World’s Soil Resources

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EEA. 1995. In D. Stanners & P. Boureau, eds. Europe’s Environment: The Dobris Assessment. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxemburg EEA. 2005a Agriculture and environment in EU – 15 – The IRENA indicator report. EEA report no 6/2005. European Environment Agency. EEA. 2011. European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register. (Also available at pgAbout.aspx ) http://prtr.ec.europa.eu/ EEA. 2009. Degree of soil sealing 100 m — EEA Fast Track Service Precursor on Land Monitoring. ETC/LUSI. European Environment Agency. EEA. 2010b. The European environment — state and outlook 2010: air pollution. Copenhagen, European Environment Agency. EEA. 2010c. Exposure of ecosystems to acidification, eutrophication and ozone (CSI 005). European Environment Agency. EEA. 2010d. The European environment — state and outlook 2010: land use. Copenhagen, European Environment Agency. EEA. 2014. Progress in Management of Contaminated Sites. Copenhagen, European Environment Agency. EEA. 2010a. The European Environment State and Outlook 2010: Freshwater Quality. Denmark, Copenhagen. Fischer, G., Van Velthuyzen, H.T., Shah, M.M. & Nachtergaele, F.O. 2002. Global agro-ecological assessment for agriculture in the 21 st century: methodology and results. IIASA Research Report RR-02-002. Laxenburg. FAO. 2015. FAOSTAT. Rome, FAO. (Also available at http://faostat 3.fao.org/home/E) Follain, S., Schvartz, C., Denoroy, P., Villette, C., Arrouays, D., Walter, C., Lemercier, B. & Saby, N.P.A. 2009. From quantitative to agronomic assessment of soil available phosphorus content of French arable topsoils. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 29: 371-380. Gafurova, L., Abdrakhmanov, T., Zhabborov, Z. & Saidova, M. 2012. Soil degradation. Tashkent. pp. 18-204. [In Uzbek] García-Ruiz, J.M., López-Moreno, J.I., Vicente-Serrano, S.M., Lasanta-Martínez, T. & Baguería, S. 2011. Mediterranean water resources in a global change scenario. Earth-Science Reviews, 105(3-4): 121-139. GDRS. 1987. General Management Planning of Turkey, Soil Conservation Main Plan. General Directorate of Rural Services. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Villages. Ankara. Gentile, A.R., Barceló-Cordón, S. & Van Liedekerke, M. 2009. Soil Country Analyses – Austria. Luxembourg, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. 56 pp. Grekov, Datsko, L.V., Zhilkin, V.A., Maistrenko, M.I. & Datsko, M.O. 2011. Methodical instructions for soil protection. Kyiv, The State Center of Soil Fertility Protection. 108 pp. [in Ukranian] Grizzetti, B., Bouraoui, F. & Aloe, A. 2007. Spatialised European Nutrient Balance. Institute for Environment and Sustainability. EUR 22692 EN Hernández Bastida, J.A., Vela de Oro, N. & Ortiz Silla, R. 2004. Electrolytic Conductivity of Semiarid Soils (Southeastern Spain) in Relation to Ion Composition. Arid Land Research and Management, 18(3): 265-281. Huber, S.,Prokop, G., Arrouays, D., Banko, G., Bispo, A., Jones, R.J.A., Kibblewhite, M.G., Lexer, W., Möller, A., Rickson, R.J.;,Shishkov, T., Stephens, M., Toth, G., Van den Akker, J.J.H., Varallyay, G., Verheijen, F.G.A. & Jones, A.R. (eds.) 2008. Environmental Assessment of Soil for Monitoring: Volume I Indicators and Criteria. EUR 23490 EN/1. Office for the Official Publication of the European Communities, Luxembourg, 339 pp. Status of the World’s Soil Resources | Main Report Regional Assessment of Soil Changes 360 in Europe and Eurasia
Inisheva, L.I. (ed.). 2005. Concept of protection and rational use of peatlands of Russia. Tomsk, Central Peat Research Institute Publ. 99 pp. [In Russian] Ismayilov, A. 2013. Soil Resources of Azerbaijan. In Y. Yigini, P. Panagos & L. Montanarella, eds. Soil Resources of Mediterranean and Caucasus Countries, pp. 16-36. Luxembourg, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. Jones, J.A. & Montanarella, L. (eds). 2003. Land Degradation. European Soils Bureau Research Report # 10. EUR 20559 EN. 324pp. Jones, R.J.A., Hiederer, B., Rusco, F. & Montanarella, L. 2005. Estimating organic carbon in the soils of Europe for policy support. European Journal of Soil Science 56: 655 -671. Jones, A., Panagos, P., Barcelo, S., Bouraoui, F., Bosco, C., Dewitte, O., Gardi, C., Erhard, M., Hervás, J., Hiederer, R., Jeffery, S., Lükewille, A., Marmo, L., Montanarella, L., Olazábal, C., Petersen, J.-E., Penizek, V., Strassburger, T., Tóth, G., Van Den Eeckhaut, M., Van Liedekerke, M., Verheijen, F., Viestova, E. & Yigini, Y. 2011. The State of Soil in Europe. Luxembourg, Publications Office of the European Union. 71 pp. Kibblewhite, M. Jones, R.J.A., Baritz, R. Huber, S., Arrouays, D., Michéli, E. & Dufour, M.J.D. 2005. Environmental Assessment of Soil for Monitoring. European Commission Desertification meeting. Brussels, 12-13 Oct 2005. Kovats, R.S., Valentini, R., Bouwer, L.M., Georgopoulou, E., Jacob, D., Martin, E., Rounsevell, M. & Soussana, J.-F. 2014. Europe. In V.R. Barros, C.B. Field, D.J. Dokken, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea & L.L. White, eds. Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects, pp. 1267- 1326. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. UK, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press & USA, New York, NY. Kurbanov, E.K. (ed.). 2001. Atlas: Land Resources of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Tashkent, Goskomzemgeodezkadastr of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Publ. Patent-press. [In Russian] Kuziev, R.K. & Sektimenko, V.E. 2009. The Soils of Uzbekistan. Tashkent, Extremum Press. 