the Symposium on Wheats for More Tropical Environments - cimmyt

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258enables an earlier harvest of <strong>the</strong>preceding rice crop and earlier dryirig of<strong>the</strong> soil. it is possible to seed wheat at afavorable date. The remaining 90% of<strong>the</strong> wheat-growing areas are broadlyclassified as lowland. There are largevariations in <strong>the</strong>se lowland areas.depending on <strong>the</strong> amount anddistribution of rainfall and <strong>the</strong> textureof <strong>the</strong> soil.In Bangladesh. three crops a year arepossible. depending on <strong>the</strong> abovementionedconditions and irrigationfacilities. The most popular rotationsystems including wheat are wheat-ricericeand wheat-fallow-rice.Different cropping systems areemployed in different areas ofBangladesh. according to <strong>the</strong>occurrence of flood or drought during<strong>the</strong> monsoon season and because ofdifferences in elevation, soil texture anddistribution of rainfall. All of <strong>the</strong>sefactors have profound effects on wheatproduction in terms of managementpractices. The main managementproblems may be classified as:• The addition of wheat to <strong>the</strong>preVailing cropping system as <strong>the</strong>second or third crop;• Land preparation methods;• Selection of varieties;• Optimum seeding rate and method.and• Rate of fertilization and method ofapplication.Research Approachesin BangladeshFertilizationSince wheat is a relatively new crop in<strong>the</strong> country. many farmers still havereservations concerning its value. Abelief shared by many farmers is thatwheat reduces <strong>the</strong> yield of <strong>the</strong> follOWingrice crop. This problem is being studiedin a series of fertility experiments.conducted in ten locations on farmers'fields. It was assumed that <strong>the</strong> nutrientuptake of wheat resulted in lower yieldsof <strong>the</strong> follOWing rice crop because ofinsufficient application of necessarynutrients to wheat. A split-plot designwas used in <strong>the</strong>se experiments. inwhich applications of nitrogen.phosphorus. potassium and sulphur towheat were main plots. and <strong>the</strong>application of <strong>the</strong> same nutrients to <strong>the</strong>follOWing rice crop were subplots. Theexperiments will be evaluated after <strong>the</strong>harvest of <strong>the</strong> rice crop.TillageSince 75% of <strong>the</strong> wheat in Bangladeshis still grown under non-irrigatedconditions. most of <strong>the</strong> crop isdependent upon residual moisture in<strong>the</strong> soil. In order to determine whichland preparation method will make <strong>the</strong>best use of residual moisture in <strong>the</strong>earliest and most economical manner.on-station and on-farm experimentscomparing minimum tillage withtraditional practices are beingconducted. Results thus far indicatethat. in light and medium-texturedsoils. <strong>the</strong>re is no significant yielddifference between minimum tillage(seeds sown in rows opened by acountry plow and covered with <strong>the</strong> foot)and traditional tillage (plOWing four tofive times with a bullock-drawn countryplow and smoothing <strong>the</strong> soil surfaceafter each plOWing); in heavier texturedsoils. higher wheat yields have beenobtained from minimum tillage.Planting dateThe time of seeding depends upon <strong>the</strong>harvest of <strong>the</strong> preceding crop and/or <strong>the</strong>water status of <strong>the</strong> soil. The time ofseeding is one of <strong>the</strong> most importantfactors affecting yield. An experimentwas conducted in two locations toevaluate <strong>the</strong> performance of severalwheat varieties at different dates ofseeding. For each variety. a linearregression of individual variety yield on<strong>the</strong> mean yield of all varieties wascomputed. The mean yields of allvarieties at different dates proVided a
259numerical grading which showed <strong>the</strong>yield potential for each date. Then, <strong>the</strong>individual variety yields were plottedagainst <strong>the</strong> mean of all variety yields.according to <strong>the</strong> regression equationsobtained. Although <strong>the</strong> yield differencesamong <strong>the</strong> varieties were within a rangeof 0.5 tlha when <strong>the</strong> mean of all varietieswas 4.5 tlha at <strong>the</strong> optimum date ofseeding. this range was close to 1 t/ha atlater dates of seeding when <strong>the</strong> meanyield was approximately 2 t/ha. Theseresults demonstrated <strong>the</strong> greatimportance of selecting appropriatevarieties for later seeding dates(Figure 1). Most of <strong>the</strong> newly releasedvarieties performed better than Sonalika.which currently occupies more than75% of <strong>the</strong> wheat area. The varietiesKanchan. Akbar and Barkat yieldedbetter than <strong>the</strong> mean of all varieties atoptimum dates of seeding. while Barkat.Balaka and Akbar performed betterwhen sown at later dates.O<strong>the</strong>r research areasResearch on seeding rate, nutrient rateand seeding and fertilizer applicationmethods has been conducted withcompetence and success throughout<strong>the</strong> country since 1974. Somerecommendations for farmers areavailable as a result of this research.References1. Manalo, RE. Agro-climatic Surveyof Bangladesh. BRRI and IRRI,Dhaka. Bangladesh.2. Zaman. S.M.H. 1983. Currentstatus and prospects for rainfedfoodgrain production inBangladesh. Paper prepared forFAO's Expert Group Consultation.November 28-December 2. 1983,Bangkok. Thailand.Variety mean yield (Uha)5.5Variety mean yield (Uha)Barkat....... 1.5................ Balaka.... AkbarKanchanArandaAkbarBarkatOverall mean 5.0+-__f-top.o::::;..__~",,":-~_~ +- -+ 1.0 Overall meanSonalikaBalakaArandaPavon4.5KanchanSonalika0.5Pavon5Nov 15432Dec 1 Dec 15 Jan 1 Jan 15Mean yields of all varieties (t/ha)1Figure 1. Yields of seven wheat varieties according to planting date.Bangladesh
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The International Maize and Wheat I
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3AcknowledgementsThe Tropical Wheat
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5Wheat Production in Bangladesh: It
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7Chemical Control ofHelmtn.thosport
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1 9PrefaceThe international worksho
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uToluca, a high-elevation station a
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13In Bangladesh. many farmers' fiel
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global cooperation that permits apo
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17Recognizing the
