World’s Soil Resources

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Hussein, H. 2001. Development of environmental GIS database and its application to desertification study in Middle East. Japan, Chiba University, Graduate School of Science and Technology. (PhD thesis) Hussein, M.A. 2008. Costs of environmental degradation: An analysis in the Middle East and North Africa region. Manag. Environ. Qual., 19: 305-317. Hussein, M.H. 1998. Water erosion assessment and control in Northern Iraq. Soil Till. Res., 45: 161–173. Ibrahim, M.M. & El-Gaely, G.A. 2012. Short-term effects of dust storm on physiological performance of some wild plants in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Afric. J. Agric. Res., 7(47): 6305-6312. Jalali, M. Bahrami, H A. & Darvishi Bolurani, A. 2012. Evaluation of climatic parameters and vegetation changes in the dust generating regions using satellite imagery. Thesis of MSc soil science, Tarbiat Modares University. 114 pp. Jalalian, A., Ghahsareh, A.M. & Karimzadeh, H.R. 1996. Soil erosion estimates for some watersheds in Iran. The First International Conference on Land Degradation 10–14 June. Turkey, Adana. Jish Prakash, P., Stenchikov, G., Kalenderski, S., Osipov, S. & Bangalath, H. 2014. The impact of dust storms on the Arabian Peninsula and the Red Sea. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 14: 1918-19245. Jones, A., Breuning-Madsen, H., Brossard, M., Dampha, A., Deckers, J., Dewitte, O., Gallali, T., Hallett, S., Jones, R., Kilasara, M., Le Roux, P., Micheli, E., Montanarella, L., Spaargaren, O., Thiombiano, L., Van Ranst, E., Yemefack, M. & Zougmore R. (eds.). 2013. Soil Atlas of Africa. Luxembourg, European Commission, Publications Office of the European Union. 176 pp. Karam, A. Safarian, A. & Hajjeh Froshnia, S.H., 2010. Estimation and zoning of soil erosion in the Mamlou catchment (East of Tehran) using the modified universal equation of soil erosion and analytic hierarchy process. Earth science research, 1(2): 73-86. Kavian, A. Zabihi, M. Safari, A. & Mohammadi, M.A. 2014. Estimating soil erosion using the universal soil erosion equation (USLE) (Case study: Watershed of Nekarood). 13th Iranian Soil Science Congress. Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. Khalafa, F.I. & Al-Jimi, D. 1993. Aeolian processes and sand encroachment problems in Kuwait. Geomorphology, 6: 111-134. Khresat, S., Al-Bakir, J. & Al-Tahran, R. 2008. Impacts of land use/cover change on soil properties in the Mediterranean region of northwestern Jordan. Land Degrad. Develop., 19: 397-407. Khresat, S.A., Rawajfih, Z. & Mohammad, M. 1998. Land degradation in north-western Jordan: causes and processes. J. Arid Environ., 39: 623–629. Kobler, M. 2013. Dust storms of Iraq. UN Secretary General for Iraq, A ministerial meeting. Kenya, Nairobi. (Also available at http://www.term 123.com/dust-storms-of-iraq/#mh 32BcOB 4S6cRkIG.99) Koocheki, A. 2000. Potential of saltbush (Atriplex spp.) as a fodder shrub for the Arid Lands of Iran. In G. Gintzburger, M. Bounejmate & A. Nefzaoui, eds. Fodder shrub development in arid and semi-arid zones, pp. 178- 183. ICARDA. Lal, R. 2002. Carbon sequestration in dryland ecosystems of West Asia and North Africa. Land Degrad. Develop., 13: 45–59. Liniger, H.P. van Lynden, G., Nachtergaele, F., Schwilch, G. & Biancalani, R. 2011. Questionnaire for mapping land degradation and Sustainable land management (QM). LADA Technical Report # 9. FAO, Rome. Madany, I.M., Akhter, M.S. & Al-Jowder, O.A. 1994. The correlations between heavy metals in residential indoor dust and outdoor street dust in Bahrain. Environ. Int., 20: 483-492. MADRPM. 2000. Atlas de l’Agriculture. Colloque National de l’Agriculture et du Développement Rural. Ministère de l’Agriculture du Développement Rural et des Pêches Maritimes. Maroc, Rabat. Status of the World’s Soil Resources | Main Report Regional Assessment of Soil Changes 438 in the Near East and North Africa
