115 and 116: 113standard date for sowing. In spi
Page 117 and 118: 115transferred into high-yielding a
Page 119 and 120: 117Table 1. Chemical properties of
Page 121: 119• Resistance to shattering•
Page 125 and 126: 123hours of sunlight monthly. Altho
Page 127 and 128: 125Screening Wheats for QualityA. A
Page 129 and 130: 127Wide Crosses and New Genesfor Wh
Page 131 and 132: 129The introduction of alien geneti
Page 133 and 134: 131averaged about 2.5 tonslha. Howe
Page 135 and 136: 133must also demonstrate a yieldadv
Page 137 and 138: 135II. Diseases and Disease Control
Page 139 and 140: 137beaker with 200 ml sterilized di
Page 141 and 142: 139Table 1. (Cont'd)Resistance reac
Page 143 and 144: 141Identification ofSources of Resi
Page 145 and 146: 143References1. Adlakha, K, RD. Wil
Page 147 and 148: Breeding Wheats with Resistanceto H
Page 149 and 150: 147conditions. whereby infectionper
Page 151 and 152: 149CIMMYT Methods for Screening Whe
Page 153 and 154: 151Selection under Field Conditions
Page 155 and 156: 153February. Environmental conditio
Page 157 and 158: 156Each trla1 had two replications
Page 159 and 160: 157References1. De Milliano. W.A.J.
Page 161 and 162: 159Shinchunaga and descendants). se
Page 163 and 164: 161Wheat Breedingfor Scab Resistanc
Page 165 and 166: 163References1. Andersen. A.L. 1948
Page 167 and 168: 16526. Luzzardi. G.C.. C.R. Pierobo
Page 169 and 170: 18748. Nisikado. Y. 1958. Studies o
Page 171 and 172: Head Scab Screening Methods Used at
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171Wheat spikes are spray-inoculate
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173Reference.1. Bekele. G.T. 1984.
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1'71SThe species and varieties with
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177suspension. This method has prov
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179How the pathoge
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18112. Takegami, S. 1961. Proceedin
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183Documented Foot RotDlseaBes in W
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185References1. Anderson. N.A. 1982
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187against leaf rust by the
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-188Distribution and Importance ofR
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191Surprisingly. little or no stem
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193temperatures. but this differenc
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19~14. Lapis. D.B. and M.C. Kamatoy
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197According to a new criterionesta
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199Loss in yield is directly propor
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Chemical Control ofHelminthosportum
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203H. sattvum on foliage and heads
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205Table 1. Mean number of lesions
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20'7Table 4. Effect on lelf spot in
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209III. AgronomyPhysiological Limit
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Table 1. Actual and pouible wheat1l
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213Table 2. Wheat yield determinati
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216unpublished). A role of thumb de
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217seasonally and cloudiness persis
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219developmental periods. to around
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221Growth at high temperaturesEarly
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CertainlY crop growth rates in exce
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225rice, another C
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227105% that of C306 for th
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22913. Fischer. RA.. I. Aguilar. R
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Soil Management as an Alternativefo
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233water content in the</st
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23~Tolerance to soil aciditySoil ac
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237applied without increasing <stro
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The Cerrados: Future WheatProductio
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241there is utiliz
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243• Ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2S04]
Page 247 and 248:
245Physical Soil ProblemsThe soils
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247program. these
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249References1. Commisao Norte Bras
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251was rather poor
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253Tolerant vartettes-The yield ofv
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255Alternative locations-An evaluat
Page 259 and 260:
257Wheat Production Constraintsand
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259numerical grading which showed <
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261directed towards minimum loss of
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'.2636. Cheng, C.P. 1977. Wheatprod
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Wheat in Rice...BasedCropping Syste
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267Rice varietiesAs mentioned above
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269A problem of declining yields ha
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271_.z.:::-~:J.."•._,:.\--_.r+++v
Page 275 and 276:
273Agronomic Practices and Problems
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275water percolation in rice. For w
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277Rice-Wheat Cropping Systemsin So
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279Table 1. Yield and economic retu
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281was higher with the</str
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283to compete with othe</st
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for tropical environments. Highesta
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287can be used. The computer is a u
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289The computer has become a valuab
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291IV. SeedWheat Seed Production,St
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293On average, no more that 100 mm
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295Storage in 20-liter biscuit or k
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Production, Storageand Marketing of
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299true to type. are selected and t
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301discussed and ascertained; <stro
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303V. EconomicsWheat in the
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305than in Asia and Africa (about 1
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307wheat consumption). However, <st
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309These changing consumption patte
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311Finally. it should be clarified
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313in areas where wheat yields arer
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31510. FAO. 1982. The bread economy
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317Lowlands withinadequate dry-seas
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319Table 1. Private and social prof
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The Local-Use Approach to t
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323fired oven has been used at oneu
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325ControlliDg fungal diseasesThe i
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The Relative Priority andEconomics
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329Comparative MarketPrices of Stap
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331References1. Agricultural Extens
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Table 1. Area, average yield and to
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Table 3. Annual domestic wheat prod
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337Table 5. Financial costs of whea
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Comments'D.L. WiDkelmaDll, DIrector
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7341------_1Closing Remarks, <stron
Page 345 and 346:
343Table 1. Probleml for th
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345While efforts to develop wheatge
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347Appendix IIWheat Pests and Disea
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349Appendix IIIParticipants. <stron
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351NigeriaMr. Ahmed M. FalakiResear
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353CIMMYT Staff. MexicoMr. Robert D
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