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19With UNDP assistance. CIMMYTexpan
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4 21Introduction to the</st
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23grain-filling stages are required
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Table 1. Countries growing whut in
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27Month of sowing and month afterfl
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29. Table 3. Correlation coefficien
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31Earliness-Earliness is needed if
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33requires more than technical solu
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3~from other crops
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37Table 2. Advanced lines selected
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39If Bol1via does not radically cha
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41Table 5. Water efficiency utiliza
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4320-year period. Also indicated ar
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Table 2. (Con't)Cross and pedigreeN
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47respectively. for central AlaJuel
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49Table 1. Climatological data, Fra
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51Wheat Research in the</st
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53Table 3. Average yield of best wh
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Selection of Wheats forSubtropical
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Nigeria is high temperature. South
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59Wheat Production in Bangladesh:It
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61Research PrioritiesVarietal devel
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63Wheat Improvement Programsfor <st
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65In India, a series of wheat varie
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67in temperature are capable of cau
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69primarily due to a lack of financ
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71Triticale ImprovementRegular bree
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73The climate in this region is war
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75Recently, the pe
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77Variety improvement must also bec
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79those areas that are suitable for
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Wheat Growing in the</stron
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83Thailand Winter Cereals ProgramP.
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Many farmers are now exploring <str
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87crop is present, and known. at pl
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6 ~89Contributed PapersI. BreedingB
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91area at flowering. Vegetative vig
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93of the plants se
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Screening for tropical adaptationTh
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97Table 3. Best advanced lines of b
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99Table 4. Highest yielding advance
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101very late, high temperatures at
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103hence, select for drought tolera
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106References1. Anonymous. 1972. Wh
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107Breeding Wheats for Heatand Drou
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109unit area. However, looking at s
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111Identifying Wheats Adapted to Mo
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113standard date for sowing. In spi
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115transferred into high-yielding a
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117Table 1. Chemical properties of
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119• Resistance to shattering•
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121References1. Araujo. J.E.G. 1949
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123hours of sunlight monthly. Altho
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125Screening Wheats for QualityA. A
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127Wide Crosses and New Genesfor Wh
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129The introduction of alien geneti
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131averaged about 2.5 tonslha. Howe
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133must also demonstrate a yieldadv
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135II. Diseases and Disease Control
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137beaker with 200 ml sterilized di
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139Table 1. (Cont'd)Resistance reac
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141Identification ofSources of Resi
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143References1. Adlakha, K, RD. Wil
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Breeding Wheats with Resistanceto H
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147conditions. whereby infectionper
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149CIMMYT Methods for Screening Whe
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151Selection under Field Conditions
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153February. Environmental conditio
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156Each trla1 had two replications
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157References1. De Milliano. W.A.J.
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159Shinchunaga and descendants). se
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161Wheat Breedingfor Scab Resistanc
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163References1. Andersen. A.L. 1948
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16526. Luzzardi. G.C.. C.R. Pierobo
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18748. Nisikado. Y. 1958. Studies o
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Head Scab Screening Methods Used at
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171Wheat spikes are spray-inoculate
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173Reference.1. Bekele. G.T. 1984.