Mamdouh Nasr. 1999. Assessing Desertification and Water Harvesting in the Middle East and North Africa: Policy Implications, ZEF Discussion Papers On Development Policy No. 10. Bonn, Center for Development Research. 59 pp. Masri, Z. & Ryan, J. 2006. Soil organic matter and related physical properties in a Mediterranean wheatbased rotation trial. Soil Till. Res., 87: 146–154. Mehrshahy, D. & Nakoonam, Z. 2009. Amazing face of wind erosion in Iran deserts. Geography education development, 88(24): 3-9. Misak, R.F., Abdel Baki, A.A. & El-Hakim, M.S. 1997. On the causes and control of the waterlogging phenomenon, Siwa Oasis, northern Western Desert, Egypt. Journal of arid environments, 37(1): 23-32. Misak, R.F., Al Awadhi J.M., Omar S.A. & Shahid S.A. 2002. Soil degradation in Kabad area, southwestern Kuwait City. Land Degradation & Development, 13(5): 403-415. Misak, R.F., Khalaf, F.I. & Omar, S.A.S. 2009. Managing the hazarads of drought and shifting sands in dry lands: The cast study of Kuwait. In S.A. Shahid, F.K. Taha & M.A. Abdelfattah, eds. Developments in Soil Classification, Land Use Planning and Policy Implications: Innovative Thinking of of Soil Inventory for Land Use Planning and Management of Land Resources, pp. 731-752. Springer. Mohamadzade, M. Charm, M. & Eskandari, M. 2014. Evaluation of land use change effect on sediment production, using WEPP model. 13th Iranian Soil Science Congress. Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. Mohammed, A.E., Stigter, C.J. & Adam, H.S. 1995. Moving sand and its consequences on and near a severely desertified environment and a protective shelterbelt. Arid Soil Res. Rehabilit., 9: 423-435. Mohammed, A.E., Stigter, C.J. & Adam, H.S. 1996. On shelterbelt design for combating sand invasion. Agric., Ecosyst. Environ., 57: 81-90. Mrabet, R., Ibno-Namr, K., Bessam, F. & Saber, N. 2001. Soil chemical quality changes and implications for fertilizer management after 11-years of no-tillage wheat production systems in semiarid Morocco. Land Degrad. Develop., 12: 505-517. Mubarak, A.R. & Nortcliff, S. 2010. Calcium Carbonate Solubilization through H-Proton Release from some Legumes Grown in Calcareous Saline-Sodic Soil. Land Degrad. Develop. 21: 29-39. Nachtergaele, F. & Petri, M. 2011. Mapping land use systems at global and regional scales for land degradation assessment analysis. Technical Report No.8. Version 1.1. LADA. FAO. Naderi, F A., Karimi, H. & Naseri, B., 2010. Soil erosion potential zoning in Aseman Abad watershed by erosion index. Watershed Management Researches Journal, 89: 44-51. Nael M., Khademi H. & Hajabbasi M.A. 2004. Response of soil quality indicators and their spatial variability to land degradation in central Iran. Appl. Soil Ecol., 27: 221-232. Naifer, A., Al-Rawahy, S.A. & Zekri, S. 2011. Economic Impact of Salinity: The Case of Al-Batinah in Oman. Int. J. Agric. Res., 6: 134-142. NAP. 2002. National Action Plan for Combating Desertification. Egypt, Cairo. NAP. 2003. Causes and Effects of Desertification. In National Action Programme to Combat Desertification. Lebanon, Ministry of Agriculture. pp. 99-109. Nielsen, T.L. & Zöbisch, M.A. 2001. Multi-factorial causes of land-use change: land-use dynamics in the agro-pastoral village of Im Mial, northwestern Syria. Land Degrad. Develop., 12: 143-161. Nielsen, T.T. & Adriansen, H.K. 2005. Government policies and land degradation in the Middle East. Land Degrad. Develop., 16: 151–161. Omar, S.A.S., Madouh, T., El-Bagouri, I., Al-Mussalem, Z. & Al-Telaihi, H. 1998. Land degradation factors in arid irrigated areas: the case of Wafra in Kuwait. Land Degrad. Develop., 9: 283-294. Status of the World’s Soil Resources | Main Report Regional Assessment of Soil Changes 439 in the Near East and North Africa
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Status of the World’s Main Report
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Dick, Warren Dos Santos Baptista, I
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Table of contents Disclaimer and co
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4.1 | Current land cover and land u
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6.5.5 | Responses | 126 6.6 | Soil
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7.7.3 | Soil and drought hazard | 1
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9.5.2 | South Africa | 266 9.6 | Su
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12.3.8 | Soil acidification | 373 1
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14.5.4 | Nutrient imbalance | 464 1
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Foreword This document presents the
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Preface | Scope of The State of the
