First Responder EMS Curriculum for Training Centers in Eurasia

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survival. First Responders include fire and rescue personnel, police, industrial responseteams, and individual bystanders trained in the First Responder curriculum. FirstResponders initiate emergency medical care at the scene until more advanced EMSpersonnel arrive to transport the patient to a receiving facility (hospital). Transferringpatient care to the in-hospital personnel in a safe and timely manner results in the bestoverall opportunity for patient survival.3. Components of an EMS SystemThere are 10 classic components of an EMS system:1. Regulations and policies that effectively standardize the emergency care provided toall patients2. Effective use of the resources available3. Provision of standardized education and training for EMS personnel4. Provision of safe and timely transport of the patient to the hospital5. Transfer of care of the patient to hospital facilities6. Communication between pre-hospital and hospital personnel7. Public information and education8. Medical oversight and direction of standardized pre-hospital emergency care9. Standardized care for the trauma patient10. Ongoing evaluation of the EMS system and its personnel, with timely recertificationand updates in education and training.4. Access to the EMS SystemIt is vitally important to be able to communicate with more advanced pre-hospital EMSpersonnel. Once the First Responder identifies a patient with illness or injury, it isnecessary to activate these more advanced personnel to transport patients to the hospital. Inthe United States. calling 911 connects the First Responder with a trained dispatcher whocan then mobilize advanced EMS personnel. A local or regional number may also be usedto begin this process.5. Levels of TrainingPre-hospital EMS personnel are categorized by four levels of training. Each level oftraining consists of increasingly more advanced emergency care of the patient. Levels oftraining include: (1) First Responders, (2) EMT-Basic, (3) EMT-Intermediate, and (4)EMT-Paramedic. Each level of increased specialization requires increased numbers ofhours of training in emergency medical care and skills. In general, the most effective use ofhuman resources dictates the training of a maximum number of First Responders. Theseare personnel from all walks of life who can effectively begin identification of medicalillness and injury and subsequently begin basic life-saving techniques they have learnedthrough training. With each level of increasing specialization, fewer numbers of trainedpersonnel are needed. The number of personnel trained depends on the needs of thepopulation at risk for illness or injury. This number is determined through the combinedefforts of a medical control committee, local industries and businesses, and governmentofficials for the general population. Remember, the First Responder is, in most instances,the first vital link in the chain of survival for a patient at risk. The knowledge and skillsthey learn can mean the difference between life and death.2First Responder EMS Curriculum/AIHA, July 2002
6. The In-Hospital Care SystemThe goal of all pre-hospital EMS personnel is to identify patients with illness or injury andtransport them as quickly and safely as possible to facilities where more definitive medicalcare can begin. Hospitals constitute the final destination for all patients. Hospitals mayvary in their capabilities to care for patients with certain medical and traumatic illnesses orinjuries. Emergency departments represent the front line of emergency care in the hospitalsystem. Doctors and nurses trained in the emergency care of patients with a vast array ofmedical and traumatic emergencies continue the care begun by pre-hospital personnel inthe field. Transfer of patients to more specialized facilities should be considered as soon aslife-threatening problems have been managed and the patient is stabilized. These facilitiesmay include trauma centers, burn centers, pediatric centers, perinatal centers, and poisoncenters.7. Overview of the Local EMS SystemIt is important for local EMS systems to continually evaluate and update their currentsystems. This effort involves retraining and recredentialing of EMS pre-hospital and inhospitalpersonnel on a routine basis.8. Roles of the First ResponderThe First Responder is usually the first care provider at the scene of a medical or traumaticemergency. The First Responder plays several important roles at the scene. The firstpriority is always personal safety, as well as patient and other bystander safety. It isnecessary to gain access to the patient without risking personal injury or further injury tothe patient. After gaining access to the patient, the First Responder assesses the patient toidentify life-threatening conditions. The next step is contacting additional EMS personnelfor help and continuation of care. Based on the initial patient assessment, the FirstResponder then initiates emergency care until further EMS personnel arrive to help. Oncemore advanced help arrives, the First Responder functions to inform other EMS personnelof the events prior to their arrival and the emergency care already performed. The FirstResponder acts as liaison with other public safety workers, including local lawenforcement, fire departments, and other EMS providers.9. Responsibilities of the First ResponderTo maintain optimum performance, a First Responder must fulfill several responsibilities.Always maintain personal health and safety. You cannot help a patient if you become ill orinjured yourself. Always maintain a caring attitude. Reassure and comfort the patient,family, and bystanders while awaiting other EMS personnel. Maintain composure,confidence in your training, and a clean and professional appearance. Make the patient’sneeds a priority without endangering yourself or others at the scene. The First Respondershould provide continuity of care by communicating patient information to the EMSpersonnel taking over the care of the patient. It is also the responsibility of the FirstResponder to maintain up-to-date knowledge and skills, including continuing education,refresher courses, and recertification. Maintain current knowledge of local, industrial, andnational issues affecting EMS systems.10. Medical Oversight of the EMS SystemEvery EMS system consists of a formal relationship between the EMS providers at alllevels of training and the physician responsible for providing pre-hospital emergency carein the community. This physician is often referred to as the system medical director. TheFirst Responder EMS Curriculum/AIHA, July 2002 3
Page 3: PrefaceIn the region of Central and
Page 8 and 9: Practical Lab MaterialsAirway .....