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1'71SThe species and varieties with
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177suspension. This method has prov
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179How the pathoge
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18112. Takegami, S. 1961. Proceedin
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183Documented Foot RotDlseaBes in W
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185References1. Anderson. N.A. 1982
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187against leaf rust by the
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-188Distribution and Importance ofR
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191Surprisingly. little or no stem
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193temperatures. but this differenc
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19~14. Lapis. D.B. and M.C. Kamatoy
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197According to a new criterionesta
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199Loss in yield is directly propor
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Chemical Control ofHelminthosportum
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203H. sattvum on foliage and heads
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205Table 1. Mean number of lesions
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Page 211 and 212: 209III. AgronomyPhysiological Limit
Page 213 and 214: Table 1. Actual and pouible wheat1l
Page 215 and 216: 213Table 2. Wheat yield determinati
Page 217 and 218: 216unpublished). A role of thumb de
Page 219 and 220: 217seasonally and cloudiness persis
Page 221 and 222: 219developmental periods. to around
Page 223 and 224: 221Growth at high temperaturesEarly
Page 225 and 226: CertainlY crop growth rates in exce
Page 227 and 228: 225rice, another C
Page 229 and 230: 227105% that of C306 for th
Page 231 and 232: 22913. Fischer. RA.. I. Aguilar. R
Page 233 and 234: Soil Management as an Alternativefo
Page 235 and 236: 233water content in the</st
Page 237 and 238: 23~Tolerance to soil aciditySoil ac
Page 239 and 240: 237applied without increasing <stro
Page 241 and 242: The Cerrados: Future WheatProductio
Page 243 and 244: 241there is utiliz
Page 245 and 246: 243• Ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2S04]
Page 247 and 248: 245Physical Soil ProblemsThe soils
Page 249 and 250: 247program. these
Page 251 and 252: 249References1. Commisao Norte Bras
Page 253 and 254: 251was rather poor
Page 255 and 256: 253Tolerant vartettes-The yield ofv
Page 257 and 258: 255Alternative locations-An evaluat
Page 259: 257Wheat Production Constraintsand
Page 263 and 264: 261directed towards minimum loss of
Page 265 and 266: '.2636. Cheng, C.P. 1977. Wheatprod
Page 267 and 268: Wheat in Rice...BasedCropping Syste
Page 269 and 270: 267Rice varietiesAs mentioned above
Page 271 and 272: 269A problem of declining yields ha
Page 273 and 274: 271_.z.:::-~:J.."•._,:.\--_.r+++v
Page 275 and 276: 273Agronomic Practices and Problems
Page 277 and 278: 275water percolation in rice. For w
Page 279 and 280: 277Rice-Wheat Cropping Systemsin So
Page 281 and 282: 279Table 1. Yield and economic retu
Page 283 and 284: 281was higher with the</str
Page 285 and 286: 283to compete with othe</st
Page 287 and 288: for tropical environments. Highesta
Page 289 and 290: 287can be used. The computer is a u
Page 291 and 292: 289The computer has become a valuab
Page 293 and 294: 291IV. SeedWheat Seed Production,St
Page 295 and 296: 293On average, no more that 100 mm
Page 297 and 298: 295Storage in 20-liter biscuit or k
Page 299 and 300: Production, Storageand Marketing of
Page 301 and 302: 299true to type. are selected and t
Page 303 and 304: 301discussed and ascertained; <stro
Page 305 and 306: 303V. EconomicsWheat in the
Page 307 and 308: 305than in Asia and Africa (about 1
Page 309 and 310: 307wheat consumption). However, <st
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309These changing consumption patte
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311Finally. it should be clarified
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313in areas where wheat yields arer
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31510. FAO. 1982. The bread economy
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317Lowlands withinadequate dry-seas
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319Table 1. Private and social prof
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The Local-Use Approach to t
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323fired oven has been used at oneu
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325ControlliDg fungal diseasesThe i
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The Relative Priority andEconomics
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329Comparative MarketPrices of Stap
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331References1. Agricultural Extens
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Table 1. Area, average yield and to
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Table 3. Annual domestic wheat prod
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337Table 5. Financial costs of whea
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Comments'D.L. WiDkelmaDll, DIrector
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7341------_1Closing Remarks, <stron
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343Table 1. Probleml for th
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345While efforts to develop wheatge
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347Appendix IIWheat Pests and Disea
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349Appendix IIIParticipants. <stron
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351NigeriaMr. Ahmed M. FalakiResear
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353CIMMYT Staff. MexicoMr. Robert D
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