War and Peace in Qajar Persia: Implications Past and ... - Oguzlar.az

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Narrowing the frontier 17346 For a detailed primary record of these events from British official documents,see Schofield, op. cit. (1989), vol. 3: Further Delimitation Efforts and Disputesover Pusht-i Kuh and Khotour, 1874–1897.47 Schofield, “Introduction”, in op. cit. (1989), vol. 3, p. xv.48 Ibid., p. xvi.49 Ibid.50 “Memorandum by Mr Parker on the Turco-Persian Boundary Question (1833 to1906)”, Foreign Office, 8 December 1906 in Schofield, op. cit. (1989), vol. 4: OttomanEncroachments across Northern Border and Recurrence of Muhammara Dispute,1903–1911, p. 100.51 See Arnold Kemball’s “Memorandum on the Present State of the Turco-PersianBoundary Question and the Conditions on which its Solution would seem toDepend”, 2 April 1875 and E. Hertslet’s “Memorandum Respecting Turco-PersianBoundary Delimitation”, March 1875 in Schofield, op. cit. (1989), vol. 3, pp. 63–162.52 “Memorandum by Mr Parker . . .” in Schofield, op. cit. (1989), vol. 4, p. 100.53 Ibid., p. 101.54 Ibid.55 Schofield, op. cit. (2006), pp. 27–39.56 Hubbard, op. cit.57 Schofield, op. cit. (1989), vol. 1, p. 84.58 Foreign Office, October 1912, Memorandum on the Russian publication (editedby M. A. Gamazof), “Travelling Diary of Y. I. Tchirikof, Russian MediatingCommissioner on the Turco-Persian Delimitation, 1849–1852”, FO 881/10116.Reproduced in ibid. (1989), vol. 2, pp. 293–469.59 Kashani-Sabet, op. cit. (1999); also, Kashani-Sabet, “Picturing the Homeland:Geography and National Identity in Late Nineteenth Century and Early TwentiethCentury Iran”, Journal of Historical Geography 24/4 (October 1998): 413–30.60 Please see the companion chapter by Lawrence G. Potter elsewhere in thisvolume.61 Richard Schofield, “Anything but Black and White – a Commentary on the LowerGulf Islands Dispute”, in Lawrence G. Potter and Gary G. Sick, eds, Securityin the Persian Gulf: Origins, Obstacles and the Search for Consensus (New York:Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), pp. 171–87.There has been an attempt to maintain consistency of transliterations throughout thisvolume. This chapter is no exception but includes transliterations for place-namesused by the British government during the period under review. The main reason forso doing is that many of the smaller settlements or sub-regions mentioned in the textdo not easily correspond to modern settlement patterns today. One cannot be sureabout the modern names, existence or location of all these localities.
7 Crime, security, and insecuritySocio-political conditions ofIran, 1875–1924Mansoureh Ettehadieh (Nezam-Mafie)Qajar Iran has often been depicted as a despotic country with little in theform of a standing army or a bureaucracy. The weak central governmentoften relied on a balancing act of rewards and punishments to maintain itscontrol. Nowhere was the weakness of the central government manifestedmore clearly than in the general state of lawlessness that existed in thecountryside and sometimes in the towns and cities as well. There are numerousaccounts of criminals preying on civilians in memoirs and traveloguesfrom the period. There are also lurid accounts of the extraordinary punishmentsthat were meted out to criminals in these books, and yet we knowvery little beyond the general supposition that the country suffered fromlawlessness and criminal activity on a scale little different than other countriesof the region and period, despite the very low figures suggested by theintelligence reports discussed below, which, in the province of Fars, put theincidence of theft at less than six a year and robbery (or banditry) at tena year.It is beyond the scope of this chapter to offer an overall view of crime andcriminal activity in the late Qajar period. Therefore, it is limited to the questionof theft and banditry and their punishment as revealed in intelligencereports, as well as official and non-official newspaper accounts.DEFINING CRIMEIn general crime is a reflection of the life pattern and environment of thecriminal and is a sign of social distress. Different crimes reflect the variousstructures of the community and the nature of social relations. For the purposeof this study, I divide criminality into two broad categories, crime againstpersons and crime against property. Crimes against persons reveal specificforms of social tension. Crimes against property reveal certain types of economiccircumstances and conflicts. 1 This chapter specifically addresses thelatter category, namely crimes against property.According to our criterion, theft occurred in urban areas, banditry in theopen country. Theft was committed by one, two or a group of several thieves,
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War and Peace in Qajar PersiaPersia
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War and Peace inQajar PersiaImplica
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ContentsList of figuresContributors
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Figures5.1 Omani enclaves 1305.2 Ar
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Contributor listMansoureh Ettehadie
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AcknowledgementsThis volume grew ou
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2 Roxane Farmanfarmaianrepresented
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4 Roxane Farmanfarmaianchapter in t
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6 Roxane FarmanfarmaianThus, two si
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8 Roxane Farmanfarmaiangaining grea
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10 Roxane Farmanfarmaiantough deals
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12 Roxane FarmanfarmaianIranian geo
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14 Peter W. Averyin Shiraz and cont
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16 Peter W. Averybut the invasion w
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Part IWar
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22 Manoutchehr M. Eskandari-Qajarth
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24 Manoutchehr M. Eskandari-Qajarap
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26 Manoutchehr M. Eskandari-Qajarmi
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30 Manoutchehr M. Eskandari-Qajardo
