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The subjunctive mood ·17· The subjunctive mood is avoided in modern English by many English speakers, in many instances. But German is different. The subjunctive mood is still an important part of the language and needs to be carefully considered in order to write good German <strong>sentence</strong>s. Subjunctive conjugations There are two basic conjugations in the German subjunctive: One is called subjunctive I or the present subjunctive and the other is called subjunctive II or the past subjunctive. The terms subjunctive I and subjunctive II will be used here. The following conjugational endings are basic to both forms of the subjunctive: ich -e wir -en du -est ihr -et er/sie/es -e Sie/sie -en But subjunctive I applies them to the stem of the infinitive, and subjunctive II applies them to a past tense form. Let’s look at some examples: Suchen (to look for) is a regular verb. The subjunctive I conjugation has only a slight difference from the indicative present tense conjugation. And subjunctive II is identical to the indicative past tense conjugation: Subjunctive I Subjunctive II ich suche suchte du suchest suchtest er suche suchte wir suchen suchten ihr suchet suchtet sie suchen suchten Laufen (to run) is an irregular verb. Both subjunctive I and II are different in some degree from the indicative conjugation: Subjunctive I ich laufe liefe du laufest liefest er laufe liefe wir laufen liefen ihr laufet liefet sie laufen liefen Subjunctive II 133
Kommen (to come) is also an irregular verb. But its irregular past tense form (kam) has an umlaut vowel (a, o, u). When an irregular verb has an umlaut vowel, its subjunctive II forms will require an umlaut: Subjunctive I Subjunctive II ich komme käme du kommest kämest er komme käme wir kommen kämen ihr kommet kämet sie kommen kämen Kennen (to know) is an irregular verb that has a vowel change in the past tense and also has the past tense suffix -te (kannte). When this verb is conjugated in subjunctive II, the vowel change is avoided. This also occurs with other verbs in this category, such as nennen (to name) and brennen (to burn): Subjunctive I Subjunctive II ich kenne kennte du kennest kenntest er kenne kennte wir kennen kennten ihr kennet kenntet sie kennen kennten Denken (to think) is another irregular verb that has a vowel change in the past tense and also has the past tense suffix -te (dachte). When this verb is conjugated in subjunctive II, the vowel change is maintained and an umlaut is added. This also occurs with other verbs in this category, such as bringen (to bring) and wissen (to know): Subjunctive I Subjunctive II ich denke dächte du denkest dächtest er denke dächte wir denken dächten ihr denket dächtet sie denken dächten Modals and the umlaut Müssen (to have to) and other modal auxiliaries that have an umlaut in the infinitive keep the umlaut in subjunctive II. Modals that do not have an umlaut in the infinitive, e.g., wollen (to want), do not have one in subjunctive II: MÜSSEN Wollen ich müsse müsste wolle wollte du müssest müsstest wollest wolltest er müsse müsste wolle wollte wir müssen müssten wollen wollten ihr müsset müsstet wollet wolltet sie müssen müssten wollen wollten 134 Practice Makes Perfect German Sentence Builder
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PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT German Sente
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To Riane, AJ, Jalyn, Tori, and Rile
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Contents Acknowledgments vii Introd
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Acknowledgments I wish to extend my
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Introduction Writing skills are usu
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Declarative sentences and word orde
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Nicht precedes a prepositional phra
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6. Die Lehrerin brauchte einen Kuge
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4. Ich begegnete meinen Nachbarn, a
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Übung 1·10 Example: Write origina
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Interrogative sentences ·2· In bo
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4. Man muss alle Verkehrszeichen be
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4. Ihre Kinder werden mit Liebe erz
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4. Die neuen Auswanderer sehnen sic
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In general, interrogative words are
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Questions and answers ·3· In the
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1. Unser Lehrer wird nach Irak fahr
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1. Die Kinder müssen sich die Hän
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Übung 3·5 example: Form questions
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3. wie viel / Meter / Stoff / haben
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Imperatives ·4· Imperatives are c
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3. tun 4. brechen 5. empfehlen 6. a
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lass/lasst/lassen Sie 1 object 1 in
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Übung 4·6 Write original imperati
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Coordinating conjunctions ·5· The
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4. (oder / aber) Sei ruhig! Geh sof
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Subordinating conjunctions ·6· Th
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Comma usage with subordinating conj
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3. Er musste wieder zu Fuß gehen,
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11. Woran denkt die alte Dame gern?
