the Symposium on Wheats for More Tropical Environments - cimmyt

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338Table 7. Projected financial costs of imported and locally produced wheat,Sudan, 1982-83 to 1990-91Season1982-831985-861990-91Cost per ton (LS)J!/Local production bl286.78 192.50 465.94(-+g4.28) (-179.16)357.86 139.35 351.10(+218.51) (+6.76)488.04 197.87 492.25(+290.17) (-4.21)~/ 1.3 LS (Sudanese pounds) = US$ 112/ Numbers in brackets = saving or loss of locally produced wheat versusimportsSource: Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning. 1982. ComparativeStudy of Cost of Growing Wheat in <strong>the</strong> Sudan and Importing itfrom Abroad. Khartoum, Sudan.
Comments'D.L. WiDkelmaDll, DIrector, Economics Program, CIMMYT, Mexic&.339I have been asked to comm.ent fur<strong>the</strong>ron <strong>the</strong> demand side of wheats for moretropical environments. It has beendemonstrated over <strong>the</strong> past five yearsthat wheat is a surprisingly plasticcrop. Given <strong>the</strong> evidence that we canincrease <strong>the</strong> productivity of wheats in<strong>the</strong> tropics. <strong>the</strong> question must be asked:To what extent and where should wedo so? Where will future wheatproduction be more promising. andwhere will it be less so?Dr. Harrington has presented a way toget at <strong>the</strong> fundamentals of <strong>the</strong> issue.through assessing <strong>the</strong> real value of <strong>the</strong>resources that might be involved in <strong>the</strong>production of wheat. He discussed <strong>the</strong>application of comparative advantage(<strong>the</strong>se proceedings). based on atechnique called domestic resource costanalysis. One result of his analysis inparts of Thailand was <strong>the</strong> estimation of<strong>the</strong> yield range needed to make wheatcompetitive with its alternatives, bothfrom <strong>the</strong> perspective of <strong>the</strong> fanner andfrom <strong>the</strong> perspective of society. Indifferent local environments. verydifferent yield levels appear to beneeded to make wheat competitive.These differences are largely dependenton <strong>the</strong> alternatives to wheat and on <strong>the</strong>extent to which wheat productioninfluences preceding and followingcrops.Let us consider <strong>the</strong> demand for wheatand for wheat research in <strong>the</strong> tropics.We have heard mention of wheat pricesbeing set by policymakers whoseconcern is especially for urbanpopulations. We have been told thatsome countries need to dispose ofwheat surpluses, and that. in somecases. <strong>the</strong>y may have a desire to createdependencies; o<strong>the</strong>rs saw generosity in<strong>the</strong> subsidizing of wheat for developingcountries. We have also heard aboutpolicies which perhaps reflect anignorance about <strong>the</strong> potentials ofenvironments.Surely all of <strong>the</strong>se considerations play apart. in greater or lesser measure. indecisions affecting <strong>the</strong> role of wheat in<strong>the</strong> more tropical regions of <strong>the</strong> world.Beyond this. however. Dr. Byerleehelped us to consider wheatconsumption from o<strong>the</strong>r perspectives(<strong>the</strong>se proceedings). He pointed outsome apparent inevitabil1tiesinfluencing this consumption.Urbanization and rising incomeshistorically favor wheat consumption.Beyond this. he identified someconcerns-rural income distribution.diets for poor consumers. and foodsecurity-whose influence on wheatutilization must result from carefuljudgments of society-wide issues. Healso discussed exchange rateovervaluation and relative prices whichdepart markedly from those on <strong>the</strong>international market. The utilization ofwheat in tropical countries emergesfrom a mixture of such considerations.It is important to realize. however. thata rising demand for wheat is anapparently inevitable consequence ofurbanization-people want foods whichare more convenient-and of risingincomes-people can insist on morediversity in <strong>the</strong>ir diets. Income is anespecially important factor indeveloping countries. Remember <strong>the</strong>graph describing circumstances innor<strong>the</strong>rn Brazil (Byerlee. <strong>the</strong>seproceedings), shOWing <strong>the</strong> relationshipbetween income level and <strong>the</strong>consumption of particular commodities.As income increased. <strong>the</strong> directconsumption of maize declined. acommon response. but <strong>the</strong> per capitaconsumption of rice and wheatincreased.
