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78Wheat Production Constraintsand Research Priorities in IndonesiaT. Danakusuma, Sukamandi Food Crops Research Institute,Cikampek, Sukamandi, IndonesiaWhile rice production in Indonesia isnearing self-sufficiency. wheat importsare rising dramatically. Wheatconsumption has increased significantlyeach year during <strong>the</strong> last decade; this isclearly reflected in increasing wheatimports. In 1970. wheat flour importswere 557.000 tons. and total wheatgrain imports have continuedincreasing until. by 1981, <strong>the</strong>y reached1.5 million tons (Figure 1).Wheat has been grown in Indonesia fora couple of centuries. especially in <strong>the</strong>relatively isolated highlands. such asPangalengan in West Java. <strong>the</strong> DiengPlateau and Salatiga in Central Javaand Brumo-Tosari in East Java. Thearea has always been nominal.compared to that occupied by o<strong>the</strong>rfood crops. Limited adaptation to highelevation and competition from highlyprofitable crops. such as vegetables and.l15rn c 1.0B'0~ gt. .15/~-----..,. .. ......,,,,,,, indq.strial crops. have kept <strong>the</strong> wheatgrowingarea negligible.It now appears that. by <strong>the</strong> end ofIndonesia's fourth Five Year Plan in1989. domestic wheat production willbe making a contribution towards selfsufficiencyin food carbohydrates within<strong>the</strong> country. Therefore. since early1981. <strong>the</strong> Indonesian government hasgiven more emphasis to increasedwheat production.Wheat research was begun in <strong>the</strong> early1980s. after wheat materials werereceived from India and Pakistan and.subsequently. o<strong>the</strong>rs were receivedfrom Spain. <strong>the</strong> Philippines and.especially. from CIMMYT.Research will concentrate on <strong>the</strong>development of wheat lines that areadapted to <strong>the</strong> various growingconditions in Indonesia. identification of,,'", ,, ,"Grain ./,",70 71 72 73 74 715 78Year", ,,~~~...-'.......- ..-......77 78 79 80Figure 1. Indonesia imports of wheat and flour, 1970 to 1980
79those areas that are suitable forgrowing wheat, wheat husbandry andtime of planting, disease control andpost-harvest technology, including <strong>the</strong>processing of wheat.Production ConstraintsEarlier reports indicated that wheatcould be grown with reasonable yield athigh elevations in <strong>the</strong> tropics. Resultsfrom recent experiments in Indonesiashow that some varieties can be grownsuccessfully in relatively low-elevationtropical environments. In 1982 and1983, in Kuningan, West Java (550meters above sea level), <strong>the</strong> averageyields of <strong>the</strong> five best varieties were2.09 and 1.97 t1ha, respectively, Someof <strong>the</strong>se results are presented inTables 1 and 2.Data were also obtained from a trial inMojosari, East Java (50 meters abovesea level), where <strong>the</strong> average yield of<strong>the</strong> five best varieties was 1.59 t1ha.These results indicate that wheat canbe grown in <strong>the</strong> tropics. even at lowelevations. In fact. most of <strong>the</strong> varietiestested were "physiologically" adaptedto <strong>the</strong> tropics (<strong>the</strong>y produced viableseed). Low yield was <strong>the</strong> result ofagronomic measures which needfur<strong>the</strong>r research. as well as of <strong>the</strong> needfor breeding better-adapted lines.Table 1. Mean grain yields of several varietiesgrown in <strong>the</strong> dry season, Kuningan, Indonesia,1982VarietyHI784 (Swati)R164.!/UPLWlSandalIWP72NI5439Lyal/pur 73OriginIndiaCIMMYTPhilippinesPakistanIndiaIndiaPakistan.!/ CM2699-12M-1Y-5M-2Y-4M-OYGrain yieldh/ha)2.332.142.132.122.112.041.81Constraints against a continuallysuccessful wheat crop are still great.Scab incidence is a continuous threat.especially when <strong>the</strong>re is unusuallyheavy rain during <strong>the</strong> flowering stage.Until now. <strong>the</strong>re has been no singlevariety identified as haVing truetolerance to this disease. Effectivemeasures against root rot caused bySclerotium rolfsii must still beinvestigated.·Fungicides available forseed treatment have not been found tobe effective.In <strong>the</strong> tropics. it is a well-known factthat it is easier to maintain soil fertilityin <strong>the</strong> lowlands (paddy fields) than in<strong>the</strong> uplands. since <strong>the</strong> latter is prone toheavier erosion. The deteriorating soilfertility of <strong>the</strong> uplands has complicatedvarietal evaluation to <strong>the</strong> extent that<strong>the</strong> varieties have been blamed as notbeing adapted to <strong>the</strong> hot. humidtropical environments. In a soil fertilitytrial, <strong>the</strong> use of 20 tons of manure perhectare was found to be optimal foryield. Since this practice would bedifficult on a large scale. alternativemeasures to improve <strong>the</strong> growingenvironment must be considered, suchas proper crop rotations and <strong>the</strong> use ofgreen manure crops. Only in suchimproved environments would <strong>the</strong>evaluation of wheat potential in <strong>the</strong>tropics be meaningful.Determining proper tillage operationsfor upland crops grown in lowlandpaddy fields (normally after <strong>the</strong> secondrice crop) is also difficult. Variousmanagement practices need to betested and evaluated for raising asuccessful wheat crop.Research PrioritiesThe general objective of <strong>the</strong> Indonesianwheat research program is to identifyand develop high-yielding varietiesadapted to. growing conditions inIndonesia. Also necessary is <strong>the</strong>identification of technology that wouldguarantee yields of at least 1.5 t1ha.Research will be conducted under
