In a matter <strong>of</strong> only 10 months, this group oversawthe four large-scale analytic studies and six case studiescontained herein.Intellectual stewardship and guidance was provided byan actively involved Advisory Board, chaired by Joseph L.Rice, III, Chairman <strong>of</strong> Clayton, Rice & Dubilier, with MichaelKlein, Chairman and Co-Chief Executive Officer Markets andBanking, Citi Inc., and R. Glenn Hubbard, Dean and RussellL. Carson Pr<strong>of</strong>essor, Columbia Business School, serving asVice-Chairmen. An illustrious group <strong>of</strong> experts completedthe Advisory Board, including:• Piero Barucci, Pr<strong>of</strong>essor, Autorità Garante dellaConcorrenza e del Mercato• Wim Borgdorff, Managing Partner, AlpInvest Partners• Ulrich Cartellieri, Former Board Member, Deutsche Bank• Nick Ferguson, Chief Executive, SVG Capital andChairman, SVG Advisers• Gao Xiqing, Vice-Chairman and President,China Investment Corporation<strong>The</strong> release <strong>of</strong> this volume <strong>of</strong> Working Papers on the economicimpact <strong>of</strong> private equity has been timed to coincide with the<strong>World</strong> <strong>Economic</strong> Forum’s Annual Meeting <strong>2008</strong>, where publicdiscourse is planned on related issues. In addition, our AnnualMeeting in Davos will <strong>of</strong>ficially launch a series <strong>of</strong> regionalmeetings over the course <strong>of</strong> <strong>2008</strong> in various parts <strong>of</strong> the world,as well as an informal set <strong>of</strong> discussions with various keystakeholders. We hope this set <strong>of</strong> analyses and case studieswill provide a foundation for these discussions.This volume is but a beginning. Based on the structureddiscussions and public debate, we anticipate additional workand analyses will be both productive and necessary. <strong>The</strong>Advisory Board has expressed its interest in continuing theseproductive efforts; the academic team has already proposedfurther research; and the Investors Industry Partners haverelayed their enthusiasm for not only using this work as abasis for engagement, but also expanding it to better exploresome <strong>of</strong> the still unanswered questions. On behalf <strong>of</strong> the<strong>World</strong> <strong>Economic</strong> Forum, we therefore thank all involved increating this first set <strong>of</strong> Working Papers for their tremendouscontributions to this valuable work, and relay our earnesthope you will continue your involvement in our future efforts.• Philip Jennings, General Secretary, UNI GLOBAL UNION• Joncarlo Mark, Senior Portfolio Manager, CalPERS• Yoshihiko Miyauchi, Director, RepresentativeExecutive Officer, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer,Orix Corporation• Alessandro Pr<strong>of</strong>umo, Chief Executive Officer,Unicredit Group• Kevin Steinberg, Chief Operating Officer and Head <strong>of</strong> theCentre for <strong>Global</strong> Industries (New York), <strong>World</strong> <strong>Economic</strong>Forum USA• David Swensen, Chief Investment Officer, Yale University• Mark Wiseman, Senior Vice President, <strong>Private</strong>Investments, CPP Investment BoardWhile not necessarily endorsing any <strong>of</strong> the specificconclusions reflected in the analyses or case studies, theBoard provided detailed feedback, and helped ensure theintegrity <strong>of</strong> the work by acting as a sounding board for theindependent academics. <strong>The</strong> opinions herewith are solelythe views <strong>of</strong> the authors and do not reflect the opinions <strong>of</strong>the Advisory Board or the <strong>World</strong> <strong>Economic</strong> Forum.On behalf <strong>of</strong> the <strong>World</strong> <strong>Economic</strong> Forum, the project wasably led by Anuradha Gurung, who served as both projectmanager and as co-editor <strong>of</strong> this volume together withJosh Lerner.ivPreface<strong>The</strong> <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Economic</strong> <strong>Impact</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Private</strong> <strong>Equity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2008</strong>
Letter on behalf <strong>of</strong> the Advisory BoardJoseph l. rice, IIIChairman, Clayton, Dubilier & Rice, Inc.Chair <strong>of</strong> the Advisory Board for the <strong>World</strong> <strong>Economic</strong> Forum <strong>Global</strong>ization <strong>of</strong> Alternative Investments Project<strong>The</strong> increasing privatization <strong>of</strong> economic activity around theworld is at the forefront <strong>of</strong> public attention.<strong>The</strong> private equity industry’s tremendous growth hasunderstandably sparked both interest and concern fromseveral quarters. While private equity’s constructive influencein fostering the renewal <strong>of</strong> US corporations 20 years agois well documented, its more recent impact in the US,as well as in Europe and emerging markets, which nowsurpass the US in private equity activity, has not been ascomprehensively analysed.Recognizing that private equity, along with other alternativeinvestments, has matured significantly since the 1980s,as part <strong>of</strong> its project on the <strong>Global</strong>ization <strong>of</strong> AlternativeInvestments, the <strong>World</strong> <strong>Economic</strong> Forum has taken thelead on a research initiative to examine the impact <strong>of</strong> privateequity ownership on long-term investment, employment,corporate governance and other important measures <strong>of</strong>economic health. At the same time, the Forum hascommitted to serve as a catalyst to engage industryparticipants, policy-makers and other key stakeholdersin an ongoing dialogue about the alternative investmentasset class.