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The International Maize and Wheat I
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3AcknowledgementsThe Tropical Wheat
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5Wheat Production in Bangladesh: It
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7Chemical Control ofHelmtn.thosport
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1 9PrefaceThe international worksho
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uToluca, a high-elevation station a
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13In Bangladesh. many farmers' fiel
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global cooperation that permits apo
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17Recognizing the
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19With UNDP assistance. CIMMYTexpan
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4 21Introduction to the</st
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23grain-filling stages are required
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Table 1. Countries growing whut in
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27Month of sowing and month afterfl
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29. Table 3. Correlation coefficien
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31Earliness-Earliness is needed if
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33requires more than technical solu
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3~from other crops
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37Table 2. Advanced lines selected
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39If Bol1via does not radically cha
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41Table 5. Water efficiency utiliza
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4320-year period. Also indicated ar
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Table 2. (Con't)Cross and pedigreeN
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47respectively. for central AlaJuel
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49Table 1. Climatological data, Fra
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51Wheat Research in the</st
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53Table 3. Average yield of best wh
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Selection of Wheats forSubtropical
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Nigeria is high temperature. South
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59Wheat Production in Bangladesh:It
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61Research PrioritiesVarietal devel
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63Wheat Improvement Programsfor <st
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65In India, a series of wheat varie
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67in temperature are capable of cau
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69primarily due to a lack of financ
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71Triticale ImprovementRegular bree
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73The climate in this region is war
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75Recently, the pe
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77Variety improvement must also bec
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79those areas that are suitable for
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Wheat Growing in the</stron
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83Thailand Winter Cereals ProgramP.
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Many farmers are now exploring <str
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87crop is present, and known. at pl
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6 ~89Contributed PapersI. BreedingB
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91area at flowering. Vegetative vig
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93of the plants se
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Screening for tropical adaptationTh
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97Table 3. Best advanced lines of b
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99Table 4. Highest yielding advance
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101very late, high temperatures at
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103hence, select for drought tolera
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106References1. Anonymous. 1972. Wh
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107Breeding Wheats for Heatand Drou
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109unit area. However, looking at s
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111Identifying Wheats Adapted to Mo
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113standard date for sowing. In spi
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115transferred into high-yielding a
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117Table 1. Chemical properties of
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119• Resistance to shattering•
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121References1. Araujo. J.E.G. 1949
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123hours of sunlight monthly. Altho
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125Screening Wheats for QualityA. A
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127Wide Crosses and New Genesfor Wh
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129The introduction of alien geneti
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131averaged about 2.5 tonslha. Howe
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133must also demonstrate a yieldadv
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135II. Diseases and Disease Control
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137beaker with 200 ml sterilized di
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139Table 1. (Cont'd)Resistance reac
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141Identification ofSources of Resi
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143References1. Adlakha, K, RD. Wil
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Breeding Wheats with Resistanceto H
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147conditions. whereby infectionper
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149CIMMYT Methods for Screening Whe
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151Selection under Field Conditions
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153February. Environmental conditio
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156Each trla1 had two replications
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157References1. De Milliano. W.A.J.
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159Shinchunaga and descendants). se
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161Wheat Breedingfor Scab Resistanc
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163References1. Andersen. A.L. 1948
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16526. Luzzardi. G.C.. C.R. Pierobo
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18748. Nisikado. Y. 1958. Studies o
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Head Scab Screening Methods Used at
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171Wheat spikes are spray-inoculate
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173Reference.1. Bekele. G.T. 1984.
