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Wall, D.H., Bradford, M.A., St. John, M.G., Trofymow, J.A., Behan-Pelletier, V., Bignell, D.E., Dangerfield, J.M., Parton, W.J., Rusek, J., Voigt, W., Wolters, V., Gardel, H.Z., Ayuke, F.O., Bashford, R., Beljakova, O.I., Bohlen, P.J., Brauman, A., Flemming, S., Henschel, J.R., Johnson, D.L., Jones, T.H., Kovarova, M., Kranabetter, J.M., Kutny, L., Lin, K.-C., Maryati, M., Masse, D., Pokarzhevskii, A., Rahman, H., Sabará, M.G., Salamon, J.-A., Swift, M.J., Varela, A., Vasconcelos, H.L., White, D. & Zou, X. 2008. Global decomposition experiment shows soil animal impacts on decomposition are climate dependent. Global Change Biology, 14(11): 2661-2677. Wallace, A. 1994. Soil organic matter must be restored to near original levels. Communications in soil science plant analysis, 25: 29-35. Wang, Y.F., Zhang, W.F. & Zhang, F.S. 2010. China’s fertilizer management system: situation, problems and prospect. Xiandai Huagong/Modern Chemical Industry, 31: 6-13. Wang, Z., Van Oost, K., Lang, A., Quine, T., Clymans, W., Merckx, R., Notebaert, B. & Govers, G. 2014. The fate of buried organic carbon in colluvial soils: a long-term perspective. Biogeosciences, 11(3): 873-883. Wardle, D.A., Bardgett, R.D., Klironomos, J.N., Setälä, H., Van Der Putten W.H. & Wall, D.H. 2004. Ecological linkages between aboveground and belowground biota. Science, 304(5677): 1629-1633. Warren, S.D., Thurow, T.L., Blackburn, W.H. & Garza, N.E. 1986. The influence of livestock trampling shortgrass prairie site. Journal of Range Manage, 36: 586–588. Webb, N.P. & Strong, C.L. 2011. Soil erodibility dynamics and its representation for wind erosion and dust emission models. Aeolian Research, 3: 165–179. Webb, N.P., Chappell, A., Strong, C.L., Marx, S.K. & McTainsh, G.H. 2012. The significance of carbonenriched dust for global carbon accounting. Global Change Biology, 18: 3275–3278. Wei, C.Y. & Chen, T.B. 2001. Hyperaccumulators and phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil: a review of studies in China and abroad. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 21: 1196-1203. Wendelin, G. 1646. Pluvia pupurea Bruxellensis. Parisiis, Apud Ludivicum de Heuqueville. Wezel, A., Rajot, J.-L. & Herbrig, C. 2000. Influence of shrubs on soil characteristics and their function in Sahelian agro-ecosystems in semi-arid Niger. Journal of Arid Environments, 44: 383–398. White, R.E. 1987. Introduction to the principles and practice of soil science. Blackwell Sci. Publication. Whitfield, C.J., Aherne, J., Watmough, S.A. & McDonald, M. 2010. Estimating the sensitivity of forest soils to acid deposition in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region, Alberta, Canada. Journal of Limnology, 69(1): 201–208. Wiggs, G.F.S., Baird, A.J. & Atherton, R.J. 2004. The dynamic effects of moisture on the entrainment and transport of sand by wind. Geomorphology, 59: 13–30. Wilke, B.M., Duke, B.J. & Jimoh, W.L.O. 1984. Mineralogy and chemistry of harmattan dust in Northern Nigeria. Catena, 11: 91-96. Willatt, S.T. & Pullar, D.M. 1983. Changes in soil physical properties under grazed pastures. Aust. J. Soil Res., 22: 343-348. Williams, A., Funk, C., Michaelsen, J., Rauscher, S., Robertson, I., Wils, T., Koprowski, M., Eshetu, Z. & Loader, N. 2011. Recent summer precipitation trends in the Greater Horn of Africa and the emerging role of Indian Ocean sea surface temperature. Climate Dynamics, 39(9-10): 2307-2328. Wittmann, H. & von Blanckenburg, F. 2009. Cosmogenic nuclide budgeting of floodplain sediment transfer. Geomorphology, 109(3-4): 246-256. Wolt, J.D. 1981. Sulfate retention by acid sulphate-polluted soils in the Copper Basin area of Tennessee. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 45: 283-287. Status of the World’s Soil Resources | Main Report Global soil status, processes and trends 166