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Acknowledgments The Status of the W
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CACILM CAMRE CAZRI CBD CBM-CFS CCAF
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FDNPS FFS FIA FSI FSR GAP GDP GEF G
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LU MA MADRPM MAF MAFF MDBA MDGS MEN
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SKM SLAM SLC SLM SMAP SMOS SOC SOE
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List of tables Table 1.1 | Chronolo
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List of figures Figure 2.1 | Overvi
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Figure 6.15 | Factors controlling s
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Figure 11.4 | Soil map and soil deg
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colored diaper associated with micr
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Preface The main objectives of The
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Global soil resources Coordinating
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The balance between the supporting
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1.2 | Basic concepts Prior to the 2
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Soil functions and ecosystem servic
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Climate regulation ∑ Regulation o
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2 | The role of soils in ecosystem
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2.1.2 | Nature and formation of soi
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2.1.4 | Factors influencing soil C
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In coming years, human population a
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Management practices need to be imp
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Another important role of soil wate
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The development of molecular techno
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Fierer, N., Ladau, J., Clemente, J.
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Sato, T., Qadir, M., Yamamoto, S.,
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3 | Global Soil Resources 3.1 | The
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Fridland’s was the first attempt
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Soil management has a considerable
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Accumulation of water soluble salts
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and increases infiltration, which r
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Figure 3.7 Soil suitability for cro
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3.7 | Global assessments of soil ch
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3.7.2 | LADA-GLADIS: the ecosystem
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References AFES. 2008. Réferentiel
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Neustuev, S.S. 1931. Elements of So
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75% crops Mixed >50% artificial 50-
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or increasing forest areas. Between
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Degrading land covers approximately
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70 60 (A) soil carbon 50 Soil
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A meta-analysis of 57 publications
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the nutrient inputs remain in the c
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Livestock density Livestock product
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4.3.3 | Land use change resulting i
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Impact of land take Land take, by i
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Photo by F. Macias Photo by J.C. Fe
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The formation of sulfidic material
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are however strongly dependent on t
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Figure 4.10 Global distribution of
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Bardgett, R.D. & van der Putten, W.
