- Page 1 and 2: Status of the World’s Main Report
- Page 3 and 4: Dick, Warren Dos Santos Baptista, I
- Page 5 and 6: Table of contents Disclaimer and co
- Page 7 and 8: 4.1 | Current land cover and land u
- Page 9 and 10: 6.5.5 | Responses | 126 6.6 | Soil
- Page 11 and 12: 7.7.3 | Soil and drought hazard | 1
- Page 13 and 14: 9.5.2 | South Africa | 266 9.6 | Su
- Page 15 and 16: 12.3.8 | Soil acidification | 373 1
- Page 17 and 18: 14.5.4 | Nutrient imbalance | 464 1
- Page 19 and 20: Foreword This document presents the
- Page 21 and 22: Preface | Scope of The State of the
- Page 23 and 24: Acknowledgments The Status of the W
- Page 25: CACILM CAMRE CAZRI CBD CBM-CFS CCAF
- Page 29 and 30: LU MA MADRPM MAF MAFF MDBA MDGS MEN
- Page 31 and 32: SKM SLAM SLC SLM SMAP SMOS SOC SOE
- Page 33 and 34: List of tables Table 1.1 | Chronolo
- Page 35 and 36: List of figures Figure 2.1 | Overvi
- Page 37 and 38: Figure 6.15 | Factors controlling s
- Page 39 and 40: Figure 11.4 | Soil map and soil deg
- Page 41 and 42: colored diaper associated with micr
- Page 43 and 44: Preface The main objectives of The
- Page 45 and 46: Global soil resources Coordinating
- Page 47 and 48: The balance between the supporting
- Page 49 and 50: 1.2 | Basic concepts Prior to the 2
- Page 51 and 52: Soil functions and ecosystem servic
- Page 53 and 54: Climate regulation ∑ Regulation o
- Page 55 and 56: 2 | The role of soils in ecosystem
- Page 57 and 58: 2.1.2 | Nature and formation of soi
- Page 59 and 60: 2.1.4 | Factors influencing soil C
- Page 61 and 62: In coming years, human population a
- Page 63 and 64: Management practices need to be imp
- Page 65 and 66: Another important role of soil wate
- Page 67 and 68: The development of molecular techno
- Page 69 and 70: Fierer, N., Ladau, J., Clemente, J.
- Page 71 and 72: Sato, T., Qadir, M., Yamamoto, S.,
- Page 73 and 74: 3 | Global Soil Resources 3.1 | The
- Page 75 and 76: Fridland’s was the first attempt
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Soil management has a considerable
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Accumulation of water soluble salts
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and increases infiltration, which r
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Figure 3.7 Soil suitability for cro
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3.7 | Global assessments of soil ch
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3.7.2 | LADA-GLADIS: the ecosystem
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References AFES. 2008. Réferentiel
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Neustuev, S.S. 1931. Elements of So
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75% crops Mixed >50% artificial 50-
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or increasing forest areas. Between
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Degrading land covers approximately
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70 60 (A) soil carbon 50 Soil
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A meta-analysis of 57 publications
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the nutrient inputs remain in the c
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Livestock density Livestock product
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4.3.3 | Land use change resulting i
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Impact of land take Land take, by i
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Photo by F. Macias Photo by J.C. Fe
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The formation of sulfidic material
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are however strongly dependent on t
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Figure 4.10 Global distribution of
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Bardgett, R.D. & van der Putten, W.