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32 Manoutchehr M. Eskandari-QajarIn
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34 Manoutchehr M. Eskandari-Qajarco
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36 Manoutchehr M. Eskandari-QajarTh
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42 Manoutchehr M. Eskandari-Qajarop
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44 Manoutchehr M. Eskandari-Qajarbe
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46 Manoutchehr M. Eskandari-Qajarva
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48 Stephanie Cronincapacity and res
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50 Stephanie Croninforces of the es
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52 Stephanie CroninPART ONE: THE QA
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54 Stephanie Croninprincipally on h
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56 Stephanie CroninThe French offic
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58 Stephanie CroninEuropean alignme
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60 Stephanie Croninthe authorities
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62 Stephanie Croninin the revolutio
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64 Stephanie Croninof power and sta
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66 Stephanie Croninliving and the m
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68 Stephanie Croninconsequences for
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70 Stephanie Croninrevolution was a
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72 Stephanie CroninNew British miss
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74 Stephanie CroninBrigade to a Div
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76 Stephanie Croninwithout the sove
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78 Stephanie Croninaccounting devic
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80 Stephanie Croninbut also faced a
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82 Stephanie Cronindetermined on th
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84 Stephanie Cronin15 For a discuss
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86 Stephanie Cronin55 The Anglo-Rus
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3 The Turko-Persian War1821-1823Win
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90 Graham WilliamsonThe resultant w
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92 Graham Williamsonprovincial forc
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94 Graham WilliamsonThe field armyO
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96 Graham Williamsonnot hold out mu
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98 Graham Williamsonoften in arrear
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100 Graham Williamsonthan any desig
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102 Graham WilliamsonThere were ove
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104 Graham Williamsonone should not
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Table 3.2 Persian regional armies (
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108 Graham WilliamsonIranian influe
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4 Social networks andborder conflic
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112 Vanessa MartinPersian troops on
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114 Vanessa Martinof comparatively
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116 Vanessa MartinTHE ROLE OF SOCIA
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118 Vanessa MartinThe Shah’s negl
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120 Vanessa Martinborder or any oth
Page 135 and 136: 122 Vanessa Martin44 No. 38, 2 June
Page 138 and 139: 5 The consolidation of Iran’sfron
Page 140 and 141: Consolidation of Iran’s frontier
Page 150 and 151: Figure 5.2 Arab principalities
Page 162 and 163: 6 Narrowing the frontierMid-ninetee
Page 164 and 165: Narrowing the frontier 151witnessed
Page 166 and 167: Figure 6.1 The 1843 borderlands sta
Page 168 and 169: Narrowing the frontier 155And the S
Page 170 and 171: Figure 6.2 The 1850 Williams line a
Page 172 and 173: Narrowing the frontier 159elicited
Page 174 and 175: Narrowing the frontier 161travellin
Page 176 and 177: Narrowing the frontier 163be found
Page 178 and 179: Narrowing the frontier 165A similar
Page 180 and 181: Narrowing the frontier 167and accep
Page 182 and 183: Narrowing the frontier 169Perhaps t
Page 184 and 185: Narrowing the frontier 171By this s
Page 188 and 189: Crime, security, and insecurity 175
Page 196 and 197: 8 Merchants without bordersTrade, t
Page 198 and 199: Merchants without frontier 185the m
Page 200 and 201: Merchants without frontier 187and d
Page 202 and 203: Merchants without frontier 189photo
Page 204 and 205: Merchants without frontier 191their
Page 206 and 207: Merchants without frontier 193In an
Page 208 and 209: Figure 8.1Seated, first from left:
Page 210 and 211: Figure 8.3Seated: Hajj Mohammad-Taq
Page 212 and 213: Figure 8.5 Taken in Hajj Hasan Jour
Page 214 and 215: Merchants without frontier 201Figur
Page 216 and 217: Merchants without frontier 203Studi
Page 218 and 219: Merchants without frontier 20516 Me
Page 220 and 221: Merchants without frontier 207and t
Page 222 and 223: Merchants without frontier 209or pu
Page 224 and 225: Merchants without frontier 211It ca
Page 226 and 227: 9 The politics of concessionReasses
Page 228 and 229: The politics of concession 215gradu
Page 230 and 231: The politics of concession 217Shah,
Page 232 and 233: The politics of concession 219assig
Page 234 and 235: The politics of concession 221compa
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The politics of concession 223gross
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The politics of concession 225the B
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The politics of concession 227as th
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IndexAbbas Mirza, Crown Prince 6, 1
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Index 231Gulf Arabs 127-9Gwadar 136
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Index 233policy in Persian Gulf 131
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