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194The development of resistant varietiesis a possibility for <strong>the</strong> future. Even asmall degree of resistance combinedwith proper agronomic practices andcritical chemical treatments could havemajor effects on reducing seedlingblights and root rots. The combinedeffort could also have an effect on <strong>the</strong>o<strong>the</strong>r disease phases which have beenmentioned here.References ,1. Adlakha, K.L., RD. Wilcoxson andS.P. Raychaudhuri. 1984.Resistance of wheat to leaf spotcaused by Btpolarts sOToktntana.Plant Disease 68:320-321.2. Anonymous. 1984. AnnualProgress Report Phase II, 1983-84.Department of Plant Pathology,Faculty of Agriculture, KasetsartUniversity-Australian CooperativeAgricultural Research Project.Bangkok, Thailand. pp. 115-123.3. Chuaiprasit, C. 1981. Diseases ofbread wheat, durum wheat, barley,oats and triticale in Thailand (inThai). In Proceedings of <strong>the</strong>Highland Cereal Crops Workshop.Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Agricultural DevelopmentCenter, Chiang Mai. Thailand. Pp.237-239.4. Chantarosnit. A., andH. Luangsodsai. 1981. A review offive years research on diseases ofwheat and barley. In Proceedings of<strong>the</strong> Highland Cereal CropsWorkshop. Nor<strong>the</strong>rn AgriculturalDevelopment Center, Chiang Mai,Thailand. Pp. 233-236.5. CIMMYT. 1983. Common Diseasesof Small Grain Cereals: A Guide toIdentification. F.J. Zillinsky.CIMMYT. Mexico.6. Cox, RW., F.C. CollinS andJ.P. Junes. 1976. Soybean seedlingdiseases associated with doublecropping. Arkansas Farm Research25:5.7. Doupnik, B. Jr., and M.G. Boosalis.1980. Ecofallow-a reduced tillagesystem-and plant diseases. PlantDisease 64:31-35.8. Exconde, O.R. F.D. Fuentes andE.S. Gicale. 1966. Etiology ofHelmtnthosportum leaf spot in <strong>the</strong>Philippines. Ph1l1ppine Agriculturist69:711-729.9. Hanson. H.. N.E. Borlaug andR.G. Anderson. 1982. Wheat in <strong>the</strong>Third World. Westview Press Inc..Boulder. Colorado. USA.10. Hassan. S.F. 1984. Wheat diseasesand <strong>the</strong>ir relevance to improvementand production in Pakistan. InProceedings of <strong>the</strong> FourthFAOlRockefeller Foundation WheatSeminar, Tehran, Iran. FAO. Rome.Italy. Pp. 284-286.11. Huber. D.M. 1981. Incidence oftake-all of wheat in Indiana. PlantDisease 65:734-737.12. Joshi, L.M.• D.V. Singh.K.D. Srivastava and R.D.Wilcoxson. 1983. Kamal bunt: aminor disease that is now a threatto wheat. Botanical Review 49:309·330.13. Karki. C.B. 1982. Tan spot ando<strong>the</strong>r foliar diseases of wheat inNepal. In Tan Spot of Wheat andRelated Diseases Workshop. NorthDakota State University. Fargo,North Dakota. USA. Pp. 76-81.
19~14. Lapis. D.B. and M.C. Kamatoy.1984. Varietal reactions of wheat todiseases. Annual Report: WheatVarietal Improvement Program.Department of Plant Pathology.University of <strong>the</strong> PhlUppines. LosBanos. PhlUppines.15. Lapis. D.B.. and M.C. Kamatoy.1984. Field evaluation of fungicidesagainst helminthosporlum leaf spoton wheat. Annual Report: WheatVarietal Improvement Program.Department of Plant Pathology.University of <strong>the</strong> PhlUppines. LosBanos. PhlUppines.16. Lapis. D.B.• and M.C. Kamatoy.1984. Nursery evaluation offungicides against helminthosporlumleaf spot of wheat. AnnualReport: Wheat VarietalImprovement Program. Departmentof Plant Pathology. University of <strong>the</strong>PhUlppines. Los Banos. PhlUppines.17. Lapis. D.B.. and T.E. Umall. 1984.Additional host range of Helmtnt~sportum sattvum in <strong>the</strong>PhlUppines. Annual Report: WheatVarietal Improvement Program.Department of Plant Pathology.University of <strong>the</strong> PhlUpplnes. LosBanos. PhlUppines.18. Mathre. D.E. 1982. Compendium ofBarley Diseases. AmericanPhytopathological Society andMontana State University. St. Paul.Minnesota. USA.19. Mew. T.W.• and F.A. Elazegui.1982. Disease problems In uplandcrops grown before and afterwetland rice. In Cropping SystemsResearch in Asia. IRRI. Los Banos.PhlUpplnes. pp. 100-113.21. Nema. K.G.• and L.M. Joshi. 1973.Spotblotch disease of wheat Inrelation to host-age. temperaturesand moisture. IndianPhytopathology 26:41-48.22. Reddy. H.R. B.G.P. Kulkarni andRK. Hedge. 1976. Studies onchemical control of foot rot onwheat in Karnataka. MysoreJournal of Agricultural Science10:428-431.23. Roy K.W.• T.S. Abney. T.S. Huberand R Keeler. 1982. Isolation ofGaeumannomyces gramtnts var.gramtnts from soybeans In <strong>the</strong>Midwest. Plant Disease 66:822-825.24. SaarI. E.E. 1983. Major diseases ofwheat In <strong>the</strong> rice-wheat rotation.Mimeographed paper. InternationalRice Research Conference. IRRI.Los Baflos. PhlUppines.25. SaarI. E.E.• and RD. WUcoxson.1974. Plant disease situation ofhigh-yielding dwarf wheats in Asiaand Mrlca. Annual Review ofPhytopathology 12:49-68.26. Scardaci. S.C. 1982. Common rootrot of cereals In California. PlantDisease 66:31-34.27. Tiburclo. E. 1984. Occurrence offoot rot and <strong>the</strong> effect of fungicideseed treatments on &lerottumrolfstt. Unpublished data. CentralLuzon State University. NuevaEclja. PhlUpplnes.28. Wiese. M.V. 1977. Compendium ofWheat Diseases. The AmericanPhytopathological Society. St. Paul.Minnesota. USA.20. Misra. A.P. 1973. Helmtnthosportumspecies occurring oncereals and o<strong>the</strong>r gramlneae. TheCatholic Press. Ranchi. India.
Page 2 and 3:
The International Maize and Wheat I
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3AcknowledgementsThe Tropical Wheat
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5Wheat Production in Bangladesh: It
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7Chemical Control ofHelmtn.thosport
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1 9PrefaceThe international worksho
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uToluca, a high-elevation station a
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13In Bangladesh. many farmers' fiel