351 pp. [in Russian] Laktionova, T.M., Medvedev, V.V., Savchenko, K.V., Bihun, Shejko, S.M. & Nakisko, S.G. 2010. Structure and the order of data base using Soils Properties of Ukraine. (Instruction). Kharkiv, Apostrophe. 96 pp. [in Ukranian] Leah, T. 2012. Land resources management and soil degradation factors in the Republic of Moldova. In The 3 rd International Symposium, Agrarian Economy and Rural Development - realities and perspectives for Romania, 11-13 October 2012, pp. 194-200. Romania, Bucharest. Lemercier, B., Gaudin, L., Walter, C., Aurousseau, P., Arrouays, D., Schvartz, C., Saby, N.P.A., Follain, S. & Abrassart, J. 2008. Soil phosphorus monitoring at the regional level by means of a soil test database. Soil Use and Management, 24: 131-138. Medvedev, V.V. 2012. Soil monitoring of the Ukraine. The concept. Results. Tasks. (2-nd reconsidered and added edition). Kharkiv, The City printing house. 536 pp. [in Russian] Ministry of Natural Resources. 2006. State Report On the State and Protection of Environment in Russian Federation in 2005. Land Resources of Rsuuian Federation for the 1 st of January 2006. Moscow. 45 pp. [in Russian] Morvan, X.P.P., Saby, N.P.A., Arrouays, D., Le Bas, C., Jones, R.J.A., Verheijen, F.G.A., Bellamy, P.H., Stephens, M. & Kibblewhite, M.G. 2008. Soil monitoring in Europe: a review of existing systems and requirements for harmonisation. Sci. Tot. Env., 391: 1-12. Novikova, A.V. 2009. The study of saline and solonetz soils: their genesis, melioration, and ecology. Kharkiv, Dkukarnya. 720 pp. [in Russian] Oldeman, L.R. 1998. Soil Degradation: A Threat to Food Security? Report 98/01. The Netherlands, Wageningen, International Soil Reference and Information Centre. 14 pp. Status of the World’s Soil Resources | Main Report Regional Assessment of Soil Changes 361 in Europe and Eurasia
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Status of the World’s Main Report
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Dick, Warren Dos Santos Baptista, I
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Table of contents Disclaimer and co
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4.1 | Current land cover and land u
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6.5.5 | Responses | 126 6.6 | Soil
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7.7.3 | Soil and drought hazard | 1
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9.5.2 | South Africa | 266 9.6 | Su
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12.3.8 | Soil acidification | 373 1
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14.5.4 | Nutrient imbalance | 464 1
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Foreword This document presents the
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Preface | Scope of The State of the
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Acknowledgments The Status of the W
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CACILM CAMRE CAZRI CBD CBM-CFS CCAF
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FDNPS FFS FIA FSI FSR GAP GDP GEF G
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LU MA MADRPM MAF MAFF MDBA MDGS MEN
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SKM SLAM SLC SLM SMAP SMOS SOC SOE
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List of tables Table 1.1 | Chronolo
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List of figures Figure 2.1 | Overvi
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Figure 6.15 | Factors controlling s
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Figure 11.4 | Soil map and soil deg
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colored diaper associated with micr
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Preface The main objectives of The
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Global soil resources Coordinating
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The balance between the supporting
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1.2 | Basic concepts Prior to the 2
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Soil functions and ecosystem servic
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Climate regulation ∑ Regulation o
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2 | The role of soils in ecosystem
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2.1.2 | Nature and formation of soi
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2.1.4 | Factors influencing soil C
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In coming years, human population a
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Management practices need to be imp
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Another important role of soil wate
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The development of molecular techno
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Fierer, N., Ladau, J., Clemente, J.
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Sato, T., Qadir, M., Yamamoto, S.,
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3 | Global Soil Resources 3.1 | The
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Fridland’s was the first attempt
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Soil management has a considerable
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Accumulation of water soluble salts
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and increases infiltration, which r
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Figure 3.7 Soil suitability for cro
