War and Peace in Qajar Persia: Implications Past and ... - Oguzlar.az

84 Stephanie Cronin15 For a discussion of the respective military strengths and weaknesses of Iranand Russia see Atkin, Russia and Iran, pp. 99–122.16 See Emineh Pakravan, Abbas Mirza (Paris, 1973).17 For an overview see J. Calmard, “Les Reformes Militaires sous les Qajars(1795–1925)”, in Y. Richard, Entre l’Iran et l’Occident, pp. 17–42.18 See Pakravan, Abbas Mirza, Paris, 1973.19 Morier, A Second Journey through Persia, p. 211.20 Ibid.21 In the Ottoman Empire and Egypt, the reform effort could only begin in earnestafter the destruction of reactionary military castes, the Janissaries and theMamluks respectively. In Iran no such action was necessary as no such forcesexisted, an illustration not of its relatively advanced condition, but rather of itsprimitive civil and military structures.22 The presence of such a significant number of Russian deserters in Tabriz maybe explained by the extremely harsh conditions prevailing in the Russian armiesin the Caucasus. See Atkin, Russia and Iran, pp. 106–7.23 Morier, A Second Journey through Persia, pp. 211–12.24 Fath-Ali Shah to Napoleon, letter quoted in Atkin, Russia and Iran, p. 126.25 For the Gardane mission, see A. de Gardane, Journal d’un voyage en la Turquied’Asie et la Perse; Alfred de Gardane, Mission du Generale Gardane en Perse sousle premier empire (Paris, 1865). For Franco-Iranian relations, see Iradj Amini,Napoleon and Persia (Richmond: Curzon, Surrey, 1999).26 Tancoigne, A Narrative of a Journey into Persia. For the regiment of Russian deserterssee Aleksandr Kibovskii, “ ‘Bagaderan’ – Russian Deserters in the Persian Army,1802–1839”, Tseikhgauz 5 (1996), trans. Mark Conrad (http://home.comcast.net/-markconrad/Persdes2.html).27 Accounts of this mission and of the 1833 British mission may be found in DennisWright, The English Amongst the Persians, during the Qajar Period, 1782–1921(London, Heinemann, 1977).28 Aleksandr Kibovskii and Vadim Yegorov, “The Persian Regular Army of the FirstHalf of the Nineteenth Century”, Tseikhgauz 5 (1996), pp. 20–25, trans. MarkConrad (http://home.comcast.net/~markconrod/Persia.html).29 Kibovskii and Yegorov, “The Persian Regular Army”.30 H. C. Rawlinson, England and Russia in the East. A series of papers on the Politicaland Geographical Condition of Central Asia, 2nd edn (London: John Murray, 1875),pp. 30–31. See also, for example, John Malcolm, The History of Persia (London,1829).31 For a general discussion of conscription in the Middle East see Jan Lucassen andErik J. Zürcher, “Introduction: Conscription and the Historical Context”, inZürcher, ed., Arming the State, pp. 1–19.32 Some observations about the difficulties encountered by the British officers of thismission may be found in Lt-Col Stuart, Journal of a Residence in Northern Persiaand the Adjacent Provinces of Turkey (London, Richard Bentley, 1854).33 Throughout the nineteenth century the shah possessed a number of Europeanofficers of a wide variety of nationalities in his service. See, for example,Mansoureh Etlehadieh and S. Mir Mohammad Sadigh, eds, with an introductionby Jean Calmard, Zhinral Saminu dar Khidmat-i Iran-i Qajar va Jang-i Hirat,1236–1266 (Tehran, 1375); Bo Utas, “Borowsky, Isidore”, Encyclopaedia Iranica;Jaqueline Calmard-Compas, “Ferrier, Joseph Phillipe”, Encyclopaedia Iranica.34 See Count F. E de Sercey, Une Ambassade Extraordinaire. La Perse en 1839–1840 (Paris, 1928); J. Pichon, Journal d’une mission militaire en Perse (1839–1840)(Paris, 1900).35 An account of the French mission may be found in Eugene Flandin, Voyage enPerse (Paris, 1851).