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global cooperation that permits apo
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17Recognizing the
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19With UNDP assistance. CIMMYTexpan
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4 21Introduction to the</st
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23grain-filling stages are required
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Table 1. Countries growing whut in
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27Month of sowing and month afterfl
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29. Table 3. Correlation coefficien
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31Earliness-Earliness is needed if
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33requires more than technical solu
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3~from other crops
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37Table 2. Advanced lines selected
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39If Bol1via does not radically cha
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41Table 5. Water efficiency utiliza
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4320-year period. Also indicated ar
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Table 2. (Con't)Cross and pedigreeN
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47respectively. for central AlaJuel
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49Table 1. Climatological data, Fra
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51Wheat Research in the</st
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53Table 3. Average yield of best wh
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Selection of Wheats forSubtropical
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Nigeria is high temperature. South
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59Wheat Production in Bangladesh:It
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61Research PrioritiesVarietal devel
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63Wheat Improvement Programsfor <st
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65In India, a series of wheat varie
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67in temperature are capable of cau
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69primarily due to a lack of financ
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71Triticale ImprovementRegular bree
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73The climate in this region is war
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75Recently, the pe
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77Variety improvement must also bec
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79those areas that are suitable for
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Wheat Growing in the</stron
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83Thailand Winter Cereals ProgramP.
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Many farmers are now exploring <str
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87crop is present, and known. at pl
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6 ~89Contributed PapersI. BreedingB
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91area at flowering. Vegetative vig
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93of the plants se
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Screening for tropical adaptationTh
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97Table 3. Best advanced lines of b
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99Table 4. Highest yielding advance
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101very late, high temperatures at
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103hence, select for drought tolera
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106References1. Anonymous. 1972. Wh
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107Breeding Wheats for Heatand Drou
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109unit area. However, looking at s
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111Identifying Wheats Adapted to Mo
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113standard date for sowing. In spi
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115transferred into high-yielding a
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117Table 1. Chemical properties of
Page 121 and 122:
119• Resistance to shattering•
Page 123 and 124:
121References1. Araujo. J.E.G. 1949
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123hours of sunlight monthly. Altho
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125Screening Wheats for QualityA. A
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127Wide Crosses and New Genesfor Wh
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129The introduction of alien geneti
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131averaged about 2.5 tonslha. Howe
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133must also demonstrate a yieldadv
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135II. Diseases and Disease Control
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137beaker with 200 ml sterilized di
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139Table 1. (Cont'd)Resistance reac
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141Identification ofSources of Resi
Page 145 and 146: 143References1. Adlakha, K, RD. Wil
Page 147 and 148: Breeding Wheats with Resistanceto H
Page 149 and 150: 147conditions. whereby infectionper
Page 151 and 152: 149CIMMYT Methods for Screening Whe
Page 153 and 154: 151Selection under Field Conditions
Page 155 and 156: 153February. Environmental conditio
Page 157 and 158: 156Each trla1 had two replications
Page 159 and 160: 157References1. De Milliano. W.A.J.