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3.7 | Global assessments of soil ch
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3.7.2 | LADA-GLADIS: the ecosystem
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References AFES. 2008. Réferentiel
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Neustuev, S.S. 1931. Elements of So
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75% crops Mixed >50% artificial 50-
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or increasing forest areas. Between
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Degrading land covers approximately
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70 60 (A) soil carbon 50 Soil
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A meta-analysis of 57 publications
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the nutrient inputs remain in the c
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Livestock density Livestock product
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4.3.3 | Land use change resulting i
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Impact of land take Land take, by i
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Photo by F. Macias Photo by J.C. Fe
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The formation of sulfidic material
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are however strongly dependent on t
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Figure 4.10 Global distribution of
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Bardgett, R.D. & van der Putten, W.
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Dentener, F., Drevet, J., Lamarque,
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Hettelingh, J.P., Sliggers, J., van
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Magnani, F., Mencuccini, M., Borghe
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Pugh, T.A.M., Arneth, A., Olin, S.,
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Van Aardenne, J.A., Dentener, F.J.,
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5 | Drivers of global soil change D
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5.1.2 | Urbanization In tandem with
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Large areas of arable land have bee
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most affected zone with 15 million
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(Brito et al., 2005). This has impl
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MA. 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well
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6.1.2 | Status of Soil Erosion Over
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Figure 6.2 Location of active and f
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High soil erosion rates will also h
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Near-surface soil water content has
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6.2 | Global soil organic carbon st
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where the drainage in the 1960’s
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6.2.4 | Spatial distribution of car
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Vegetation Classes Topsoil Subsoil
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Soil Order Historic Area 10 6 ha Pr
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6.3 | Soil contamination status and
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and Uruguay. The number of exposed
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products increase soil acidity (Bar
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availability and inhibit plant grow
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In several Asian countries, a blend
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underlines the need for global-scal
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Figure 6.10 Urbanisation of the bes
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Figure 6.11 Major components of the
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Within the same continent, large va
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Box 6.2 | Nutrient balances in urba
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is among the top options in the por
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The quality of the soil’s water i
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At continental scales, the only pra
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Figure 6.16 (a) Global distribution
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Engineering in Japan, 5: 157-174. A
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Chadwick, D., Sommer, S., Thorman,
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Drechsel, Pay, Giordano, Mark, Gyie
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Gardner, T., Acosta-Martinez, V., C
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Hue, N.V. & Licudine, D.L. 1999. Am
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Liski, J., Ilvesniemi, H., Mäkelä
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Ng, H. 2010. Regional Assessment: S
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Reheis, M. 1997. Dust deposition do
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Smith, K.A., McTaggart, I.P. & Tsur
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United Nations. 2008. World Urbaniz
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Wood, M.K. & Blackburn, W.H. 1984.