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Dentener, F., Drevet, J., Lamarque,
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Hettelingh, J.P., Sliggers, J., van
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Magnani, F., Mencuccini, M., Borghe
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Pugh, T.A.M., Arneth, A., Olin, S.,
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Van Aardenne, J.A., Dentener, F.J.,
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5 | Drivers of global soil change D
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5.1.2 | Urbanization In tandem with
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Large areas of arable land have bee
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most affected zone with 15 million
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(Brito et al., 2005). This has impl
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MA. 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well
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6.1.2 | Status of Soil Erosion Over
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Figure 6.2 Location of active and f
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High soil erosion rates will also h
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Near-surface soil water content has
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6.2 | Global soil organic carbon st
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where the drainage in the 1960’s
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6.2.4 | Spatial distribution of car
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Vegetation Classes Topsoil Subsoil
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Soil Order Historic Area 10 6 ha Pr
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6.3 | Soil contamination status and
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and Uruguay. The number of exposed
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products increase soil acidity (Bar
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availability and inhibit plant grow
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In several Asian countries, a blend
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underlines the need for global-scal
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Figure 6.10 Urbanisation of the bes
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Figure 6.11 Major components of the
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Within the same continent, large va
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Box 6.2 | Nutrient balances in urba
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is among the top options in the por
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The quality of the soil’s water i
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At continental scales, the only pra
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Figure 6.16 (a) Global distribution
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Engineering in Japan, 5: 157-174. A
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Chadwick, D., Sommer, S., Thorman,
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Drechsel, Pay, Giordano, Mark, Gyie
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Gardner, T., Acosta-Martinez, V., C
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Hue, N.V. & Licudine, D.L. 1999. Am
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Liski, J., Ilvesniemi, H., Mäkelä
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Ng, H. 2010. Regional Assessment: S
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Reheis, M. 1997. Dust deposition do
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Smith, K.A., McTaggart, I.P. & Tsur
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United Nations. 2008. World Urbaniz
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Wood, M.K. & Blackburn, W.H. 1984.
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7 | The impact of soil change on ec
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Rockström et al. (2009) suggest we
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0.0 Response 1.0 Water quality Soil
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One approach to maintaining soil he
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Author Database Used Extent Estimat
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salinization. Safe design and opera
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The second limitation to prediction
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Figure 7.6 Some soil-related feedba
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soils occurs on largely unmanaged a
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extremes several weeks in advance (
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The direct effect of aerosols on th
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capacity declines as N loads increa
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The concept of the critical load of
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as it indicates that management and
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10-year frequency Ten-year frequenc
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phenomena such as the onset of mass
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Although poorly explored, diversity
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affect the health of humans and ani
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Bever, J.D., Westover, K.M. & Anton
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Damoah, R., Spichtinger, N., Servra
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Fenn, M.E., Poth, M.A., Aber, J.D.,
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Heimann, M. & Reichstein, M. 2008.
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Koster, R.D., Dirmeyer, P.A., Guo,
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Naeem, S., Bunker, D.E., Hector, A.
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Raufman, Y.J. & Fraser, R.S. 1997.
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Sheffield, J. & Wood, E.F. 2007. Pr
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UNEP. 2012. Policy Implications of
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8 | Governance and policy responses
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contemporary challenge for policy m
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Year 1982 FAO World Soil Charter 19
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Ensure integrated management of pes
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8.4 | Regional soil policies 8.4.1
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while in areas with fertile soils t
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In New Zealand, there are few regul
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The SEEA Central Framework identifi
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EC. 2013. Decision No 1386/2013/EU
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World Bank. 2011. Rising Global Int
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9.1 | Introduction Land degradation
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Figure 9.1 Agro-ecological zones in
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The soils are strongly weathered an
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It exposes the soil to the erosive
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In many African cultures, harvestin
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Maputo accounts for 83 percent of t
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Poverty: General poverty of the far
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Considering that over 80 percent of
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Extent of SOM decline in the region
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Many farmers do not follow recommen
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9.5 | Case studies 9.5.1 | Senegal
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Figure 9.7 Extent of dominant degra
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management, it is important to note
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From 2006, several further national
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Figure 9.12 Actual water erosion pr
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Figure 9.13 Topsoil pH derived from
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Figure 9.14 Change in land-cover be
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Waterlogging Compaction Soil sealin
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Birru, T.C. 2002. Organic matter re
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Hein, L. & De Ridder, N. 2006. Dese
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Meyer, J.H., Harding, R., Rampersad
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Smith P. 2008. Soil organic carbon
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10 | Regional Assessment of Soil Ch
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Figure 10.1 Length of the available
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Figure 10.2 Threats to soils in the
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10.3.4 | Soil acidification There i
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In paddy rice cultivation and uplan
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10.3.10 | Sealing and capping Seali
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practices. On low slopes, agronomic
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(Valentin et al., 2008). For peatla
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in Laos (59 kg N ha -1 ). On the ot
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Sub-Regions. Inceptisols are the do
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10.5.2 | Case study for Indonesia T
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Peat fire is another important proc
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An agricultural soil monitoring pro
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The Basic Soil-Environmental Monito
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Figure 10.8 Estimate CH 4 emission
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Threat to soil function Soil erosio
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References Aggarwal, G.C., Sidhu, A
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FAO. 2012. FAOSTAT. Rome, FAO. (Als
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Kukal, S.S. & Aggarwal, G.C. 2003.
