War and Peace in Qajar Persia: Implications Past and ... - Oguzlar.az

182 Mansoureh Ettehadieh (Nezam-Mafie)created or contributed to situations in which raids and plunder took place.The situation did not improve with time, but it is not possible to concludewith any precision that the situation grew worse with the growing economicdepression of the country.Notes1 Michael R. Weisser, Crime and Punishment in Early Modern Europe (AtlanticHighlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1979), passim.2 I. Afshar and M. R. Daryagasht, eds, Mokhaberat Astarabad, 2 vols (Tehran,1363/1984).3 S. Sirjani, ed., Vaqaye’e Etefaqiyeh (Tehran, 1361).4 C. Issawi, ed., The Economic History of Iran, 1800–1914, (Chicago: University ofChicago Press, 1917), pp. 27–33.5 John Foran, “The Concept of Dependent Development as a Key to the PoliticalEconomy of Qajar Iran (1800–1925),” Iranian Studies XXII/2–3 (1989): 19–20.Differences of opinion were likewise expressed by those living in Persia at the time.Comte Julien de Rochechouart, for example, French Consul from 1863–1866(successor to the famous Comte de Gobineau), notes, in his Souvenirs d’un Voyageen Perse (Paris, 1867), a record of his travels by road throughout the country,that in all of his three years, he never encountered an incident of brigandage, orotherwise, “un seul instant d’ennui”.6 See, e.g. Farmanfarmaian, “The politics of concession,” in this volume.7 Ibid., pp. 20–22.8 George N. Curzon, Persia and the Persian Question, 2 vols, 2nd edn (London: FrankCass, 1966), vol. 2, pp. 60–197.9 As this was a contested border area, and the Turkomans freely switched loyaltiesfrom one side to another according to circumstance, the government authoritieswere engaged as much in semi-warfare as in the use of force for establishing controlover the area. See for example Cyrus Ghani, Iran and the Rise of Reza Shah,From Qajar collapse to Pahlavi power (London: I. B. Tauris), pp. 98–99.