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7 | The impact of soil change on ec
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Rockström et al. (2009) suggest we
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0.0 Response 1.0 Water quality Soil
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One approach to maintaining soil he
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Author Database Used Extent Estimat
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salinization. Safe design and opera
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The second limitation to prediction
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Figure 7.6 Some soil-related feedba
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soils occurs on largely unmanaged a
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extremes several weeks in advance (
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The direct effect of aerosols on th
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capacity declines as N loads increa
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The concept of the critical load of
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as it indicates that management and
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10-year frequency Ten-year frequenc
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phenomena such as the onset of mass
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Although poorly explored, diversity
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affect the health of humans and ani
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Bever, J.D., Westover, K.M. & Anton
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Damoah, R., Spichtinger, N., Servra
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Fenn, M.E., Poth, M.A., Aber, J.D.,
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Heimann, M. & Reichstein, M. 2008.
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Koster, R.D., Dirmeyer, P.A., Guo,
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Naeem, S., Bunker, D.E., Hector, A.
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Raufman, Y.J. & Fraser, R.S. 1997.
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Sheffield, J. & Wood, E.F. 2007. Pr
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UNEP. 2012. Policy Implications of
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8 | Governance and policy responses
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contemporary challenge for policy m
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Year 1982 FAO World Soil Charter 19
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Ensure integrated management of pes
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8.4 | Regional soil policies 8.4.1
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while in areas with fertile soils t
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In New Zealand, there are few regul
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The SEEA Central Framework identifi
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EC. 2013. Decision No 1386/2013/EU
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World Bank. 2011. Rising Global Int
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9.1 | Introduction Land degradation
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Figure 9.1 Agro-ecological zones in
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The soils are strongly weathered an
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It exposes the soil to the erosive
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In many African cultures, harvestin
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Maputo accounts for 83 percent of t
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Poverty: General poverty of the far
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Considering that over 80 percent of
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Extent of SOM decline in the region
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Many farmers do not follow recommen
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9.5 | Case studies 9.5.1 | Senegal
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Figure 9.7 Extent of dominant degra
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management, it is important to note
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From 2006, several further national
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Figure 9.12 Actual water erosion pr
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Figure 9.13 Topsoil pH derived from
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Figure 9.14 Change in land-cover be
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Waterlogging Compaction Soil sealin
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Birru, T.C. 2002. Organic matter re
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Hein, L. & De Ridder, N. 2006. Dese
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Meyer, J.H., Harding, R., Rampersad
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Smith P. 2008. Soil organic carbon
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10 | Regional Assessment of Soil Ch
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Figure 10.1 Length of the available
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Figure 10.2 Threats to soils in the
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10.3.4 | Soil acidification There i
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In paddy rice cultivation and uplan
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10.3.10 | Sealing and capping Seali
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practices. On low slopes, agronomic
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(Valentin et al., 2008). For peatla
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in Laos (59 kg N ha -1 ). On the ot
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Sub-Regions. Inceptisols are the do
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10.5.2 | Case study for Indonesia T
Page 351 and 352: Peat fire is another important proc
Page 353 and 354: An agricultural soil monitoring pro
Page 355 and 356: The Basic Soil-Environmental Monito
Page 357 and 358: Figure 10.8 Estimate CH 4 emission
Page 359 and 360: Threat to soil function Soil erosio
Page 361 and 362: References Aggarwal, G.C., Sidhu, A
Page 363 and 364: FAO. 2012. FAOSTAT. Rome, FAO. (Als
Page 365 and 366: Kukal, S.S. & Aggarwal, G.C. 2003.