Page 161 and 162: 159Shinchunaga and descendants). se
Page 163 and 164: 161Wheat Breedingfor Scab Resistanc
Page 165 and 166: 163References1. Andersen. A.L. 1948
Page 167 and 168: 16526. Luzzardi. G.C.. C.R. Pierobo
Page 169 and 170: 18748. Nisikado. Y. 1958. Studies o
Page 171 and 172: Head Scab Screening Methods Used at
Page 173 and 174: 171Wheat spikes are spray-inoculate
Page 175 and 176: 173Reference.1. Bekele. G.T. 1984.
Page 177 and 178: 1'71SThe species and varieties with
Page 179 and 180: 177suspension. This method has prov
Page 181 and 182: 179How the pathoge
Page 183 and 184: 18112. Takegami, S. 1961. Proceedin
Page 185 and 186: 183Documented Foot RotDlseaBes in W
Page 187 and 188: 185References1. Anderson. N.A. 1982
Page 189 and 190: 187against leaf rust by the
Page 191 and 192: -188Distribution and Importance ofR
Page 193 and 194: 191Surprisingly. little or no stem
Page 195: 193temperatures. but this differenc
Page 199 and 200: 197According to a new criterionesta
Page 201 and 202: 199Loss in yield is directly propor
Page 203 and 204: Chemical Control ofHelminthosportum
Page 205 and 206: 203H. sattvum on foliage and heads
Page 207 and 208: 205Table 1. Mean number of lesions
Page 209 and 210: 20'7Table 4. Effect on lelf spot in
Page 211 and 212: 209III. AgronomyPhysiological Limit
Page 213 and 214: Table 1. Actual and pouible wheat1l
Page 215 and 216: 213Table 2. Wheat yield determinati
Page 217 and 218: 216unpublished). A role of thumb de
Page 219 and 220: 217seasonally and cloudiness persis
Page 221 and 222: 219developmental periods. to around
Page 223 and 224: 221Growth at high temperaturesEarly
Page 225 and 226: CertainlY crop growth rates in exce
Page 227 and 228: 225rice, another C
Page 229 and 230: 227105% that of C306 for th
Page 231 and 232: 22913. Fischer. RA.. I. Aguilar. R
Page 233 and 234: Soil Management as an Alternativefo
Page 235 and 236: 233water content in the</st
Page 237 and 238: 23~Tolerance to soil aciditySoil ac
Page 239 and 240: 237applied without increasing <stro
Page 241 and 242: The Cerrados: Future WheatProductio
Page 243 and 244: 241there is utiliz
Page 245 and 246: 243• Ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2S04]
Page 247 and 248:
245Physical Soil ProblemsThe soils
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247program. these
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249References1. Commisao Norte Bras
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251was rather poor
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253Tolerant vartettes-The yield ofv
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255Alternative locations-An evaluat
Page 259 and 260:
257Wheat Production Constraintsand
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259numerical grading which showed <
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261directed towards minimum loss of
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'.2636. Cheng, C.P. 1977. Wheatprod
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Wheat in Rice...BasedCropping Syste
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267Rice varietiesAs mentioned above
Page 271 and 272:
269A problem of declining yields ha
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271_.z.:::-~:J.."•._,:.\--_.r+++v
Page 275 and 276:
273Agronomic Practices and Problems
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275water percolation in rice. For w
Page 279 and 280:
277Rice-Wheat Cropping Systemsin So
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279Table 1. Yield and economic retu
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281was higher with the</str
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283to compete with othe</st
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for tropical environments. Highesta
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287can be used. The computer is a u
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289The computer has become a valuab
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291IV. SeedWheat Seed Production,St
Page 295 and 296:
293On average, no more that 100 mm
Page 297 and 298:
295Storage in 20-liter biscuit or k
Page 299 and 300:
Production, Storageand Marketing of
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299true to type. are selected and t
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301discussed and ascertained; <stro
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303V. EconomicsWheat in the
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305than in Asia and Africa (about 1
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307wheat consumption). However, <st
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309These changing consumption patte
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311Finally. it should be clarified
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313in areas where wheat yields arer
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31510. FAO. 1982. The bread economy
Page 319 and 320:
317Lowlands withinadequate dry-seas
Page 321 and 322:
319Table 1. Private and social prof
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The Local-Use Approach to t
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323fired oven has been used at oneu
Page 327 and 328:
325ControlliDg fungal diseasesThe i
Page 329 and 330:
The Relative Priority andEconomics
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329Comparative MarketPrices of Stap
Page 333 and 334:
331References1. Agricultural Extens
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Table 1. Area, average yield and to
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Table 3. Annual domestic wheat prod
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337Table 5. Financial costs of whea
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Comments'D.L. WiDkelmaDll, DIrector
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7341------_1Closing Remarks, <stron
Page 345 and 346:
343Table 1. Probleml for th
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345While efforts to develop wheatge
Page 349 and 350:
347Appendix IIWheat Pests and Disea
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349Appendix IIIParticipants. <stron
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351NigeriaMr. Ahmed M. FalakiResear
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353CIMMYT Staff. MexicoMr. Robert D
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