Wood, M.K. & Blackburn, W.H. 1984. Vegetation and soil responses to cattle grazing systems in the Texas Rolling Plains. Journal Range Management, 37: 303-308. Xu, R.K., Coventry, D.R., Farhoodi, A. & Schultz, J.E. 2002. Soil acidification as influenced by crop rotations, stubble management, and application of nitrogenous fertiliser, Tarlee, South Australia. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 40: 483-496. Yue, X., Wang, H., Wang, Z. & Fan, K. 2009. Simulation of dust aerosol radiative feedback using the Global Transport Model of Dust: 1. Dust cycle and validation. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984–2012), 114(D 10). Zentner, R., McConkey, B., Campbell, C., Dyck, F. & Selles, F. 1996. Economics of conservation tillage in the semiarid prairie. Can. J. Plant Sci., 76(4): 697-705. Zhao, Y., Duan, L., Xing, J., Larssen, T., Nielsen, C.P. & Hao, J. 2009. Soil acidification in China: is controlling SO 2 emissions enough? Environmental Science and Technology, 43: 8021-8026. Zobeck, T.M. & Bilbro, J.D. 2001. Crop productivity and surface soil properties of a severely wind eroded soil. In D.E. Stott, R.H. Mohtar & G.C. Steinhardt, eds. Sustaining the Global Farm, pp. 617-622. Selected Papers From the 10th International Soil Conservation Organization Meeting. West Lafayette, IN, International Soil Conservation Organization. Zobeck, T.M. & Van Pelt, R.S. 2011. Wind erosion. In L. Hatfield & T.J. Sauer, eds. Soil Management: Building a Stable Base for Agriculture, pp. 209–227. Madison, WI, Soil Science Society of America, Inc. Zobeck, T.M. 1991. Soil properties affecting wind erosion. Journal of Soil & Water Conservation, 46(2): 112–118. Zreda, M., Shuttleworth, W.J., Zeng, X., Zweck, C., Desilets, D., Franz, T. & Rosolem, R. 2012. COSMOS: The COsmic-ray Soil Moisture Observing System. Hydrology and Earth System Science, 16: 4079-4099. Status of the World’s Soil Resources | Main Report Global soil status, processes and trends 167
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Status of the World’s Main Report
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Dick, Warren Dos Santos Baptista, I
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Table of contents Disclaimer and co
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4.1 | Current land cover and land u
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6.5.5 | Responses | 126 6.6 | Soil
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7.7.3 | Soil and drought hazard | 1
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9.5.2 | South Africa | 266 9.6 | Su
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12.3.8 | Soil acidification | 373 1
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14.5.4 | Nutrient imbalance | 464 1
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Foreword This document presents the
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Preface | Scope of The State of the
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Acknowledgments The Status of the W
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CACILM CAMRE CAZRI CBD CBM-CFS CCAF
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FDNPS FFS FIA FSI FSR GAP GDP GEF G
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LU MA MADRPM MAF MAFF MDBA MDGS MEN
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SKM SLAM SLC SLM SMAP SMOS SOC SOE
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List of tables Table 1.1 | Chronolo
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List of figures Figure 2.1 | Overvi
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Figure 6.15 | Factors controlling s
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Figure 11.4 | Soil map and soil deg
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colored diaper associated with micr
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Preface The main objectives of The
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Global soil resources Coordinating
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The balance between the supporting
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1.2 | Basic concepts Prior to the 2
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Soil functions and ecosystem servic
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Climate regulation ∑ Regulation o
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2 | The role of soils in ecosystem
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2.1.2 | Nature and formation of soi
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2.1.4 | Factors influencing soil C
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In coming years, human population a
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Management practices need to be imp
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Another important role of soil wate
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The development of molecular techno
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Fierer, N., Ladau, J., Clemente, J.
