Consolidation of Iran’s frontier 14763 Ibid., p. 54.64 Ibid., pp. 77–8.65 This process is expla<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> ibid., pp. 220–41.66 Ibid., pp. 21–2.67 Ibid., p. 99.68 Lorimer, G<strong>az</strong>etteer of the <strong>Persia</strong>n Gulf, vol. 4, pp. 2049–52. This is despite thefact that the shaikh had supported the British dur<strong>in</strong>g the <strong>in</strong>vasion of Kharg <strong>in</strong>1838 (Kelly, Brita<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> the <strong>Persia</strong>n Gulf, p. 467).69 Grummon, “Rise <strong>and</strong> Fall of the Arab Shaykhdom of Bushehr,” pp. 162–3.70 For <strong>in</strong>formation on the lease see Lorimer, G<strong>az</strong>etteer of the <strong>Persia</strong>n Gulf, vol. 2,pp. 459–61 <strong>and</strong> 480; also Lorimer, G<strong>az</strong>etteer of the <strong>Persia</strong>n Gulf, vol. 4, pp. 2045–7.71 This po<strong>in</strong>t requires clarification, but compare a translation of the Arabic versionby G. P. Badger <strong>in</strong> Imams <strong>and</strong> Seyyids of Oman (1871), pp. xciv–xcv, cited<strong>in</strong> Iran <strong>and</strong> the <strong>Persia</strong>n Gulf, vol. 1, pp. 391–2. Also Kelly, Brita<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> the <strong>Persia</strong>nGulf, p. 533 fn.1.72 The British surveyors for the telegraph l<strong>in</strong>e determ<strong>in</strong>ed Sadij to be the easternmostpo<strong>in</strong>t adm<strong>in</strong>istered by the Omani sultan. See Soli Shahvar, “Communications,<strong>Qajar</strong> Irredentism, <strong>and</strong> the Strategies of British India: The Makran CoastTelegraph <strong>and</strong> British Policy of Conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>Persia</strong> <strong>in</strong> the East (Baluchistan),”Part 1, Iranian Studies 39/3 (2006): 337–8; also Kelly, Brita<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> the <strong>Persia</strong>nGulf, p. 533.73 Lorimer, G<strong>az</strong>etteer of the <strong>Persia</strong>n Gulf, vol. 2, p. 449.74 Ibid., pp. 459–61.75 Ibid., p. 460 <strong>and</strong> Kelly, Brita<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> the <strong>Persia</strong>n Gulf, pp. 530–3.76 For the text of the 1856 <strong>and</strong> 1868 versions of the lease, see A Collection of Treaties,Engagements <strong>and</strong> Sanads Relat<strong>in</strong>g to India <strong>and</strong> Neighbour<strong>in</strong>g Countries, vol. 12,compiled by C. U. Aitchison (Calcutta: Super<strong>in</strong>tendent Government Pr<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g,1909), Appendix No. XLV, pp. cxxxix–cxliii. I am grateful to Dr James Onleyfor obta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g a copy of this for me. For another translation see “Lease by<strong>Persia</strong> to Masqat of B<strong>and</strong>ar ‘Abbas, Qishm <strong>and</strong> Hurmuz, 17 November 1856,”document 106 <strong>in</strong> J. C. Hurewitz, ed., The Middle East <strong>and</strong> North Africa <strong>in</strong> WorldPolitics: A Documentary Record, vol. 1, European Expansion, 1535–1914, 2nd edn.(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975), pp. 322–4. An earlier (April 26, 1856)<strong>and</strong> abbreviated version of the treaty (qarar-nama) is conta<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> Hasan-eFasa’i, History of <strong>Persia</strong> Under <strong>Qajar</strong> Rule, trans. Heribert Busse (New York:Columbia University Press, 1972), pp. 313–18. Here the isl<strong>and</strong>s of Hormuz <strong>and</strong>Qeshm are not mentioned, but it is related that the sultan sent additional presentsto the <strong>Qajar</strong> court to have them <strong>in</strong>cluded. Fasa’i’s book, the Fars-namayenaseri, is “the best source for the study of southern <strong>Persia</strong> <strong>in</strong> the n<strong>in</strong>eteenthcentury,” accord<strong>in</strong>g to Busse. See his articles on the book <strong>and</strong> its author <strong>in</strong> EhsanYarshater, ed., Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 9 (New York, 1999), pp. 374–6.77 Lorimer, G<strong>az</strong>etteer of the <strong>Persia</strong>n Gulf, vol. 4, p. 2045.78 For another copy of the lease <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>sight <strong>in</strong>to the circumstances surround<strong>in</strong>gits revocation, see Iran <strong>in</strong> the <strong>Persia</strong>n Gulf, vol. 1, pp. 507–12.79 See two articles by Soli Shahvar, “Communications, <strong>Qajar</strong> Irredentism, <strong>and</strong> theStrategies of British India: The Makran Coast Telegraph <strong>and</strong> British Policy ofConta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>Persia</strong> <strong>in</strong> the East (Baluchistan),” Parts 1 <strong>and</strong> 2, Iranian Studies 39/3(September 2006): 329–51 <strong>and</strong> 39/4 (December 2006): 569–95. Also, Kelly,Brita<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> the <strong>Persia</strong>n Gulf, pp. 555–63 <strong>and</strong> Lorimer, G<strong>az</strong>etteer of the <strong>Persia</strong>nGulf, vol. 2, pp. 601–22.80 Sir Frederic John Goldsmid, Eastern <strong>Persia</strong>: An Account of the Journeys of the <strong>Persia</strong>nBoundary Commission 1870–71–72, vol. 1 (London: Macmillan, 1876), p. xliv.81 Article 9 <strong>in</strong> Appendix No. XLV, “<strong>Persia</strong>n Gulf,” <strong>in</strong> Aitchison, A Collection ofTreaties, p. cxl.
