the Symposium on Wheats for More Tropical Environments - cimmyt

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258References1. Brammer, H. 1973. Soils of Zambia.Soil Survey Report 11. Mt. MakuluResearch Station, Chilanga,Zambia.2. Kalima, C. 1980. Detailed soilsurvey of Mpika dairy settlementscheme. Soil Survey Unit, MpikaDistrict, Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Province. Mt.Makulu Research Station, Kasama,Chilanga, Zambia.3. Kalbna,C. 1983. Thecharacterization, distribution andextent of major soils of <strong>the</strong> highrainfall areas of Zambia. InProceedings of <strong>the</strong> Seminar on SoilProductivity in <strong>the</strong> High RainfallAreas of Zambia. Lusaka, February8-10, 1983. Occasional Paper 6.H. Svads, ed. InternationalDevelopment Programs,Agricultural University of Norway,As, Norway.4. Mansfield, J.E., J.G. Bennett,R.B. King, D.M. Lang and R.M.Lawton. 1975. Land resources ofNor<strong>the</strong>rn and Luapula provinces ofZambia: A reconnaissanceassessment. Study 19, vols. 3,4and 5. Land Resources Division,Overseas DevelopmentAdministration, London, England.5. Penney, D.C., L.W. Hodgins andB.S. Aulakh. 1981. Miscellaneousreport of <strong>the</strong> Zambia-Canada WheatProject. Chilanga, Zambia.6. Vikan, J.G. 1983. Preliminaryexploratory map of <strong>the</strong> Nor<strong>the</strong>rnand Luapula provinces:Contribution to <strong>the</strong> study of <strong>the</strong>soils of <strong>the</strong> high rainfall area. SoilSurvey Unit, Mt Makulu ResearchStation, Kasama, Chilanga. Zambia.7. Zambia-Canada Wheat ProjectAnnual Report 1979. Chilanga,Zambia.8. Zambia-Canada Wheat ProjectAnnual Report 1980. Chilanga,Zambia.9. Zambia-Canada Wheat ProjectAnnual Report 1981. Chilanga,Zambia.10. Zambia-Canada Wheat ProjectAnnual Report 1982. Chilanga,Zambia.11. Zambia-Canada Wheat ProjectAnnual Report 1983. Chilanga.Zambia.12. Zambia-Canada Wheat ProjectAnnual Report 1984. Chilanga,Zambia. (In press.)
257Wheat Production Constraintsand Management in BangladeshM. GuIer, Wheat Program, CIMMYT, Joydebpur, Dhaka, BangladeshAbstractThe average temperature is quite similar in all of<strong>the</strong> wheat-growing areas ofBangladesh. The amount and distribution of <strong>the</strong> monsoon rains and <strong>the</strong>differences in soil texture and elevation affect <strong>the</strong> flood situation. which in turnaffects <strong>the</strong> selection ofcropping systems by <strong>the</strong>farmers; <strong>the</strong> cropping systemhas a great effect on wheat yields. The main management problems of wheatfarmers are <strong>the</strong>jitting ofwheat into <strong>the</strong> system, land preparation. time ofseeding andfertilization.A study of <strong>the</strong> climatic conditions of <strong>the</strong>different wheat-growing areas ofBangladesh would reveal no greatdifferences in average dailytemperature, but significant differencesin <strong>the</strong> amount of average annualrainfall and its distribution. Table 1shows total annual rainfall and that of<strong>the</strong> wheat-growing season.Although <strong>the</strong> annual rainfall is veryhigh in all locations, ranging fromabout 1600 mm in <strong>the</strong> west to 2300mm in <strong>the</strong> east. only a small portion ofthis amount falls during <strong>the</strong> wheatseason. However, <strong>the</strong> amount and <strong>the</strong>distribution of rainfall in <strong>the</strong> monsoonseason in different locations affects <strong>the</strong>time of planting and harvesting of <strong>the</strong>preceding rice crop; this. in turn, affects<strong>the</strong> seeding time of wheat.Ano<strong>the</strong>r important ecological factor forwheat growth is soil texture. InBangladesh, wheat is grown in almostall soils except <strong>the</strong> very heavy-texturedsoils. Textural differences in soils causedifferences in soil moisture, which inturn affects <strong>the</strong> timing and intensity oftillage operations. as well as <strong>the</strong> wheatyield level.Ten percent of <strong>the</strong> wheat-growing areaof Bangladesh is classified as upland.with rice being grown without wetlandpreparation or transplanting and withcomplete dependence on rainfall formoisture (2). In <strong>the</strong>se areas. <strong>the</strong>favorable wheat-seeding date rangesbetween mid-November and earlyDecember; because of <strong>the</strong> croppingsystem chosen by <strong>the</strong> farmers, whichTable 1. Rainfall in six locations, BangladeshLocationAverage rainfall (mm)Annual Wheat season(Nov-March)Dinajpur (northwest)Bogra (west)Ishurdi (west)Jessore (southwest)Jamalpur (north)Comilla (east)Source: Manalo (1)177817561585165222412298537675104115151
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The International Maize and Wheat I
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3AcknowledgementsThe Tropical Wheat
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5Wheat Production in Bangladesh: It
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7Chemical Control ofHelmtn.thosport
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1 9PrefaceThe international worksho
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uToluca, a high-elevation station a
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13In Bangladesh. many farmers' fiel
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global cooperation that permits apo
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17Recognizing the
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19With UNDP assistance. CIMMYTexpan
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4 21Introduction to the</st
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23grain-filling stages are required
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Table 1. Countries growing whut in
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27Month of sowing and month afterfl
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29. Table 3. Correlation coefficien
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31Earliness-Earliness is needed if