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Sato, T., Qadir, M., Yamamoto, S.,
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3 | Global Soil Resources 3.1 | The
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Fridland’s was the first attempt
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Soil management has a considerable
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Accumulation of water soluble salts
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and increases infiltration, which r
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Figure 3.7 Soil suitability for cro
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3.7 | Global assessments of soil ch
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3.7.2 | LADA-GLADIS: the ecosystem
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References AFES. 2008. Réferentiel
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Neustuev, S.S. 1931. Elements of So
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75% crops Mixed >50% artificial 50-
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or increasing forest areas. Between
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Degrading land covers approximately
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70 60 (A) soil carbon 50 Soil
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A meta-analysis of 57 publications
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the nutrient inputs remain in the c
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Livestock density Livestock product
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4.3.3 | Land use change resulting i
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Impact of land take Land take, by i
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Photo by F. Macias Photo by J.C. Fe
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The formation of sulfidic material
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are however strongly dependent on t
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Figure 4.10 Global distribution of
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Bardgett, R.D. & van der Putten, W.
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Dentener, F., Drevet, J., Lamarque,
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Hettelingh, J.P., Sliggers, J., van
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Magnani, F., Mencuccini, M., Borghe
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Pugh, T.A.M., Arneth, A., Olin, S.,
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Van Aardenne, J.A., Dentener, F.J.,
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5 | Drivers of global soil change D
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5.1.2 | Urbanization In tandem with
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Large areas of arable land have bee
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most affected zone with 15 million
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(Brito et al., 2005). This has impl
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MA. 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well
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6.1.2 | Status of Soil Erosion Over
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Figure 6.2 Location of active and f
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High soil erosion rates will also h
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Near-surface soil water content has
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6.2 | Global soil organic carbon st
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where the drainage in the 1960’s
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6.2.4 | Spatial distribution of car
Page 157 and 158: Vegetation Classes Topsoil Subsoil
Page 159 and 160: Soil Order Historic Area 10 6 ha Pr
Page 161 and 162: 6.3 | Soil contamination status and
Page 163 and 164: and Uruguay. The number of exposed
Page 165 and 166: products increase soil acidity (Bar
Page 167 and 168: availability and inhibit plant grow
Page 169 and 170: In several Asian countries, a blend
Page 171 and 172: underlines the need for global-scal
Page 173 and 174: Figure 6.10 Urbanisation of the bes
Page 175 and 176: Figure 6.11 Major components of the
Page 177 and 178: Within the same continent, large va
Page 179 and 180: Box 6.2 | Nutrient balances in urba
Page 181 and 182: is among the top options in the por
Page 183 and 184: The quality of the soil’s water i
Page 185 and 186: At continental scales, the only pra
Page 187 and 188: Figure 6.16 (a) Global distribution
Page 189 and 190: Engineering in Japan, 5: 157-174. A
Page 191 and 192: Chadwick, D., Sommer, S., Thorman,
Page 193 and 194: Drechsel, Pay, Giordano, Mark, Gyie
Page 195 and 196: Gardner, T., Acosta-Martinez, V., C
Page 197 and 198: Hue, N.V. & Licudine, D.L. 1999. Am
Page 199 and 200: Liski, J., Ilvesniemi, H., Mäkelä
Page 201 and 202: Ng, H. 2010. Regional Assessment: S
Page 203 and 204: Reheis, M. 1997. Dust deposition do
Page 205 and 206: Smith, K.A., McTaggart, I.P. & Tsur
Page 207: United Nations. 2008. World Urbaniz
Page 211 and 212: 7 | The impact of soil change on ec
Page 213 and 214: Rockström et al. (2009) suggest we
Page 215 and 216: 0.0 Response 1.0 Water quality Soil
Page 217 and 218: One approach to maintaining soil he
Page 219 and 220: Author Database Used Extent Estimat
Page 221 and 222: salinization. Safe design and opera
Page 223 and 224: The second limitation to prediction
Page 225 and 226: Figure 7.6 Some soil-related feedba