148 Lawrence G. Potter82 On telegraphs <strong>in</strong> the Gulf see Lorimer, G<strong>az</strong>etteer of the <strong>Persia</strong>n Gulf, Annex J,<strong>in</strong> vol. 5, pp. 2400–38.83 Abbas Amanat, Pivot of the Universe: Nasir al-D<strong>in</strong> Shah <strong>Qajar</strong> <strong>and</strong> the IranianMonarchy, 1831–1896 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), p. 404.84 Lorimer, G<strong>az</strong>etteer of the <strong>Persia</strong>n Gulf, vol. 4, p. 2158.85 Kelly, Brita<strong>in</strong> <strong>and</strong> the <strong>Persia</strong>n Gulf, p. 560.86 Shahvar, “Communications, <strong>Qajar</strong> Irredentism, <strong>and</strong> the Strategies of British India,”part 2, pp. 572, 577–8.87 Goldsmid, Eastern <strong>Persia</strong>, p. xl.88 Ibid., p. xlii; also <strong>in</strong> Lorimer, G<strong>az</strong>etteer of the <strong>Persia</strong>n Gulf, vol. 4, pp. 2160–61.89 Goldsmid, Eastern <strong>Persia</strong>, pp. xlv–xlvi.90 Shahvar, “Communications, <strong>Qajar</strong> Irredentism, <strong>and</strong> the Strategies of British India,”part 2, p. 592, fn. 83. The <strong>Persia</strong>n government accepted the new border with theexception that Kouhak <strong>and</strong> part of the Mashkil Valley should belong to it, aposition f<strong>in</strong>ally accepted by Brita<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> 1896.91 Lorimer, G<strong>az</strong>etteer of the <strong>Persia</strong>n Gulf, vol. 4, p. 2175.92 Shahvar, “Communications, <strong>Qajar</strong> Irredentism, <strong>and</strong> the Strategies of British India,”part 2, p. 594.93 Curzon, <strong>Persia</strong> <strong>and</strong> the <strong>Persia</strong>n Question, p. 406; Lorimer, G<strong>az</strong>etteer of the <strong>Persia</strong>nGulf, vol. 4, pp. 2062–3; Fasa’i, <strong>Persia</strong> Under <strong>Qajar</strong> Rule, pp. 392–4, 397, 401–2;Nadjmabadi, “Arab Presence on the Iranian Coast.” Shaikh M<strong>az</strong>kur became alocal hero for his resistance to the <strong>Persia</strong>ns. The Shaikh was captured after hold<strong>in</strong>gout <strong>in</strong> the fortress of Qalat-e Sorkh, near the city of Gavb<strong>and</strong>i.94 On Jask see Curzon, <strong>Persia</strong> <strong>and</strong> the <strong>Persia</strong>n Question, pp. 427–30; quote is onp. 429. Also Lorimer, G<strong>az</strong>etteer of the <strong>Persia</strong>n Gulf, vol. 8, pp. 914–31.95 Sources on this <strong>in</strong>clude Lorimer, G<strong>az</strong>etteer of the <strong>Persia</strong>n Gulf, vol. 4, pp. 2064–6<strong>and</strong> vol. 8, pp. 1088–1100, with ethnic breakdown on p. 1097; Curzon, <strong>Persia</strong><strong>and</strong> the <strong>Persia</strong>n Question, pp. 409–10, <strong>and</strong> “B<strong>and</strong>ar-(e) Lenga,” by D. T. Potts<strong>in</strong> Encyclopaedia Iranica (August 19, 2004) located onl<strong>in</strong>e at (www.iranica.com/articles/ot_grp5/ot_b<strong>and</strong>ar_lenga_20040819.html).96 This led many merchants to emigrate to or open agencies <strong>in</strong> the Trucial Coast,where bus<strong>in</strong>ess could be carried out more profitably – for example, importedgoods at Dubai could be sold 10 percent cheaper. See Lorimer, G<strong>az</strong>etteer of the<strong>Persia</strong>n Gulf, vol. 8, p. 1098.97 Ibid., vol. 4, p. 2066.98 Curzon, <strong>Persia</strong> <strong>and</strong> the <strong>Persia</strong>n Question, p. 399.99 Burrell, “Aspects of the Reign of Muzaffar al-D<strong>in</strong> Shah of <strong>Persia</strong> 1896–1907,”p. 97.100 Kashani-Sabet, Frontier Fictions, p. 36.101 Lorimer, G<strong>az</strong>etteer of the <strong>Persia</strong>n Gulf, vol. 4, p. 2048.