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Piao, S., Fang, J., Ciais, P., Peyl
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Taniyama, I. 2003. Study of soil fa
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Zhao, Y., Duan, L., Xing, J., Larss
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11.1 | Introduction The majority of
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The internal stratification within
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Mediterranean zone This zone by def
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(5) Salinization and sodification I
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The real extent of diffuse soil con
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While there is no harmonised exhaus
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Prepared by I. Alyabina Figure 11.2
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This is due to the country’s geo-
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Future changes in climate and land
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Considering an increase of industri
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Comparison of cultivated soils with
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Figure 11.3 Some types and extent o
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The plains in the basins of Amu Dar
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Threat to soil function Soil sealin
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References Acosta, J.A., Faz, A., J
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Inisheva, L.I. (ed.). 2005. Concept
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van Lynden, G.W.J. 1997. Guidelines
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12.1 | Introduction This chapter di
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Figure 12.1 Biomes in Latin America
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Temperate Grasslands, Savannahs and
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humid. The most common soil groups
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12.3.6 | Compaction In LAC there ar
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New regional information has been g
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Primary forests have higher carbon
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Prepared by C. Cruz-Gaistardo Figur
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The salinity of soils on the cultiv
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Figure 12.6 Expansion of the agricu
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Figure 12.7 Percentage of areas aff
Page 429 and 430: Figure 12.8 Predominant types of la
Page 431 and 432: Threat to soil function Soil erosio
Page 433 and 434: Boddey, R.M., Alves, B.J.R, Jantali
Page 435 and 436: Gardi, C., Angelini, M., Barceló,
Page 437 and 438: Nogueira, M.A., Albino, U.B., Brand
Page 439 and 440: Spavorek, G., Bemdes, G., Barreto,
Page 441 and 442: 13 | Regional Assessment of Soil Ch
Page 443 and 444: The Arab Centre for the Study of Ar
Page 445 and 446: Poverty within this system is exten
Page 447 and 448: Wind erosion A review conducted by
Page 449 and 450: 13.3.5 | Soil salinization/sodifica
Page 451 and 452: 13.3.9 | Compaction Soil compaction
Page 453 and 454: 13.4 | Major soil threats in the re
Page 455 and 456: In Sudan, studies showed that in ar
Page 457 and 458: 2002). There are few studies on the
Page 459 and 460: Consequences of salinization Salini
Page 461 and 462: Rates of C change are influenced no
Page 463 and 464: Figure 13.3 Layout of the project s
Page 465 and 466: 13.5 | Case studies 13.5.1 | Case s
Page 467 and 468: Studies show that both climatic and
Page 469 and 470: 2 - Land degradation assessment map
Page 471 and 472: Figure 13.9 Type of ecosystem servi
Page 473 and 474: Threat to soil function Soil erosio
Page 475 and 476: References Abahussain, A.A., Abdu,
Page 477 and 478: Badraoui, M. 1998. Effects of inten
Page 479: FAO. 2004. Regional Workshop on Pro
Page 483 and 484: Yaghi, B. & Abdul-Wahab, S.A. 2004.