Page 227 and 228: soils occurs on largely unmanaged a
Page 229 and 230: extremes several weeks in advance (
Page 231 and 232: The direct effect of aerosols on th
Page 233 and 234: capacity declines as N loads increa
Page 235 and 236: The concept of the critical load of
Page 237 and 238: as it indicates that management and
Page 239 and 240: 10-year frequency Ten-year frequenc
Page 241 and 242: phenomena such as the onset of mass
Page 243 and 244: Although poorly explored, diversity
Page 245 and 246: affect the health of humans and ani
Page 247 and 248: Bever, J.D., Westover, K.M. & Anton
Page 249 and 250: Damoah, R., Spichtinger, N., Servra
Page 251 and 252: Fenn, M.E., Poth, M.A., Aber, J.D.,
Page 253 and 254: Heimann, M. & Reichstein, M. 2008.
Page 255 and 256: Koster, R.D., Dirmeyer, P.A., Guo,
Page 257 and 258: Naeem, S., Bunker, D.E., Hector, A.
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Raufman, Y.J. & Fraser, R.S. 1997.
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Sheffield, J. & Wood, E.F. 2007. Pr
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UNEP. 2012. Policy Implications of
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8 | Governance and policy responses
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contemporary challenge for policy m
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Year 1982 FAO World Soil Charter 19
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Ensure integrated management of pes
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8.4 | Regional soil policies 8.4.1
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while in areas with fertile soils t
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In New Zealand, there are few regul
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The SEEA Central Framework identifi
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EC. 2013. Decision No 1386/2013/EU
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World Bank. 2011. Rising Global Int
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9.1 | Introduction Land degradation
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Figure 9.1 Agro-ecological zones in
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The soils are strongly weathered an
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It exposes the soil to the erosive
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In many African cultures, harvestin
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Maputo accounts for 83 percent of t
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Poverty: General poverty of the far
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Considering that over 80 percent of
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Extent of SOM decline in the region
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Many farmers do not follow recommen
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9.5 | Case studies 9.5.1 | Senegal
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Figure 9.7 Extent of dominant degra
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management, it is important to note
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From 2006, several further national
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Figure 9.12 Actual water erosion pr
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Figure 9.13 Topsoil pH derived from
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Figure 9.14 Change in land-cover be
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Waterlogging Compaction Soil sealin
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Birru, T.C. 2002. Organic matter re
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Hein, L. & De Ridder, N. 2006. Dese
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Meyer, J.H., Harding, R., Rampersad
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Smith P. 2008. Soil organic carbon
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10 | Regional Assessment of Soil Ch
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Figure 10.1 Length of the available
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Figure 10.2 Threats to soils in the
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10.3.4 | Soil acidification There i
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In paddy rice cultivation and uplan
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10.3.10 | Sealing and capping Seali
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practices. On low slopes, agronomic
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(Valentin et al., 2008). For peatla
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in Laos (59 kg N ha -1 ). On the ot
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Sub-Regions. Inceptisols are the do
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10.5.2 | Case study for Indonesia T
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Peat fire is another important proc
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An agricultural soil monitoring pro
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The Basic Soil-Environmental Monito
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Figure 10.8 Estimate CH 4 emission
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Threat to soil function Soil erosio
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References Aggarwal, G.C., Sidhu, A
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FAO. 2012. FAOSTAT. Rome, FAO. (Als
Page 365 and 366:
Kukal, S.S. & Aggarwal, G.C. 2003.