<strong>The</strong> Working Papers that are included in this volumerepresent the initial findings from the private equity researchcommissioned by the Forum. <strong>The</strong> various studies wereconducted by a renowned group <strong>of</strong> scholars representingacademic institutions in North America, Europe and Asia.An Advisory Board <strong>of</strong> distinguished international expertsrepresenting labour, industry, finance, government andpensioners was assembled by the Forum to help guidethe project and provide the academic team withpractitioner perspective.While the members <strong>of</strong> the Advisory Board do not necessarilyendorse the conclusions reflected in the papers, theyrecognize that the body <strong>of</strong> analysis produced by the Forum’sacademic team is among the most comprehensive andrelevant ever undertaken on private equity. Literally thousands<strong>of</strong> buyout transactions going back as far as 1970 have beenanalysed. <strong>The</strong> large-sample studies on the effect <strong>of</strong> privateequity ownership and innovation are unprecedented in theirscope and the findings suggest fruitful avenues for additionalresearch and analysis.<strong>The</strong> Forum and the academic team are to be commendedfor beginning what will hopefully be a multi-year effort to builda solid factual basis for assessing private equity globally andfrom which sound conclusions and public policyrecommendations can eventually be made.One <strong>of</strong> the biggest challenges ahead for the private equityindustry will be to act responsibly with the enormous amount<strong>of</strong> capital entrusted to it in the past several years. In thisregard, the insights from the Forum-sponsored researchwill be instructive to all <strong>of</strong> us – whether investor, industrialist,employee or policy maker – in better understanding thegoverning dynamics <strong>of</strong> the asset class.On behalf <strong>of</strong> the Advisory Board, I would like to express ourthanks to the academic team for their important contributionand to encourage the Forum to continue its efforts to buildmore understanding and thereby increase public confidencein private equity investment activity.Members <strong>of</strong> the Advisory Board for the <strong>World</strong> <strong>Economic</strong>Forum <strong>Global</strong>ization <strong>of</strong> Alternative Investments ProjectChairman:Joseph L. Rice, III, Clayton, Dubilier & Rice, Inc.Co-Vice Chairs:R. Glenn Hubbard, Columbia Business SchoolMichael Klein, Citigroup International plcBoard Members:Piero Barucci, Autorità Garante della Concorrenzae del MercatoWim Borgdorff, AlpInvest PartnersUlrich Cartellieri, Former board member at Deutsche BankNick Ferguson, SVG Capital plcGao Xiqing, China Investment Corporation LimitedPhilip Jennings, UNI GLOBAL UNIONJoncarlo Mark, CalPERSYoshihiko Miyauchi, Orix CorporationAlessandro Pr<strong>of</strong>umo, Unicredit GroupKevin Steinberg, <strong>World</strong> <strong>Economic</strong> Forum USADavid Swensen, Yale UniversityMark Wiseman, CPP Investment Board<strong>The</strong> <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Economic</strong> <strong>Impact</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Private</strong> <strong>Equity</strong> <strong>Report</strong> <strong>2008</strong>Letter on behalf <strong>of</strong> the Advisory Board
- Page 2 and 3: The Globalization of Alternative In
- Page 5: ContributorsCo-editorsAnuradha Guru
- Page 9: PrefaceKevin SteinbergChief Operati
- Page 13 and 14: Executive summaryJosh lernerHarvard
- Page 15 and 16: • Private equity-backed companies
- Page 17 and 18: C. Indian casesThe two India cases,
- Page 19 and 20: Part 1Large-sample studiesThe Globa
- Page 21 and 22: The new demography of private equit
- Page 23 and 24: among US publicly traded firms, it
- Page 25 and 26: should be fairly complete. While th
- Page 27 and 28: according to Moody’s (Hamilton et
- Page 29 and 30: draining public markets of firms. I
- Page 31 and 32: FIguresFigure 1A: LBO transactions
- Page 33 and 34: TablesTable 1: Capital IQ 1980s cov
- Page 35 and 36: Table 2: Magnitude and growth of LB
- Page 37 and 38: Table 4: Exits of individual LBO tr
- Page 39 and 40: Table 6: Determinants of exit succe
- Page 41 and 42: Table 7: Ultimate staying power of
- Page 43 and 44: Appendix 1: Imputed enterprise valu
- Page 45 and 46: Private equity and long-run investm
- Page 47 and 48: alternative names associated with t
- Page 49 and 50: 4. Finally, we explore whether firm
- Page 51 and 52: When we estimate these regressions,
- Page 53 and 54: cutting back on the number of filin
- Page 55 and 56: Table 1: Summary statisticsPanel D:
- Page 57 and 58: Table 4: Relative citation intensit
- Page 59 and 60: figuresFigure 1: Number of private
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Private equity and employment*steve
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Especially when taken together, our
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centred on the transaction year ide