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The International Maize and Wheat I
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3AcknowledgementsThe Tropical Wheat
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5Wheat Production in Bangladesh: It
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7Chemical Control ofHelmtn.thosport
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1 9PrefaceThe international worksho
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uToluca, a high-elevation station a
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13In Bangladesh. many farmers' fiel
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global cooperation that permits apo
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17Recognizing the
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19With UNDP assistance. CIMMYTexpan
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4 21Introduction to the</st
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23grain-filling stages are required
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Table 1. Countries growing whut in
Page 29 and 30: 27Month of sowing and month afterfl
Page 31 and 32: 29. Table 3. Correlation coefficien
Page 33 and 34: 31Earliness-Earliness is needed if
Page 35 and 36: 33requires more than technical solu
Page 37 and 38: 3~from other crops
Page 39 and 40: 37Table 2. Advanced lines selected
Page 41 and 42: 39If Bol1via does not radically cha
Page 43 and 44: 41Table 5. Water efficiency utiliza
Page 45 and 46: 4320-year period. Also indicated ar
Page 47 and 48: Table 2. (Con't)Cross and pedigreeN
Page 49 and 50: 47respectively. for central AlaJuel
Page 51 and 52: 49Table 1. Climatological data, Fra
Page 53 and 54: 51Wheat Research in the</st
Page 55 and 56: 53Table 3. Average yield of best wh
Page 57 and 58: Selection of Wheats forSubtropical
Page 59 and 60: Nigeria is high temperature. South
Page 61 and 62: 59Wheat Production in Bangladesh:It
Page 63 and 64: 61Research PrioritiesVarietal devel
Page 65 and 66: 63Wheat Improvement Programsfor <st
Page 67 and 68: 65In India, a series of wheat varie
Page 69 and 70: 67in temperature are capable of cau
Page 71 and 72: 69primarily due to a lack of financ
Page 73 and 74: 71Triticale ImprovementRegular bree
Page 75 and 76: 73The climate in this region is war
Page 77 and 78: 75Recently, the pe
Page 79: 77Variety improvement must also bec
Page 83 and 84: Wheat Growing in the</stron
Page 85 and 86: 83Thailand Winter Cereals ProgramP.
Page 87 and 88: Many farmers are now exploring <str
Page 89 and 90: 87crop is present, and known. at pl
Page 91 and 92: 6 ~89Contributed PapersI. BreedingB
Page 93 and 94: 91area at flowering. Vegetative vig
Page 95 and 96: 93of the plants se
Page 97 and 98: Screening for tropical adaptationTh
Page 99 and 100: 97Table 3. Best advanced lines of b
Page 101 and 102: 99Table 4. Highest yielding advance
Page 103 and 104: 101very late, high temperatures at
Page 105 and 106: 103hence, select for drought tolera
Page 107 and 108: 106References1. Anonymous. 1972. Wh
Page 109 and 110: 107Breeding Wheats for Heatand Drou
Page 111 and 112: 109unit area. However, looking at s
Page 113 and 114: 111Identifying Wheats Adapted to Mo
Page 115 and 116: 113standard date for sowing. In spi
Page 117 and 118: 115transferred into high-yielding a
Page 119 and 120: 117Table 1. Chemical properties of
Page 121 and 122: 119• Resistance to shattering•
Page 123 and 124: 121References1. Araujo. J.E.G. 1949
Page 125 and 126: 123hours of sunlight monthly. Altho
Page 127 and 128: 125Screening Wheats for QualityA. A
Page 129 and 130: 127Wide Crosses and New Genesfor Wh
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129The introduction of alien geneti
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131averaged about 2.5 tonslha. Howe
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133must also demonstrate a yieldadv
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135II. Diseases and Disease Control
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137beaker with 200 ml sterilized di
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139Table 1. (Cont'd)Resistance reac
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141Identification ofSources of Resi
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143References1. Adlakha, K, RD. Wil
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Breeding Wheats with Resistanceto H
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147conditions. whereby infectionper
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149CIMMYT Methods for Screening Whe
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151Selection under Field Conditions
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153February. Environmental conditio
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156Each trla1 had two replications
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157References1. De Milliano. W.A.J.