Page 367 and 368:
Piao, S., Fang, J., Ciais, P., Peyl
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Taniyama, I. 2003. Study of soil fa
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Zhao, Y., Duan, L., Xing, J., Larss
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11.1 | Introduction The majority of
Page 375 and 376:
The internal stratification within
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Mediterranean zone This zone by def
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(5) Salinization and sodification I
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The real extent of diffuse soil con
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While there is no harmonised exhaus
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Prepared by I. Alyabina Figure 11.2
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This is due to the country’s geo-
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Future changes in climate and land
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Considering an increase of industri
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Comparison of cultivated soils with
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Figure 11.3 Some types and extent o
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The plains in the basins of Amu Dar
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Threat to soil function Soil sealin
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References Acosta, J.A., Faz, A., J
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Inisheva, L.I. (ed.). 2005. Concept
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van Lynden, G.W.J. 1997. Guidelines
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12.1 | Introduction This chapter di
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Figure 12.1 Biomes in Latin America
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Temperate Grasslands, Savannahs and
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humid. The most common soil groups
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12.3.6 | Compaction In LAC there ar
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New regional information has been g
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Primary forests have higher carbon
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Prepared by C. Cruz-Gaistardo Figur
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The salinity of soils on the cultiv
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Figure 12.6 Expansion of the agricu
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Figure 12.7 Percentage of areas aff
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Figure 12.8 Predominant types of la
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Page 433 and 434:
Boddey, R.M., Alves, B.J.R, Jantali
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Gardi, C., Angelini, M., Barceló,
Page 437 and 438:
Nogueira, M.A., Albino, U.B., Brand
Page 439 and 440:
Spavorek, G., Bemdes, G., Barreto,
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13 | Regional Assessment of Soil Ch
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The Arab Centre for the Study of Ar
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Poverty within this system is exten
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Wind erosion A review conducted by
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13.3.5 | Soil salinization/sodifica
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13.3.9 | Compaction Soil compaction
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13.4 | Major soil threats in the re
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In Sudan, studies showed that in ar
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2002). There are few studies on the
Page 459 and 460:
Consequences of salinization Salini
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Rates of C change are influenced no
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Figure 13.3 Layout of the project s
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13.5 | Case studies 13.5.1 | Case s
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Studies show that both climatic and
Page 469 and 470:
2 - Land degradation assessment map
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Figure 13.9 Type of ecosystem servi
Page 473 and 474:
Page 475 and 476:
References Abahussain, A.A., Abdu,
Page 477 and 478:
Badraoui, M. 1998. Effects of inten
Page 479 and 480:
FAO. 2004. Regional Workshop on Pro
Page 481 and 482:
Mamdouh Nasr. 1999. Assessing Deser
Page 483 and 484:
Yaghi, B. & Abdul-Wahab, S.A. 2004.
Page 485 and 486:
14.1 | Introduction Although Canada
Page 487 and 488:
The area of forested land in Canada
Page 489 and 490:
14.3 | Soil threats This section fo
Page 491 and 492:
Figure 14.2 Map of Superfund sites
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Figure 14.3 Areas in United States
Page 495 and 496:
The drivers for soil sealing in Can
Page 497 and 498:
14.4.1 | Soil erosion Soil erosion
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The relationship between soil prope
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14.4.4 | Soil biodiversity Soil bio
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Figure 14.5 Risk of water erosion i
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Figure 14.7 Soil organic carbon cha
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Figure 14.8 Residual soil N in Cana
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14.6 | Conclusions and recommendati
Page 511 and 512:
Compaction Sealing and land take Sa
Page 513 and 514:
Clearwater, R.L., Martin, T., Hoppe
Page 515 and 516:
Kurz, W.A., Dymond, C.C., White, T.