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33requires more than technical solu
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3~from other crops
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37Table 2. Advanced lines selected
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39If Bol1via does not radically cha
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41Table 5. Water efficiency utiliza
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4320-year period. Also indicated ar
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Table 2. (Con't)Cross and pedigreeN
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47respectively. for central AlaJuel
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49Table 1. Climatological data, Fra
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51Wheat Research in the</st
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53Table 3. Average yield of best wh
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Selection of Wheats forSubtropical
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Nigeria is high temperature. South
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59Wheat Production in Bangladesh:It
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61Research PrioritiesVarietal devel
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63Wheat Improvement Programsfor <st
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65In India, a series of wheat varie
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67in temperature are capable of cau
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69primarily due to a lack of financ
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71Triticale ImprovementRegular bree
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73The climate in this region is war
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75Recently, the pe
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77Variety improvement must also bec
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79those areas that are suitable for
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Wheat Growing in the</stron
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83Thailand Winter Cereals ProgramP.
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Many farmers are now exploring <str
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87crop is present, and known. at pl
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6 ~89Contributed PapersI. BreedingB
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91area at flowering. Vegetative vig
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93of the plants se
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Screening for tropical adaptationTh
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97Table 3. Best advanced lines of b
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99Table 4. Highest yielding advance
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101very late, high temperatures at
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103hence, select for drought tolera
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106References1. Anonymous. 1972. Wh
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107Breeding Wheats for Heatand Drou
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109unit area. However, looking at s
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111Identifying Wheats Adapted to Mo
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113standard date for sowing. In spi
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115transferred into high-yielding a
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117Table 1. Chemical properties of
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119• Resistance to shattering•
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121References1. Araujo. J.E.G. 1949
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123hours of sunlight monthly. Altho
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125Screening Wheats for QualityA. A
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127Wide Crosses and New Genesfor Wh
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129The introduction of alien geneti
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131averaged about 2.5 tonslha. Howe
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133must also demonstrate a yieldadv
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135II. Diseases and Disease Control
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137beaker with 200 ml sterilized di
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139Table 1. (Cont'd)Resistance reac
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141Identification ofSources of Resi
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143References1. Adlakha, K, RD. Wil
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Breeding Wheats with Resistanceto H
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147conditions. whereby infectionper
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149CIMMYT Methods for Screening Whe
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151Selection under Field Conditions
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153February. Environmental conditio
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156Each trla1 had two replications
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157References1. De Milliano. W.A.J.
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159Shinchunaga and descendants). se
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161Wheat Breedingfor Scab Resistanc
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163References1. Andersen. A.L. 1948
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16526. Luzzardi. G.C.. C.R. Pierobo
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18748. Nisikado. Y. 1958. Studies o
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Head Scab Screening Methods Used at
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171Wheat spikes are spray-inoculate
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173Reference.1. Bekele. G.T. 1984.
