War and Peace in Qajar Persia: Implications Past and ... - Oguzlar.az

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MAZANDARAN(incl. Gilan & Asterabad)KERMAN6,000 C14,000 I3,000 C2,000 I20,0005,00010,0005,000Provided some of the best irregularsbut could raise large militia ifinvaded (e.g. by Russians in 1805)Sparsely populatedMohammad Vali MirzaShahKHORESSANInc. ERAQ-IAJAM1,000 HC3,000 C2,000 I4,000 G4,000 HC5,000 C6,000 FG15,000 I6,00040,0004,00010,000 I14,0004,0006,00025,00035,000Included many “migrated” and“exiled” tribes, e.g. Kurds who wereoften neutral or hostileTOTAL150,00092,000* 2Index: C = Cavalry (inc. Heavy), I = Infantry, G = Cavalry Guard, FG = Foot Guard* 1 Fraser in 1822 puts the combined northern forces available as 10,400 Sarbaz, 12,000 irregular infantry, 14,000 irregular cavalry, plus a further 13,000mixed militia i.e. a total of 50,000.* 2 In 1800 a figure of 80,000 semi-regular troops and 120,000 provincial (perhaps 140,000 cavalry and the remainder infantry) has been quoted. In1810 Malcolm suggests there were 254,000 troops across the whole empire, including 80,000 nomadic cavalry. The increase is probably the result of theRussian wars.
108 Graham WilliamsonIranian influence amongst “believers”, even as the areas around the shrinecities appear to be governed by an uneasy coalition of military, ulama andgangs, in an echo of the Ottoman period under discussion. If in the nearfuture, southern Iraq’ were to end up creating an autonomous region or evenstate, Iranian support is to be expected.CONCLUSIONThe Treaty of Erzeroum, 28 July 1823, was signed because, in the north, AbbasMirza had become weary of the struggle, the war was unpopular at homeand his treasury was empty. In the south the Ottomans under Davoud Pashaseized the initiative after the demise of the Shah’s eldest son, although theywere not yet strong enough to force the issue. The Shah wanted peace as alwaysbut his astute mobilization of an army in the southern area of Hamedan andthe threat of escalation persuaded the Sultan to make terms.The Treaty, however, was scant reward for Persian military success andsacrifice. The terms were largely economic (reduced custom rates for Persiangoods (4 per cent), and the restoration of seized spoils), as well as symbolic,including greater protection for pilgrims and the “corpse” traffic for burialat the holy cities. There was no territorial revision although it was agreedto create a Boundary Commission to regulate the border (see RichardSchofield in this volume).Despite Abbas Mirza’s concern with the health of his Sarbaz force and hisinterest in European health practices, his army, and of course his brother’s,fell foul of the Asian cholera pandemic of 1817–1823 at the zenith of theirmilitary success. After their respective high watermarks (October 1821 and May1822), neither front would produce any further decisive action. Thus, historydoes not reveal whether the frontier could have been permanently redrawn.Notes1 Ehsan Yarshater, ed., Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. I (London and New York:Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981), p. 80.2 S. Longrigg, Four Centuries of Modern Iraq (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1925),pp. 231–3, 242–3.3 Ibid., p. 243; Ehsan Yarshater, ed., Encylopaedia Iranica, vol. IV (London:Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1990), p. 307.4 S. J. Shaw, and E. K. Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey,vol. II (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), p. 54.5 Robert G. Watson, History of Persia from the Beginning of the NineteenthCentury to the Year 1858 (London: Smith and Elder, 1866), p. 200.6 P. Avery, G. R. G. Hambly, and C. Melville, Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 8(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), p. 312.7 D. Nicholle and A. McBride, Armies of the Ottoman Empire 1775–1820 (London:Osprey, 1998).8 James B. Fraser, Narrative of a Journey into Khorasan in the Years 1821 and 1822(London: Longman, 1825), p. 227.