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Relative pronouns ·7· Relative pr
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It is probably wise to remind you t
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1. Er lud seine Freunde ein. a. (no
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Now complete each sentence with an
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Extended modifiers ·8· Modifiers
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3. from her disappointing answer 4.
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Er ist ein bei Jugendlichen in Euro
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4. laut / reden / Prediger 5. vor /
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Adjectives ·9· Adjectives are ver
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2. a. ein Gebäude b. 3. a. durch
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Übung 9·3 Compose original phrase
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Positive Superlative laut loud am l
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der Reisende der Verletzte der Verw
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Adverbs ·10· Adverbial expression
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Modal adverbs Some adverbs portray
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Übung 10·3 Fill in the blanks in
Page 94 and 95: Pronouns ·11· Pronouns are words
Page 96 and 97: 2. Oft tut der Mann, was er nicht t
Page 98 and 99: Einander The reciprocal pronoun ein
Page 100 and 101: 1. Sie kauft den Kindern neue Schuh
Page 102 and 103: Infinitives ·12· Infinitives are
Page 104 and 105: As with the modal auxiliaries, lass
Page 106 and 107: Tina hilft mir die Sätze übersetz
Page 108 and 109: Übung 12·7 Example: Compose origi
Page 110 and 111: Short responses ·13· In every lan
Page 112 and 113: Wie Zwar The interrogative wie (how
Page 114 and 115: Wir gehen morgen Rad fahren. Groß
Page 116 and 117: Idioms and special phrases ·14· G
Page 118 and 119: Er freut sich aufs Wochenende. He
Page 120 and 121: um so besser Verschwinde! von Kopf
Page 122 and 123: 3. Die Kinder fürchten sich vor di
Page 124 and 125: Antonyms and contrasts ·15· Anton
Page 126 and 127: Übung 15·2 Example: Using each pa
Page 128 and 129: Positive Unser Haus ist klein. Die
Page 130 and 131: 3. Milchladen, Rathaus, Dom a. b.
Page 132 and 133: The passive voice ·16· In German,
Page 134 and 135: 5. a. Present b. Past c. Present
Page 136 and 137: Übung 16·3 Rewrite the following
Page 138 and 139: 2. a. Present Past Dem Lehrer wurd
Page 140 and 141: modal 1 participle 1 werden Es soll
Page 142 and 143: ecome or get, and the sentence may
Page 146 and 147: The auxiliaries sein (to be), haben
Page 148 and 149: 8. essen 9. nennen 10. werden gefun
Page 150 and 151: Clauses that are introduced by wenn
Page 152 and 153: 3. , würde ich in Hamburg überna
Page 154 and 155: Übung 17·8 Example: Form sentence
Page 156 and 157: Punctuation ·18· German uses the
Page 158 and 159: Übung 18·2 Example: Using the cue
Page 160 and 161: Very much like English, German will
Page 162 and 163: 5. Esel / Pferd 6. lesen / oder 7.
Page 164 and 165: Letter writing ·19· If you were t
Page 166 and 167: In the text of the letter, it used
Page 168 and 169: In both informal and formal letters
Page 170 and 171: Übung 19·5 Write an e-mail messag
Page 172 and 173: Let’s write! ·20· Übung 20·1
Page 174 and 175: 4. Wird euer Haus in dieser Straße
Page 176 and 177: 3. Wohin? a. b. c. d. e. 4. Wa
Page 178 and 179: Übung 20·8 Choose one of the foll
Page 180 and 181: Answer key 1 Declarative sentences
Page 182 and 183: erster Sohn geboren? 8. Wie tanzt s
Page 184 and 185: 7 Relative pronouns 7·1 1. Die Fra
Page 186 and 187: 10·4 1. a. Der jüngere Bariton si
Page 188 and 189: 8. Nicht heute. Ich gehe nach Hause
Page 190 and 191: 17·3 Sample answers are provided.
Page 192 and 193: 19·5 A sample e-mail message is pr
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