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1'71SThe species and varieties with
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177suspension. This method has prov
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179How the pathoge
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18112. Takegami, S. 1961. Proceedin
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183Documented Foot RotDlseaBes in W
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185References1. Anderson. N.A. 1982
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187against leaf rust by the
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-188Distribution and Importance ofR
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191Surprisingly. little or no stem
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193temperatures. but this differenc
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19~14. Lapis. D.B. and M.C. Kamatoy
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197According to a new criterionesta
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199Loss in yield is directly propor
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Chemical Control ofHelminthosportum
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203H. sattvum on foliage and heads
Page 207 and 208: 205Table 1. Mean number of lesions
Page 209 and 210: 20'7Table 4. Effect on lelf spot in
Page 211 and 212: 209III. AgronomyPhysiological Limit
Page 213 and 214: Table 1. Actual and pouible wheat1l
Page 215 and 216: 213Table 2. Wheat yield determinati
Page 217 and 218: 216unpublished). A role of thumb de
Page 219 and 220: 217seasonally and cloudiness persis
Page 221 and 222: 219developmental periods. to around
Page 223 and 224: 221Growth at high temperaturesEarly
Page 225 and 226: CertainlY crop growth rates in exce
Page 227 and 228: 225rice, another C
Page 229 and 230: 227105% that of C306 for th
Page 231 and 232: 22913. Fischer. RA.. I. Aguilar. R
Page 233 and 234: Soil Management as an Alternativefo
Page 235 and 236: 233water content in the</st
Page 237 and 238: 23~Tolerance to soil aciditySoil ac
Page 239 and 240: 237applied without increasing <stro
Page 241 and 242: The Cerrados: Future WheatProductio
Page 243 and 244: 241there is utiliz
Page 245 and 246: 243• Ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2S04]
Page 247 and 248: 245Physical Soil ProblemsThe soils
Page 249 and 250: 247program. these
Page 251 and 252: 249References1. Commisao Norte Bras
Page 253 and 254: 251was rather poor
Page 255 and 256: 253Tolerant vartettes-The yield ofv
Page 257: 255Alternative locations-An evaluat
Page 261 and 262: 259numerical grading which showed <
Page 263 and 264: 261directed towards minimum loss of
Page 265 and 266: '.2636. Cheng, C.P. 1977. Wheatprod
Page 267 and 268: Wheat in Rice...BasedCropping Syste
Page 269 and 270: 267Rice varietiesAs mentioned above
Page 271 and 272: 269A problem of declining yields ha
Page 273 and 274: 271_.z.:::-~:J.."•._,:.\--_.r+++v
Page 275 and 276: 273Agronomic Practices and Problems
Page 277 and 278: 275water percolation in rice. For w
Page 279 and 280: 277Rice-Wheat Cropping Systemsin So
Page 281 and 282: 279Table 1. Yield and economic retu
Page 283 and 284: 281was higher with the</str
Page 285 and 286: 283to compete with othe</st
Page 287 and 288: for tropical environments. Highesta
Page 289 and 290: 287can be used. The computer is a u
Page 291 and 292: 289The computer has become a valuab
Page 293 and 294: 291IV. SeedWheat Seed Production,St
Page 295 and 296: 293On average, no more that 100 mm
Page 297 and 298: 295Storage in 20-liter biscuit or k
Page 299 and 300: Production, Storageand Marketing of
Page 301 and 302: 299true to type. are selected and t
Page 303 and 304: 301discussed and ascertained; <stro
Page 305 and 306: 303V. EconomicsWheat in the
Page 307 and 308: 305than in Asia and Africa (about 1
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307wheat consumption). However, <st
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309These changing consumption patte
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311Finally. it should be clarified
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313in areas where wheat yields arer
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31510. FAO. 1982. The bread economy
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317Lowlands withinadequate dry-seas
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319Table 1. Private and social prof
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The Local-Use Approach to t
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323fired oven has been used at oneu
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325ControlliDg fungal diseasesThe i
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The Relative Priority andEconomics
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329Comparative MarketPrices of Stap
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331References1. Agricultural Extens
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Table 1. Area, average yield and to
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Table 3. Annual domestic wheat prod
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337Table 5. Financial costs of whea
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Comments'D.L. WiDkelmaDll, DIrector
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7341------_1Closing Remarks, <stron
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343Table 1. Probleml for th
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345While efforts to develop wheatge
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347Appendix IIWheat Pests and Disea
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349Appendix IIIParticipants. <stron
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351NigeriaMr. Ahmed M. FalakiResear
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353CIMMYT Staff. MexicoMr. Robert D
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