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Dentener, F., Drevet, J., Lamarque,
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Hettelingh, J.P., Sliggers, J., van
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Magnani, F., Mencuccini, M., Borghe
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Pugh, T.A.M., Arneth, A., Olin, S.,
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Van Aardenne, J.A., Dentener, F.J.,
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5 | Drivers of global soil change D
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5.1.2 | Urbanization In tandem with
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Large areas of arable land have bee
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most affected zone with 15 million
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(Brito et al., 2005). This has impl
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MA. 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well
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6.1.2 | Status of Soil Erosion Over
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Figure 6.2 Location of active and f
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High soil erosion rates will also h
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Near-surface soil water content has
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6.2 | Global soil organic carbon st
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where the drainage in the 1960’s
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6.2.4 | Spatial distribution of car
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Vegetation Classes Topsoil Subsoil
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Soil Order Historic Area 10 6 ha Pr
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6.3 | Soil contamination status and
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and Uruguay. The number of exposed
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products increase soil acidity (Bar
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availability and inhibit plant grow
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In several Asian countries, a blend
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underlines the need for global-scal
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Figure 6.10 Urbanisation of the bes
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Figure 6.11 Major components of the
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Within the same continent, large va
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Box 6.2 | Nutrient balances in urba
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is among the top options in the por
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The quality of the soil’s water i
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At continental scales, the only pra
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Figure 6.16 (a) Global distribution
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Engineering in Japan, 5: 157-174. A
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Chadwick, D., Sommer, S., Thorman,
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Drechsel, Pay, Giordano, Mark, Gyie
- Page 195 and 196:
Gardner, T., Acosta-Martinez, V., C
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Hue, N.V. & Licudine, D.L. 1999. Am
- Page 199 and 200:
Liski, J., Ilvesniemi, H., Mäkelä
- Page 201 and 202:
Ng, H. 2010. Regional Assessment: S
- Page 203 and 204:
Reheis, M. 1997. Dust deposition do
- Page 205 and 206:
Smith, K.A., McTaggart, I.P. & Tsur
- Page 207 and 208:
United Nations. 2008. World Urbaniz
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Wood, M.K. & Blackburn, W.H. 1984.
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7 | The impact of soil change on ec
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Rockström et al. (2009) suggest we
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0.0 Response 1.0 Water quality Soil
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One approach to maintaining soil he
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Author Database Used Extent Estimat
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salinization. Safe design and opera
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The second limitation to prediction
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Figure 7.6 Some soil-related feedba
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soils occurs on largely unmanaged a
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extremes several weeks in advance (
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The direct effect of aerosols on th
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capacity declines as N loads increa
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The concept of the critical load of
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as it indicates that management and
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10-year frequency Ten-year frequenc
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phenomena such as the onset of mass
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Although poorly explored, diversity
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affect the health of humans and ani
- Page 247 and 248:
Bever, J.D., Westover, K.M. & Anton
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Damoah, R., Spichtinger, N., Servra
- Page 251 and 252:
Fenn, M.E., Poth, M.A., Aber, J.D.,
- Page 253 and 254:
Heimann, M. & Reichstein, M. 2008.
- Page 255 and 256:
Koster, R.D., Dirmeyer, P.A., Guo,
- Page 257 and 258:
Naeem, S., Bunker, D.E., Hector, A.
- Page 259 and 260:
Raufman, Y.J. & Fraser, R.S. 1997.
- Page 261 and 262:
Sheffield, J. & Wood, E.F. 2007. Pr
- Page 263 and 264:
UNEP. 2012. Policy Implications of
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8 | Governance and policy responses
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contemporary challenge for policy m
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Year 1982 FAO World Soil Charter 19
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Ensure integrated management of pes
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8.4 | Regional soil policies 8.4.1
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while in areas with fertile soils t
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In New Zealand, there are few regul
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The SEEA Central Framework identifi
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EC. 2013. Decision No 1386/2013/EU
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World Bank. 2011. Rising Global Int
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9.1 | Introduction Land degradation
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Figure 9.1 Agro-ecological zones in
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The soils are strongly weathered an
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It exposes the soil to the erosive
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In many African cultures, harvestin
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Maputo accounts for 83 percent of t
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Poverty: General poverty of the far
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Considering that over 80 percent of
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Extent of SOM decline in the region
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Many farmers do not follow recommen
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9.5 | Case studies 9.5.1 | Senegal
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Figure 9.7 Extent of dominant degra
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management, it is important to note
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From 2006, several further national
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Figure 9.12 Actual water erosion pr
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Figure 9.13 Topsoil pH derived from
- Page 317 and 318:
Figure 9.14 Change in land-cover be
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Waterlogging Compaction Soil sealin
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Birru, T.C. 2002. Organic matter re
- Page 323 and 324:
Hein, L. & De Ridder, N. 2006. Dese
- Page 325 and 326:
Meyer, J.H., Harding, R., Rampersad
- Page 327 and 328:
Smith P. 2008. Soil organic carbon
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10 | Regional Assessment of Soil Ch
- Page 331 and 332:
Figure 10.1 Length of the available
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Figure 10.2 Threats to soils in the
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10.3.4 | Soil acidification There i
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In paddy rice cultivation and uplan
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10.3.10 | Sealing and capping Seali
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practices. On low slopes, agronomic
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(Valentin et al., 2008). For peatla
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in Laos (59 kg N ha -1 ). On the ot
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Sub-Regions. Inceptisols are the do
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10.5.2 | Case study for Indonesia T
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Peat fire is another important proc
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An agricultural soil monitoring pro
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The Basic Soil-Environmental Monito
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Figure 10.8 Estimate CH 4 emission
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Threat to soil function Soil erosio
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References Aggarwal, G.C., Sidhu, A
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FAO. 2012. FAOSTAT. Rome, FAO. (Als
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Kukal, S.S. & Aggarwal, G.C. 2003.