Page 517 and 518:
USDA. 2011. Resource Conservation A
Page 519 and 520:
15.1 | Introduction The Southwest P
Page 521 and 522:
of the country. The undulating and
Page 523 and 524:
The broad area of Near Oceania (inc
Page 525 and 526:
Country and land-use driver Implica
Page 527 and 528:
15.5 | Threats to soils in the regi
Page 529 and 530:
egenerating soils. The South Island
Page 531 and 532:
New Zealand The importance of soil
Page 533 and 534:
Fertilizers Impurities in fertilize
Page 535 and 536:
The main onsite effects of acidific
Page 537 and 538:
Saltwater intrusion Saltwater intru
Page 539 and 540:
Phosphorus is naturally deficient a
Page 541 and 542:
Canterbury region. There has been a
Page 543 and 544:
Figure 15.3 (a) Trends in winter ra
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Figure 15.5 Agricultural lime sales
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The management of water is also fun
Page 549 and 550:
The DustWatch network Australia has
Page 551 and 552:
Soil sealing and capping Contaminat
Page 553 and 554:
Bui, E.N., Hancock, G.J. & Wilkinso
Page 555 and 556:
Hartemink, A.E. 1998b. Acidificatio
Page 557 and 558:
Moorehead, A. (ed.). 2011. Forests
Page 559 and 560:
Robertson, M.J., George, R.J., O’
Page 561 and 562:
Wilson, B.R. & Lonergan, V.E. 2013.
Page 563 and 564:
16.1 | Antarctic soils and environm
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16.3 | Response All activities in A
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IAATO. 2014. Tourism statistics. In
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Annex | Soil groups, characteristic
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a Photo by C. Tarnocai b Photo by S
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Figure A 2 (a) An Anthrosol (Plagge
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a Photo by P. Charzyński Figure A
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a Photo by A. Filaretova b Photo by
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Figure A 5 (a) A Leptosol profile i
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a Photo by L. Wilding b Photo by L.
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Figure A 7 (a) A Solonetz profile a
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a Photo by T. Toth b Photo by S. Kh
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Figure A 9 (a) A Podzol profile and
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FERRALSOLS (OXISOLS) Ferralsols (Fi
Page 591 and 592:
NITISOLS (Alfisols, Ultisols, Incep
Page 593 and 594:
PLINTHOSOLS (Plinthic sub-groups) P
Page 595 and 596:
PLANOSOLS (Albaqualfs, Albaquults a
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GLEYSOLS (Aquic suborder and Endoaq
Page 599 and 600:
STAGNOSOLS (Aquic Suborders and Epi
Page 601 and 602:
ANDOSOLS (ANDISOLS) Andosols (Figur
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5 | Soils with accumulation of orga
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KASTANOZEMS (Ustolls and Xerolls) K
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PHAEOZEMS (Udolls and Albolls) Phae
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UMBRISOLS (Umbric Great Group in Aq
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6 | Soils with accumulation of mode
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CALCISOLS (Calcids, Argids, Cambids
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GYPSISOLS (Gypsids) Gypsisols are c
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7 | Soils with a clay-enriched subs
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ACRISOLS (Kan- great groups of Ulti
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LIXISOLS (Kan - great groups of Alf
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ALISOLS (Ultisols with an argillic
Page 625 and 626:
LUVISOLS (Alfisols with an argillic
Page 627 and 628:
8 | Soils with little or no profile
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REGOSOLS (Orthents) Regisols are th
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ARENOSOLS (Psamments) Arenosols are
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FLUVISOLS (Fluvents, Fluv-Subroups)
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9 | Permanently flooded soils WASSE
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Kastanozems Histosols Gypsisols Gre
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Jones, A., Breuning-Madsen, H., Bro
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Glossary of technical terms Aerobic
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Topsoil: the upper part of a natura
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Broll, Gabrielle Bruulsma, Tom Bunn
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Leys, John Lobb, David Ma, Lin Maci
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Urquiaga Caballero, Segundo Urquiza
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