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War and Peace in Qajar PersiaPersia
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War and Peace inQajar PersiaImplica
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ContentsList of figuresContributors
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Figures5.1 Omani enclaves 1305.2 Ar
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Contributor listMansoureh Ettehadie
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AcknowledgementsThis volume grew ou
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2 Roxane Farmanfarmaianrepresented
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4 Roxane Farmanfarmaianchapter in t
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6 Roxane FarmanfarmaianThus, two si
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8 Roxane Farmanfarmaiangaining grea
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10 Roxane Farmanfarmaiantough deals
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12 Roxane FarmanfarmaianIranian geo
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14 Peter W. Averyin Shiraz and cont
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16 Peter W. Averybut the invasion w
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Part IWar
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22 Manoutchehr M. Eskandari-Qajarth
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24 Manoutchehr M. Eskandari-Qajarap
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26 Manoutchehr M. Eskandari-Qajarmi
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28 Manoutchehr M. Eskandari-Qajarth
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30 Manoutchehr M. Eskandari-Qajardo
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32 Manoutchehr M. Eskandari-QajarIn
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34 Manoutchehr M. Eskandari-Qajarco
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36 Manoutchehr M. Eskandari-QajarTh
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38 Manoutchehr M. Eskandari-Qajarth
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40 Manoutchehr M. Eskandari-Qajarth
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42 Manoutchehr M. Eskandari-Qajarop
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44 Manoutchehr M. Eskandari-Qajarbe
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46 Manoutchehr M. Eskandari-Qajarva
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48 Stephanie Cronincapacity and res
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50 Stephanie Croninforces of the es
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52 Stephanie CroninPART ONE: THE QA
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54 Stephanie Croninprincipally on h
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56 Stephanie CroninThe French offic
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58 Stephanie CroninEuropean alignme
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60 Stephanie Croninthe authorities
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62 Stephanie Croninin the revolutio
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64 Stephanie Croninof power and sta
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66 Stephanie Croninliving and the m
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68 Stephanie Croninconsequences for
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70 Stephanie Croninrevolution was a
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72 Stephanie CroninNew British miss
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74 Stephanie CroninBrigade to a Div
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76 Stephanie Croninwithout the sove
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78 Stephanie Croninaccounting devic
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80 Stephanie Croninbut also faced a
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82 Stephanie Cronindetermined on th
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84 Stephanie Cronin15 For a discuss
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86 Stephanie Cronin55 The Anglo-Rus
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3 The Turko-Persian War1821-1823Win
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90 Graham WilliamsonThe resultant w
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92 Graham Williamsonprovincial forc
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94 Graham WilliamsonThe field armyO
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Figure 8.3Seated: Hajj Mohammad-Taq
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Figure 8.5 Taken in Hajj Hasan Jour
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Merchants without frontier 201Figur
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Merchants without frontier 203Studi
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Merchants without frontier 20516 Me
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Merchants without frontier 207and t
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Merchants without frontier 209or pu
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Merchants without frontier 211It ca
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9 The politics of concessionReasses
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The politics of concession 215gradu
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The politics of concession 217Shah,
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The politics of concession 219assig
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The politics of concession 221compa
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The politics of concession 223gross
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The politics of concession 225the B
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The politics of concession 227as th
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IndexAbbas Mirza, Crown Prince 6, 1
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Index 231Gulf Arabs 127-9Gwadar 136
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Index 233policy in Persian Gulf 131