- Page 367 and 368:
Piao, S., Fang, J., Ciais, P., Peyl
- Page 369 and 370:
Taniyama, I. 2003. Study of soil fa
- Page 371 and 372:
Zhao, Y., Duan, L., Xing, J., Larss
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11.1 | Introduction The majority of
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The internal stratification within
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Mediterranean zone This zone by def
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(5) Salinization and sodification I
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The real extent of diffuse soil con
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While there is no harmonised exhaus
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Prepared by I. Alyabina Figure 11.2
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This is due to the country’s geo-
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Future changes in climate and land
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Considering an increase of industri
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Comparison of cultivated soils with
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Figure 11.3 Some types and extent o
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The plains in the basins of Amu Dar
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Threat to soil function Soil sealin
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References Acosta, J.A., Faz, A., J
- Page 403 and 404:
Inisheva, L.I. (ed.). 2005. Concept
- Page 405 and 406:
van Lynden, G.W.J. 1997. Guidelines
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12.1 | Introduction This chapter di
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Figure 12.1 Biomes in Latin America
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Temperate Grasslands, Savannahs and
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humid. The most common soil groups
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12.3.6 | Compaction In LAC there ar
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New regional information has been g
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Primary forests have higher carbon
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Prepared by C. Cruz-Gaistardo Figur
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The salinity of soils on the cultiv
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Figure 12.6 Expansion of the agricu
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Figure 12.7 Percentage of areas aff
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Figure 12.8 Predominant types of la
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Threat to soil function Soil erosio
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Boddey, R.M., Alves, B.J.R, Jantali
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Gardi, C., Angelini, M., Barceló,
- Page 437 and 438:
Nogueira, M.A., Albino, U.B., Brand
- Page 439 and 440:
Spavorek, G., Bemdes, G., Barreto,
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13 | Regional Assessment of Soil Ch
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The Arab Centre for the Study of Ar
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Poverty within this system is exten
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Wind erosion A review conducted by
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13.3.5 | Soil salinization/sodifica
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13.3.9 | Compaction Soil compaction
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13.4 | Major soil threats in the re
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In Sudan, studies showed that in ar
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2002). There are few studies on the
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Consequences of salinization Salini
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Rates of C change are influenced no
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Figure 13.3 Layout of the project s
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13.5 | Case studies 13.5.1 | Case s
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Studies show that both climatic and
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2 - Land degradation assessment map
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Figure 13.9 Type of ecosystem servi
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Threat to soil function Soil erosio
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References Abahussain, A.A., Abdu,
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Badraoui, M. 1998. Effects of inten
- Page 479 and 480:
FAO. 2004. Regional Workshop on Pro
- Page 481 and 482:
Mamdouh Nasr. 1999. Assessing Deser
- Page 483 and 484:
Yaghi, B. & Abdul-Wahab, S.A. 2004.