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and Vartia 1985.) Aggregate employm
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sectors. In Retail Trade, the cumul
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employment-weighted acquisition rat
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FIguresFigure 1: Matches of private
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Figure 6:Figure 6A: Comparison of n
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Figure 8:Figure 8A: Comparison of j
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Figure 11: Variation in impact in e
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Figure 12: Differences in impact on
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Private equity and corporate govern
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et al (2007) track the evolution of
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groups aim to improve firm performa
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distribution of the LBO sponsors, m
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the most difficult cases. This stor
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to see whether these changes of CEO
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Figure 3:This figure represents the
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TablesTable 1: Company size descrip
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Table 5: Changes in the board size,
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Table 7: Board turnoverPanel A: Siz
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Part 2Case studiesThe Global Econom
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European private equity cases: intr
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Exhibit 1: Private equity fund size
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Messer Griesheimann-kristin achleit
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ealized it was not possible to grow
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The deal with Allianz Capital partn
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the deal, the private equity invest
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Exhibit 1: The Messer Griesheim dea
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Exhibit 5: Post buyout structureMes
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New Lookann-kristin achleitnerTechn
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feet. This restricted store space w
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institutional investors why this in
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Although a public listing did not a
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Exhibit 5: Employment development a
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Chinese private equity cases: intro
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Hony Capital and China Glass Holdin
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Hony’s Chinese name means ambitio
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Establishing early agreement on pos
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Executing the IPOEach of the initia
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Exhibit 1A: Summary of Hony Capital
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Exhibit 4: Members of the China Gla
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Exhibit 6A: China Glass post‐acqu
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Exhibit 8: China Glass stock price
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3i Group plc and Little Sheep*Lily
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y an aggressive franchise strategy,
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soul” of the business. But there
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Exhibit 1: Summary information on 3
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Exhibit 6: An excerpt from the 180-
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Indian private equity cases: introd
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ICICI Venture and Subhiksha *Lily F
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investment,” recalled Deshpande.
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2005 - 2007: Moderator, protector a
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Exhibit 3: Subhiksha’s board comp
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Warburg Pincus and Bharti Tele‐Ve
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founded two companies at this time
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By 2003 this restructuring task was
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Exhibit 1C: Private equity investme
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Exhibit 4B: Bharti cellular footpri
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Exhibit 6: Summary of Bharti’s fi
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Exhibit 7: Bharti’s board structu
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In the 1993‐94 academic year, he
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consumer products. She was also a R
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AcknowledgementsJosh LernerHarvard
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The World Economic Forum is an inde