Page 11 and 12: Guidelines for Conducting the First
Page 13 and 14: sheets supplied in this guide will
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Page 17 and 18: Job Description: First ResponderThe
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Page 25 and 26: Guidelines for Case-Based Practical
Page 27 and 28: General Lecturing GuidelinesChapter
Page 29: discussing the different methods of
Page 34 and 35: medical director functions to ensur
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Page 41 and 42: Well-Being of the First ResponderCo
Page 43 and 44: and family. Do not become defensive
Page 45 and 46: 1. Eye protection. Safety glasses m
Page 51 and 52: Legal and Ethical IssuesContents1.
Page 53 and 54: a. Expressed ConsentExpressed conse
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Page 61 and 62: The Human Body: A Systems ApproachC
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Page 75 and 76: Lifting and Moving PatientsContents
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First Responder EMS Curriculum/AIHA
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14. Describe how to clear a foreign
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Precautions1. Finger must not press
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. Finger SweepsThis method involves
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4. Place your other fingers along t
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. Management of the Obstructed Airw
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5. Students will practice ventilati
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74 First Responder EMS Curriculum/A
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19. Explain what additional questio
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can be determined by questioning th
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Determine estimated time of arrival
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E - Events Leading to the Injury or
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c. Kinesthetic (Doing)1. Students w
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100 First Responder EMS Curriculum/
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CirculationContents1. Objectivesa.
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Veins are the vessels that carry bl
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Step 5:Step 6:Step 7:Step 8:Step 9:
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Steps of Infant CPRStep 1: Assess r
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a. Use of the Semiautomatic Externa
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PracticalEvaluate the actions of th
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Medical EmergenciesContents1. Objec
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5. Demonstrate the steps in providi
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additional emergency medical person
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this internal temperature, adverse
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Signs and SymptomsSigns and symptom
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3. Ask questions in a calm, reassur
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EvaluationWrittenDevelop evaluation
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2. Attend to the feelings of the pa
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transmission of disease to yourself
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Sharp, pointed objects cause penetr
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c. Chemical BurnsChemical burns fro
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6. Partial-thickness burns7. Full-t
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2. Demonstrate opening the airway i
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3. Try to pad the extremity to prev
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soft tissue injuries. Remember, the
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2. IntroductionChildbirth can occur
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a. Delivery ProceduresWhen assistin
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5. Student Activitiesa. Auditory (H
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Infants and ChildrenContents1. Obje
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Suctioning the airway also is an im
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6. Common Problems in Infants and C
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Remember that parents will be in ag
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Vigorous shaking of a baby may show
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3. DispatchDispatch is the communic
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in the absence of airway problems,
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Documentation and Quality Managemen
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Identify concrete, specific project
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Practical Lab: AirwayObjectives1. C
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6. Students will practice insertion
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Assistant Instructor:The instructor
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Practical Lab: CirculationObjective
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Practical Lab: Illness and InjuryOb
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Instructor will demonstrate the pro
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19. Students will practice manual s
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Assistant InstructorThe instructor-
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Practical Lab: Lifting and Moving P
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EvaluationPracticalEvaluate the act
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4. Insert it posteriorly. Bevel sho
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• 20 breaths per minute for child
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one per second, each with the inten
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Skill Descriptions: Patient Assessm
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Skill Descriptions: CirculationNote
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4. To determine whether the victim
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• Place the two fingers of one ha
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Skill Descriptions: Illness and Inj
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• Apply enough pressure to contro
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12. As the feet are delivered, gras
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2. The rescuer at the head places o
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Skill Algorithms: AirwayForeign Bod
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Trauma PatientSkill Algorithms: Pat
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Skill Algorithms: Patient Assessmen
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Two-Person CPRSkill Algorithms: Cir
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External BleedingSkill Algorithms:
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Skill Algorithms: Illness and Injur
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Skill Algorithms: Childbirth and Ch
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Skill Algorithms: Lifting and Movin
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Skill Algorithms: Lifting and Movin
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Sample Case Scenario - Patient Asse
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Sample Case Scenario - Illness and
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Sample Case Scenario - Childbirth a
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• Demonstrate the extremity lift.
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Figure 6. Check for unresponsivenes
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Head Tilt-Chin Lift ManeuverTo acco
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help. Monitor the victim, particula
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necessary to open the victim's mout
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In the second technique (lateral te
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is important to note that this smal
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CirculationAssessment: No Pulse Che
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these arteries even when hypotensio
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the nipples. This method has been u
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Current evidence indicates that the
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assess the victim's responsiveness
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arrhythmias should be instructed to
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jaw lift, for use in unresponsive v
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Figure 29. Mouth-to-mouth breathing
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Types of Ventilation Bags (Manual R
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Gastric Inflation. Increasing inspi
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. Specificity (ability to correctly
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After provision of approximately 20
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Chest Compression in the Infant (<
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ventilation after every fifth compr
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Coordination of Compressions and Re
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necessary to maintain optimal venti
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5. Keep foreign objects (i.e., marb
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Figure 38. Subdiaphragmaticabdomina
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tongue. Then use a hooking action t
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APPENDIX DRelief of Foreign-Body Ai
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Figure 41. Infant back blows to rel
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4. Repeat steps 1 through 3 until t
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6. It may be necessary for the Firs
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18. The correct rate to deliver che
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30. What is the greatest danger to
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First Responder Post-Course Test1.
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12. Which of the following statemen
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24. Components of an ongoing assess
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36. An adult patient sustains burns
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48. Which of the following is true?
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First Responder Extra Test Question
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11. Negligence is the deviation fro
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Answer KeyFirst Responder Extra Tes
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First Responder EMS Curriculum for Training Centers in Eurasia

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