War and Peace in Qajar Persia: Implications Past and ... - Oguzlar.az

202 Ali GheissariNotes1 An earlier version of this essay was presented at the 5th Annual InternationalQajar Studies Association conference (16 July 2005), at Corpus Christi College,Cambridge. My thanks are due to the organizers of the conference and toMohsen Ashtiany, Mansour Bonakdarian, Roxane Farmanfarmaian, and WillemFloor for reading the draft and providing me with helpful suggestions andcomments and to Natalja Mortensen and Kathy Auger for professional assistanceand Clare Zon for copy-editing the text.2 See, for example, Ahmad Kasravi, Tarikh-e Mashrouteh-ye Iran [A History ofthe Iranian Constitutional Movement], 13th edn (Tehran: Amir Kabir, 2536[1356]/1978), pp. 110–13; and Edward G. Browne, The Persian Revolution of1905–1909, 1st edn (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1910; new edn, ed.Abbas Amanat, Washington, DC: Mage Publishers, 1995), pp. 118–21. For themerchants’ participation in the Constitutional Revolution, see also Gad G.Gilbar, “The Big Merchants (tujjâr) and the Persian Constitutional Revolutionof 1906,” Asian and African Studies 11/ 1 (1976): 275–303; and Mohammad RezaAfshari, “The Pishivaran and Merchants in Precapitalist Iranian Society: An Essayon the Background and Causes of the Constitutional Revolution,” InternationalJournal of Middle East Studies 15/ 2 (May 1983): 133–55. Among the more notablepro-Constitutionalist merchants were, for example, Hajj Mohammad-Hossein Aminal-Zarb, Hajj Mohammad Moin al-Tojjar Bushehri, and Hajj Mohammad-TaqiBonakdar. This group of merchants also included members of Iran’s religiousminorities, some of whom, such as the Zoroastrian Arbab Fereydoun, eventuallypaid with their lives for their financial backing of the constitutional movement.3 For works on merchants and the economic history of Iran in the late Qajar periodsee, for example, Seyyed Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh, Ganj-e Shaygan: Awza’eEqtesadi-ye Iran dar Ebteda-ye Qarn-e Bistom [Iran’s Economy in the EarlyTwentieth Century] (Berlin: Kaveh, 1335 AH/1917; repr., Tehran: Ketab-e Tehran,1362/1983); Fereydoun Adamiyat and Homa Nateq, Afkar-e Ejtema’i va Siasi vaEqtesadi dar Asar-e Montasher-nashodeh-ye Qowran-e Qajar [Social and Politicaland Economic Ideas in the Unpublished Works of the Qajar Period] (Tehran: Agah,1356/1977); Ahmad Ashraf, Mavane’-e Tarikhi-ye Roshd-e Sarmayehdari darIran: Dowreh-ye Qajariyeh [Historical Obstacles in the Development of Capitalismin Iran: the Qajar period] (Tehran: Zamineh, 1359/1980); and Homa Nateq,Bazarganan dar Dad va Setad ba Bank-e Shahi [Merchants in Dealing withthe Imperial Bank] (Paris: Khavaran, 1371/1992). For works in English see, forexample, Marvin L. Entner, Russo-Persian Commercial Relations, 1828–1914(Gainsville, FL: University of Florida Press, 1965); Charles Issawi, ed., TheEconomic History of Iran: 1800–1914 (Chicago, IL: The University of ChicagoPress, 1971); Julian Bharier, Economic development in Iran, 1900–1970 (Londonand New York: Oxford University Press, 1971); Shireen Mahdavi, For God,Mammon, and Country (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1999); Mohammad-AliKazembeyki, Society, Politics and Economics in Mazandaran, Iran: 1848–1914(London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003). See also works by Willem Floor, including“The Merchants in Qajar Iran,” Zeitschrift der Deutschen MorgenländischenGesellschaft 126 (1976): 101–35; “The Customs in Qajar Iran,” Zeitschrift derDeutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 126 (1976): 281–311; “Bankruptcy in QajarIran,” Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 127 (1977): 61–76;“The Bankers (sarraf ) in Qajar Iran,” Zeitschrift der Deutschen MorgenländischenGesellschaft 129 (1979): 263–81; Industrialization in Iran, 1900–1941, OccasionalPaper no. 23 (Durham: Durham University, Centre for Middle Eastern and IslamicStudies, 1984); Labour Unions, Law and Conditions in Iran (1900–1941), OccasionalPaper no. 26 (Durham: Durham University, Centre for Middle Eastern and Islamic