- Page 485 and 486:
14.1 | Introduction Although Canada
- Page 487 and 488:
The area of forested land in Canada
- Page 489 and 490:
14.3 | Soil threats This section fo
- Page 491 and 492:
Figure 14.2 Map of Superfund sites
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Figure 14.3 Areas in United States
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The drivers for soil sealing in Can
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14.4.1 | Soil erosion Soil erosion
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The relationship between soil prope
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14.4.4 | Soil biodiversity Soil bio
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Figure 14.5 Risk of water erosion i
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Figure 14.7 Soil organic carbon cha
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Figure 14.8 Residual soil N in Cana
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14.6 | Conclusions and recommendati
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Compaction Sealing and land take Sa
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Clearwater, R.L., Martin, T., Hoppe
- Page 515 and 516:
Kurz, W.A., Dymond, C.C., White, T.
- Page 517 and 518:
USDA. 2011. Resource Conservation A
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15.1 | Introduction The Southwest P
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of the country. The undulating and
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The broad area of Near Oceania (inc
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Country and land-use driver Implica
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15.5 | Threats to soils in the regi
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egenerating soils. The South Island
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New Zealand The importance of soil
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Fertilizers Impurities in fertilize
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The main onsite effects of acidific
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Saltwater intrusion Saltwater intru
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Phosphorus is naturally deficient a
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Canterbury region. There has been a
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Figure 15.3 (a) Trends in winter ra
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Figure 15.5 Agricultural lime sales
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The management of water is also fun
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The DustWatch network Australia has
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Soil sealing and capping Contaminat
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Bui, E.N., Hancock, G.J. & Wilkinso
- Page 555 and 556:
Hartemink, A.E. 1998b. Acidificatio
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Moorehead, A. (ed.). 2011. Forests
- Page 559 and 560:
Robertson, M.J., George, R.J., O’
- Page 561 and 562:
Wilson, B.R. & Lonergan, V.E. 2013.
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16.1 | Antarctic soils and environm
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16.3 | Response All activities in A
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IAATO. 2014. Tourism statistics. In
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Annex | Soil groups, characteristic
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a Photo by C. Tarnocai b Photo by S
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Figure A 2 (a) An Anthrosol (Plagge
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a Photo by P. Charzyński Figure A
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a Photo by A. Filaretova b Photo by
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Figure A 5 (a) A Leptosol profile i
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a Photo by L. Wilding b Photo by L.
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Figure A 7 (a) A Solonetz profile a
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a Photo by T. Toth b Photo by S. Kh
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Figure A 9 (a) A Podzol profile and
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FERRALSOLS (OXISOLS) Ferralsols (Fi
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NITISOLS (Alfisols, Ultisols, Incep
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PLINTHOSOLS (Plinthic sub-groups) P
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PLANOSOLS (Albaqualfs, Albaquults a
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GLEYSOLS (Aquic suborder and Endoaq
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STAGNOSOLS (Aquic Suborders and Epi
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ANDOSOLS (ANDISOLS) Andosols (Figur
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5 | Soils with accumulation of orga
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KASTANOZEMS (Ustolls and Xerolls) K
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PHAEOZEMS (Udolls and Albolls) Phae
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UMBRISOLS (Umbric Great Group in Aq
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6 | Soils with accumulation of mode
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CALCISOLS (Calcids, Argids, Cambids
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GYPSISOLS (Gypsids) Gypsisols are c
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7 | Soils with a clay-enriched subs
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ACRISOLS (Kan- great groups of Ulti
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LIXISOLS (Kan - great groups of Alf
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ALISOLS (Ultisols with an argillic
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LUVISOLS (Alfisols with an argillic
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8 | Soils with little or no profile
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REGOSOLS (Orthents) Regisols are th
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ARENOSOLS (Psamments) Arenosols are
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FLUVISOLS (Fluvents, Fluv-Subroups)
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9 | Permanently flooded soils WASSE
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Kastanozems Histosols Gypsisols Gre
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Jones, A., Breuning-Madsen, H., Bro
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Glossary of technical terms Aerobic
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Topsoil: the upper part of a natura
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Broll, Gabrielle Bruulsma, Tom Bunn
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Leys, John Lobb, David Ma, Lin Maci
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Urquiaga Caballero, Segundo Urquiza