Page 367 and 368: Piao, S., Fang, J., Ciais, P., Peyl
Page 369 and 370: Taniyama, I. 2003. Study of soil fa
Page 371 and 372: Zhao, Y., Duan, L., Xing, J., Larss
Page 373 and 374: 11.1 | Introduction The majority of
Page 375 and 376: The internal stratification within
Page 377 and 378: Mediterranean zone This zone by def
Page 379 and 380: (5) Salinization and sodification I
Page 381 and 382: The real extent of diffuse soil con
Page 383 and 384: While there is no harmonised exhaus
Page 385 and 386: Prepared by I. Alyabina Figure 11.2
Page 387 and 388: This is due to the country’s geo-
Page 389 and 390: Future changes in climate and land
Page 391 and 392: Considering an increase of industri
Page 393 and 394: Comparison of cultivated soils with
Page 395 and 396: Figure 11.3 Some types and extent o
Page 397 and 398: The plains in the basins of Amu Dar
Page 399 and 400: Threat to soil function Soil sealin
Page 401: References Acosta, J.A., Faz, A., J
Page 405 and 406: van Lynden, G.W.J. 1997. Guidelines
Page 407 and 408: 12.1 | Introduction This chapter di
Page 409 and 410: Figure 12.1 Biomes in Latin America
Page 411 and 412: Temperate Grasslands, Savannahs and
Page 413 and 414: humid. The most common soil groups
Page 415 and 416: 12.3.6 | Compaction In LAC there ar
Page 417 and 418: New regional information has been g
Page 419 and 420: Primary forests have higher carbon
Page 421 and 422: Prepared by C. Cruz-Gaistardo Figur
Page 423 and 424: The salinity of soils on the cultiv
Page 425 and 426: Figure 12.6 Expansion of the agricu
Page 427 and 428: Figure 12.7 Percentage of areas aff
Page 429 and 430: Figure 12.8 Predominant types of la
Page 431 and 432: Threat to soil function Soil erosio
Page 433 and 434: Boddey, R.M., Alves, B.J.R, Jantali
Page 435 and 436: Gardi, C., Angelini, M., Barceló,
Page 437 and 438: Nogueira, M.A., Albino, U.B., Brand
Page 439 and 440: Spavorek, G., Bemdes, G., Barreto,
Page 441 and 442: 13 | Regional Assessment of Soil Ch
Page 443 and 444: The Arab Centre for the Study of Ar
Page 445 and 446: Poverty within this system is exten
Page 447 and 448: Wind erosion A review conducted by
Page 449 and 450: 13.3.5 | Soil salinization/sodifica
Page 451 and 452: 13.3.9 | Compaction Soil compaction
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13.4 | Major soil threats in the re
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In Sudan, studies showed that in ar
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2002). There are few studies on the
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Consequences of salinization Salini
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Rates of C change are influenced no
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Figure 13.3 Layout of the project s
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13.5 | Case studies 13.5.1 | Case s
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Studies show that both climatic and
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2 - Land degradation assessment map
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Figure 13.9 Type of ecosystem servi
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Threat to soil function Soil erosio
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References Abahussain, A.A., Abdu,
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Badraoui, M. 1998. Effects of inten
Page 479 and 480:
FAO. 2004. Regional Workshop on Pro
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Mamdouh Nasr. 1999. Assessing Deser
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Yaghi, B. & Abdul-Wahab, S.A. 2004.
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14.1 | Introduction Although Canada
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The area of forested land in Canada
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14.3 | Soil threats This section fo
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Figure 14.2 Map of Superfund sites
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Figure 14.3 Areas in United States
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The drivers for soil sealing in Can
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14.4.1 | Soil erosion Soil erosion
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The relationship between soil prope
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14.4.4 | Soil biodiversity Soil bio
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Figure 14.5 Risk of water erosion i
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Figure 14.7 Soil organic carbon cha
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Figure 14.8 Residual soil N in Cana
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14.6 | Conclusions and recommendati
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Compaction Sealing and land take Sa
Page 513 and 514:
Clearwater, R.L., Martin, T., Hoppe
Page 515 and 516:
Kurz, W.A., Dymond, C.C., White, T.
