War and Peace in Qajar Persia: Implications Past and ... - Oguzlar.az

Consolidation of Iran’s frontier 14523 There is an extensive literature on the Qawasim. The most thorough treatmentis Charles E. Davies, The Blood-Red Arab Flag: An Investigation into Qasimi Piracy1797–1820 (Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 1997); see also Sultan Mohammadal-Qasimi, The Myth of Arab Piracy in the Gulf, 2nd edn. (London: Routledge,1988).24 Perry, Karim Khan Zand, p. 152.25 Lorimer, Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, vol. 8, pp. 754–5.26 Assem Dessouki, “Social and Political Dimensions of the Historiography of theArab Gulf,” in Eric Davis and Nicolas Gavrielides, eds, Statecraft in the MiddleEast: Oil, Historical Memory, and Popular Culture (Miami: Florida InternationalUniversity Press, 1991), pp. 92–115. The hawla were noted for being anti-British.Also, Anie Montigny, “Les Arabes de l’Autre Rive,” Cahiers d’études sur laMéditerranée orientale et le monde turco-iranien 22 (Juillet–Décembre 1996): 51–81.27 See here Beatrice Nicolini, Makran, Oman and Zanzibar: Three-TerminalCultural Corridor in the Western Indian Ocean (1799–1856), trans. Penelope-JaneWatson (Leiden: Brill, 2004); also Calvin H. Allen, Jr, “The State of Masqat inthe Gulf and East Africa, 1785–1829,” International Journal of Middle East Studies14/2 (May 1982): 117–27.28 Ministry of Information, Sultanate of Oman, Oman in History (London: ImmelPublishing, 1995), p. 348.29 Lorimer, Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, vol. 2, p. 602.30 The nature of this grant has been disputed ever since. Kalat maintained that thegrant was only for the temporary support of the sultan while he was a refugee,whereas Oman contends that the cession was permanent and assured navalprotection of the Makran coast. In any case, Gwadar thrived under Omanisovereignty and became the main port on the Makran coast. Oman maintainedpossession of Gwadar until it sold it to Pakistan in 1958. (More detail inLorimer, Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, vol. 2, pp. 601–22). See also RiccardoRedaelli, “Administrative Subdivisions and Tribal Structures: The Perception ofTerritory between Tradition and Modernity,” in Baluchistan: Terra Incognita:A New Methodological Approach Combining Archaeological, Historical, Anthropologicaland Architectural Studies, BAR International Series 1141, Studies in theArchaeology and History of Baluchistan 1 (Oxford: Archaeopress, 2003), pp. 37–8.31 For an annual payment of 6,000 tomans Bandar Abbas thus became a dependencyof Oman. See Kelly, Britain and the Persian Gulf, pp. 13 and 184–5; alsoS. B. Miles, The Countries and Tribes of the Persian Gulf (London: Harrison andSons, 1919; reprint Reading: Garnet Publishing, 1994), pp. 286–7.32 Allen, “The State of Masqat in the Gulf and East Africa,” p. 119. Most of thiscame from salt mined in Hormuz.33 According to Omani historians. Ministry of Information, Oman in History, pp. 483–4.34 Briton Cooper Busch, Britain and the Persian Gulf, 1894–1914 (Berkeley:University of California Press, 1967), pp. 6–10.35 James Onley, “Britain’s Native Agents in Arabia and Persia in the NineteenthCentury,” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 24/1(Spring 2004): 129–37.36 Curzon, Persia and the Persian Question, p. 398.37 Lorimer, Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, vol. 4, p. 1981.38 Ibid., pp. 2105–9. The Union Jack was flown there.39 For a useful account of the second British attack and occupation, see “The PersianWar, 1856–1857,” Chapter 11 in Kelly, Britain and the Persian Gulf, pp. 452–99.40 In Iran in the Persian Gulf 1820–1966, research editors A. L. P. Burdett and A.Seay [British Diplomatic Documents] (Farnham Common: Archive Editions, 2000),vol. 1, pp. 743–5.41 Kelly, Britain and the Persian Gulf, p. 475.