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159Shinchunaga and descendants). se
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161Wheat Breedingfor Scab Resistanc
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163References1. Andersen. A.L. 1948
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16526. Luzzardi. G.C.. C.R. Pierobo
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18748. Nisikado. Y. 1958. Studies o
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Head Scab Screening Methods Used at
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171Wheat spikes are spray-inoculate
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173Reference.1. Bekele. G.T. 1984.
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1'71SThe species and varieties with
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177suspension. This method has prov
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179How the pathoge
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18112. Takegami, S. 1961. Proceedin
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183Documented Foot RotDlseaBes in W
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185References1. Anderson. N.A. 1982
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187against leaf rust by the
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-188Distribution and Importance ofR
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191Surprisingly. little or no stem
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193temperatures. but this differenc
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19~14. Lapis. D.B. and M.C. Kamatoy
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197According to a new criterionesta
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199Loss in yield is directly propor
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Chemical Control ofHelminthosportum
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203H. sattvum on foliage and heads
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205Table 1. Mean number of lesions
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20'7Table 4. Effect on lelf spot in
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209III. AgronomyPhysiological Limit
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Table 1. Actual and pouible wheat1l
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213Table 2. Wheat yield determinati
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216unpublished). A role of thumb de
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217seasonally and cloudiness persis
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219developmental periods. to around
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221Growth at high temperaturesEarly
Page 225 and 226:
CertainlY crop growth rates in exce
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225rice, another C
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227105% that of C306 for th
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22913. Fischer. RA.. I. Aguilar. R
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Soil Management as an Alternativefo
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233water content in the</st
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23~Tolerance to soil aciditySoil ac
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237applied without increasing <stro
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The Cerrados: Future WheatProductio
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241there is utiliz
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243• Ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2S04]
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245Physical Soil ProblemsThe soils
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247program. these
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249References1. Commisao Norte Bras
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251was rather poor
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253Tolerant vartettes-The yield ofv
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255Alternative locations-An evaluat
Page 259 and 260:
257Wheat Production Constraintsand
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259numerical grading which showed <
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261directed towards minimum loss of
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'.2636. Cheng, C.P. 1977. Wheatprod
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Wheat in Rice...BasedCropping Syste
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267Rice varietiesAs mentioned above
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269A problem of declining yields ha
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271_.z.:::-~:J.."•._,:.\--_.r+++v
Page 275 and 276:
273Agronomic Practices and Problems
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275water percolation in rice. For w
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277Rice-Wheat Cropping Systemsin So
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279Table 1. Yield and economic retu
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281was higher with the</str
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283to compete with othe</st
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for tropical environments. Highesta
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287can be used. The computer is a u
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289The computer has become a valuab
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291IV. SeedWheat Seed Production,St
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293On average, no more that 100 mm
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295Storage in 20-liter biscuit or k
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Production, Storageand Marketing of
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299true to type. are selected and t
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301discussed and ascertained; <stro
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303V. EconomicsWheat in the
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305than in Asia and Africa (about 1
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307wheat consumption). However, <st
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309These changing consumption patte
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311Finally. it should be clarified
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313in areas where wheat yields arer
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31510. FAO. 1982. The bread economy
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317Lowlands withinadequate dry-seas
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319Table 1. Private and social prof
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The Local-Use Approach to t
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323fired oven has been used at oneu
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325ControlliDg fungal diseasesThe i
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The Relative Priority andEconomics
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329Comparative MarketPrices of Stap
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331References1. Agricultural Extens
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Table 1. Area, average yield and to
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Table 3. Annual domestic wheat prod
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337Table 5. Financial costs of whea
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Comments'D.L. WiDkelmaDll, DIrector
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7341------_1Closing Remarks, <stron
Page 345 and 346:
343Table 1. Probleml for th
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345While efforts to develop wheatge
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347Appendix IIWheat Pests and Disea
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349Appendix IIIParticipants. <stron
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351NigeriaMr. Ahmed M. FalakiResear
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353CIMMYT Staff. MexicoMr. Robert D
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