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USDA. 2011. Resource Conservation A
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15.1 | Introduction The Southwest P
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of the country. The undulating and
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The broad area of Near Oceania (inc
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Country and land-use driver Implica
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15.5 | Threats to soils in the regi
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egenerating soils. The South Island
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New Zealand The importance of soil
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Fertilizers Impurities in fertilize
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The main onsite effects of acidific
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Saltwater intrusion Saltwater intru
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Phosphorus is naturally deficient a
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Canterbury region. There has been a
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Figure 15.3 (a) Trends in winter ra
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Figure 15.5 Agricultural lime sales
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The management of water is also fun
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The DustWatch network Australia has
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Soil sealing and capping Contaminat
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Bui, E.N., Hancock, G.J. & Wilkinso
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Hartemink, A.E. 1998b. Acidificatio
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Moorehead, A. (ed.). 2011. Forests
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Robertson, M.J., George, R.J., O’
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Wilson, B.R. & Lonergan, V.E. 2013.
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16.1 | Antarctic soils and environm
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16.3 | Response All activities in A
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IAATO. 2014. Tourism statistics. In
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Annex | Soil groups, characteristic
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a Photo by C. Tarnocai b Photo by S
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Figure A 2 (a) An Anthrosol (Plagge
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a Photo by P. Charzyński Figure A
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a Photo by A. Filaretova b Photo by
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Figure A 5 (a) A Leptosol profile i
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a Photo by L. Wilding b Photo by L.
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Figure A 7 (a) A Solonetz profile a
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a Photo by T. Toth b Photo by S. Kh
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Figure A 9 (a) A Podzol profile and
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FERRALSOLS (OXISOLS) Ferralsols (Fi
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NITISOLS (Alfisols, Ultisols, Incep
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PLINTHOSOLS (Plinthic sub-groups) P
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PLANOSOLS (Albaqualfs, Albaquults a
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GLEYSOLS (Aquic suborder and Endoaq
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STAGNOSOLS (Aquic Suborders and Epi
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ANDOSOLS (ANDISOLS) Andosols (Figur
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5 | Soils with accumulation of orga
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KASTANOZEMS (Ustolls and Xerolls) K
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PHAEOZEMS (Udolls and Albolls) Phae
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UMBRISOLS (Umbric Great Group in Aq
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6 | Soils with accumulation of mode
Page 613 and 614:
CALCISOLS (Calcids, Argids, Cambids
Page 615 and 616:
GYPSISOLS (Gypsids) Gypsisols are c
Page 617 and 618:
7 | Soils with a clay-enriched subs
Page 619 and 620:
ACRISOLS (Kan- great groups of Ulti
Page 621 and 622:
LIXISOLS (Kan - great groups of Alf
Page 623 and 624:
ALISOLS (Ultisols with an argillic
Page 625 and 626:
LUVISOLS (Alfisols with an argillic
Page 627 and 628:
8 | Soils with little or no profile
Page 629 and 630:
REGOSOLS (Orthents) Regisols are th
Page 631 and 632:
ARENOSOLS (Psamments) Arenosols are
Page 633 and 634:
FLUVISOLS (Fluvents, Fluv-Subroups)
Page 635 and 636:
9 | Permanently flooded soils WASSE
Page 637 and 638:
Kastanozems Histosols Gypsisols Gre
Page 639 and 640:
Jones, A., Breuning-Madsen, H., Bro
Page 641 and 642:
Glossary of technical terms Aerobic
Page 643 and 644:
Topsoil: the upper part of a natura
Page 645 and 646:
Broll, Gabrielle Bruulsma, Tom Bunn
Page 647 and 648:
Leys, John Lobb, David Ma, Lin Maci
Page 649:
Urquiaga Caballero, Segundo Urquiza
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World’s Soil Resources

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