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War and Peace in Qajar PersiaPersia
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War and Peace inQajar PersiaImplica
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ContentsList of figuresContributors
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Figures5.1 Omani enclaves 1305.2 Ar
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Contributor listMansoureh Ettehadie
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AcknowledgementsThis volume grew ou
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2 Roxane Farmanfarmaianrepresented
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4 Roxane Farmanfarmaianchapter in t
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6 Roxane FarmanfarmaianThus, two si
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8 Roxane Farmanfarmaiangaining grea
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10 Roxane Farmanfarmaiantough deals
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12 Roxane FarmanfarmaianIranian geo
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14 Peter W. Averyin Shiraz and cont
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16 Peter W. Averybut the invasion w
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Part IWar
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22 Manoutchehr M. Eskandari-Qajarth
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24 Manoutchehr M. Eskandari-Qajarap
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26 Manoutchehr M. Eskandari-Qajarmi
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30 Manoutchehr M. Eskandari-Qajardo
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32 Manoutchehr M. Eskandari-QajarIn
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34 Manoutchehr M. Eskandari-Qajarco
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36 Manoutchehr M. Eskandari-QajarTh
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42 Manoutchehr M. Eskandari-Qajarop
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44 Manoutchehr M. Eskandari-Qajarbe
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46 Manoutchehr M. Eskandari-Qajarva
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48 Stephanie Cronincapacity and res
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50 Stephanie Croninforces of the es
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52 Stephanie CroninPART ONE: THE QA
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54 Stephanie Croninprincipally on h
Page 69 and 70: 56 Stephanie CroninThe French offic
Page 71 and 72: 58 Stephanie CroninEuropean alignme
Page 73 and 74: 60 Stephanie Croninthe authorities
Page 75 and 76: 62 Stephanie Croninin the revolutio
Page 77 and 78: 64 Stephanie Croninof power and sta
Page 79 and 80: 66 Stephanie Croninliving and the m
Page 81 and 82: 68 Stephanie Croninconsequences for
Page 83 and 84: 70 Stephanie Croninrevolution was a
Page 85 and 86: 72 Stephanie CroninNew British miss
Page 87 and 88: 74 Stephanie CroninBrigade to a Div
Page 89 and 90: 76 Stephanie Croninwithout the sove
Page 91 and 92: 78 Stephanie Croninaccounting devic
Page 93 and 94: 80 Stephanie Croninbut also faced a
Page 95 and 96: 82 Stephanie Cronindetermined on th
Page 97 and 98: 84 Stephanie Cronin15 For a discuss
Page 99 and 100: 86 Stephanie Cronin55 The Anglo-Rus
Page 101 and 102: 3 The Turko-Persian War1821-1823Win
Page 103 and 104: 90 Graham WilliamsonThe resultant w
Page 105 and 106: 92 Graham Williamsonprovincial forc
Page 107 and 108: 94 Graham WilliamsonThe field armyO
Page 109 and 110: 96 Graham Williamsonnot hold out mu
Page 111 and 112: 98 Graham Williamsonoften in arrear
Page 113 and 114: 100 Graham Williamsonthan any desig
Page 115 and 116: 102 Graham WilliamsonThere were ove
Page 117 and 118: 104 Graham Williamsonone should not
Page 119: Table 3.2 Persian regional armies (
Page 123 and 124: 4 Social networks andborder conflic
Page 125 and 126: 112 Vanessa MartinPersian troops on
Page 127 and 128: 114 Vanessa Martinof comparatively
Page 129 and 130: 116 Vanessa MartinTHE ROLE OF SOCIA
Page 131 and 132: 118 Vanessa MartinThe Shah’s negl
Page 133 and 134: 120 Vanessa Martinborder or any oth
Page 135 and 136: 122 Vanessa Martin44 No. 38, 2 June
Page 138 and 139: 5 The consolidation of Iran’sfron
Page 140 and 141: Consolidation of Iran’s frontier
Page 150 and 151: Figure 5.2 Arab principalities
Page 162 and 163: 6 Narrowing the frontierMid-ninetee
Page 164 and 165: Narrowing the frontier 151witnessed
Page 166 and 167: Figure 6.1 The 1843 borderlands sta
Page 168 and 169: Narrowing the frontier 155And the S
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Figure 6.2 The 1850 Williams line a
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Narrowing the frontier 159elicited
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Narrowing the frontier 161travellin
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Narrowing the frontier 163be found
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Narrowing the frontier 165A similar
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Narrowing the frontier 167and accep
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Narrowing the frontier 169Perhaps t
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Narrowing the frontier 171By this s
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Narrowing the frontier 17346 For a
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Crime, security, and insecurity 175
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Page 192 and 193:
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8 Merchants without bordersTrade, t
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Merchants without frontier 185the m
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Merchants without frontier 187and d
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Merchants without frontier 189photo
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Merchants without frontier 191their
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Merchants without frontier 193In an
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Figure 8.1Seated, first from left:
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Figure 8.3Seated: Hajj Mohammad-Taq
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Figure 8.5 Taken in Hajj Hasan Jour
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Merchants without frontier 201Figur
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Merchants without frontier 203Studi
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Merchants without frontier 20516 Me
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Merchants without frontier 207and t
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Merchants without frontier 209or pu
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Merchants without frontier 211It ca
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9 The politics of concessionReasses
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The politics of concession 215gradu
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The politics of concession 217Shah,
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The politics of concession 219assig
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The politics of concession 221compa
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The politics of concession 223gross
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The politics of concession 225the B
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The politics of concession 227as th
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IndexAbbas Mirza, Crown Prince 6, 1
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Index 231Gulf Arabs 127-9Gwadar 136
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Index 233policy in Persian Gulf 131
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