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1'71SThe species and varieties with
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177suspension. This method has prov
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179How the pathoge
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18112. Takegami, S. 1961. Proceedin
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183Documented Foot RotDlseaBes in W
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185References1. Anderson. N.A. 1982
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187against leaf rust by the
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-188Distribution and Importance ofR
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191Surprisingly. little or no stem
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193temperatures. but this differenc
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19~14. Lapis. D.B. and M.C. Kamatoy
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197According to a new criterionesta
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199Loss in yield is directly propor
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Chemical Control ofHelminthosportum
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203H. sattvum on foliage and heads
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205Table 1. Mean number of lesions
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20'7Table 4. Effect on lelf spot in
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209III. AgronomyPhysiological Limit
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Table 1. Actual and pouible wheat1l
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213Table 2. Wheat yield determinati
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216unpublished). A role of thumb de
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217seasonally and cloudiness persis
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219developmental periods. to around
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221Growth at high temperaturesEarly
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CertainlY crop growth rates in exce
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225rice, another C
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227105% that of C306 for th
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22913. Fischer. RA.. I. Aguilar. R
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Soil Management as an Alternativefo
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233water content in the</st
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23~Tolerance to soil aciditySoil ac
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237applied without increasing <stro
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The Cerrados: Future WheatProductio
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241there is utiliz
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243• Ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2S04]
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245Physical Soil ProblemsThe soils
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247program. these
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249References1. Commisao Norte Bras
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251was rather poor
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253Tolerant vartettes-The yield ofv
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255Alternative locations-An evaluat
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257Wheat Production Constraintsand
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259numerical grading which showed <
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261directed towards minimum loss of
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'.2636. Cheng, C.P. 1977. Wheatprod
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Wheat in Rice...BasedCropping Syste
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267Rice varietiesAs mentioned above
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269A problem of declining yields ha
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271_.z.:::-~:J.."•._,:.\--_.r+++v
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273Agronomic Practices and Problems
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275water percolation in rice. For w
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277Rice-Wheat Cropping Systemsin So
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279Table 1. Yield and economic retu
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281was higher with the</str
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283to compete with othe</st
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for tropical environments. Highesta
Page 289 and 290: 287can be used. The computer is a u
Page 291 and 292: 289The computer has become a valuab
Page 293 and 294: 291IV. SeedWheat Seed Production,St
Page 295 and 296: 293On average, no more that 100 mm
Page 297 and 298: 295Storage in 20-liter biscuit or k
Page 299 and 300: Production, Storageand Marketing of
Page 301 and 302: 299true to type. are selected and t
Page 303 and 304: 301discussed and ascertained; <stro
Page 305 and 306: 303V. EconomicsWheat in the
Page 307 and 308: 305than in Asia and Africa (about 1
Page 309 and 310: 307wheat consumption). However, <st
Page 311 and 312: 309These changing consumption patte
Page 313 and 314: 311Finally. it should be clarified
Page 315 and 316: 313in areas where wheat yields arer
Page 317 and 318: 31510. FAO. 1982. The bread economy
Page 319 and 320: 317Lowlands withinadequate dry-seas
Page 321 and 322: 319Table 1. Private and social prof
Page 323 and 324: The Local-Use Approach to t
Page 325 and 326: 323fired oven has been used at oneu
Page 327 and 328: 325ControlliDg fungal diseasesThe i
Page 329 and 330: The Relative Priority andEconomics
Page 331 and 332: 329Comparative MarketPrices of Stap
Page 333 and 334: 331References1. Agricultural Extens
Page 335 and 336: Table 1. Area, average yield and to
Page 337 and 338: Table 3. Annual domestic wheat prod
Page 339: 337Table 5. Financial costs of whea
Page 343 and 344: 7341------_1Closing Remarks, <stron
Page 345 and 346: 343Table 1. Probleml for th
Page 347 and 348: 345While efforts to develop wheatge
Page 349 and 350: 347Appendix IIWheat Pests and Disea
Page 351 and 352: 349Appendix IIIParticipants. <stron
Page 353 and 354: 351NigeriaMr. Ahmed M. FalakiResear
Page 355 and 356: 353CIMMYT Staff. MexicoMr. Robert D
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