Page 485 and 486: 14.1 | Introduction Although Canada
Page 487 and 488: The area of forested land in Canada
Page 489 and 490: 14.3 | Soil threats This section fo
Page 491 and 492: Figure 14.2 Map of Superfund sites
Page 493 and 494: Figure 14.3 Areas in United States
Page 495 and 496: The drivers for soil sealing in Can
Page 497 and 498: 14.4.1 | Soil erosion Soil erosion
Page 499 and 500: The relationship between soil prope
Page 501 and 502: 14.4.4 | Soil biodiversity Soil bio
Page 503 and 504: Figure 14.5 Risk of water erosion i
Page 505 and 506: Figure 14.7 Soil organic carbon cha
Page 507 and 508: Figure 14.8 Residual soil N in Cana
Page 509 and 510: 14.6 | Conclusions and recommendati
Page 511 and 512: Compaction Sealing and land take Sa
Page 513 and 514: Clearwater, R.L., Martin, T., Hoppe
Page 515 and 516: Kurz, W.A., Dymond, C.C., White, T.
Page 517 and 518: USDA. 2011. Resource Conservation A
Page 519 and 520: 15.1 | Introduction The Southwest P
Page 521 and 522: of the country. The undulating and
Page 523 and 524: The broad area of Near Oceania (inc
Page 525 and 526: Country and land-use driver Implica
Page 527 and 528: 15.5 | Threats to soils in the regi
Page 529 and 530: egenerating soils. The South Island
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New Zealand The importance of soil
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Fertilizers Impurities in fertilize
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The main onsite effects of acidific
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Saltwater intrusion Saltwater intru
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Phosphorus is naturally deficient a
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Canterbury region. There has been a
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Figure 15.3 (a) Trends in winter ra
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Figure 15.5 Agricultural lime sales
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The management of water is also fun
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The DustWatch network Australia has
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Soil sealing and capping Contaminat
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Bui, E.N., Hancock, G.J. & Wilkinso
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Hartemink, A.E. 1998b. Acidificatio
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Moorehead, A. (ed.). 2011. Forests
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Robertson, M.J., George, R.J., O’
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Wilson, B.R. & Lonergan, V.E. 2013.
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16.1 | Antarctic soils and environm
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16.3 | Response All activities in A
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IAATO. 2014. Tourism statistics. In
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Annex | Soil groups, characteristic
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a Photo by C. Tarnocai b Photo by S
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Figure A 2 (a) An Anthrosol (Plagge
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a Photo by P. Charzyński Figure A
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a Photo by A. Filaretova b Photo by
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Figure A 5 (a) A Leptosol profile i
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a Photo by L. Wilding b Photo by L.
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Figure A 7 (a) A Solonetz profile a
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a Photo by T. Toth b Photo by S. Kh
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Figure A 9 (a) A Podzol profile and
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FERRALSOLS (OXISOLS) Ferralsols (Fi
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NITISOLS (Alfisols, Ultisols, Incep
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PLINTHOSOLS (Plinthic sub-groups) P
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PLANOSOLS (Albaqualfs, Albaquults a
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GLEYSOLS (Aquic suborder and Endoaq
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STAGNOSOLS (Aquic Suborders and Epi
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ANDOSOLS (ANDISOLS) Andosols (Figur
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5 | Soils with accumulation of orga
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KASTANOZEMS (Ustolls and Xerolls) K
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PHAEOZEMS (Udolls and Albolls) Phae
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UMBRISOLS (Umbric Great Group in Aq
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6 | Soils with accumulation of mode
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CALCISOLS (Calcids, Argids, Cambids
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GYPSISOLS (Gypsids) Gypsisols are c
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7 | Soils with a clay-enriched subs
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ACRISOLS (Kan- great groups of Ulti
Page 621 and 622:
LIXISOLS (Kan - great groups of Alf
Page 623 and 624:
ALISOLS (Ultisols with an argillic
Page 625 and 626:
LUVISOLS (Alfisols with an argillic
Page 627 and 628:
8 | Soils with little or no profile
Page 629 and 630:
REGOSOLS (Orthents) Regisols are th
Page 631 and 632:
ARENOSOLS (Psamments) Arenosols are
Page 633 and 634:
FLUVISOLS (Fluvents, Fluv-Subroups)
Page 635 and 636:
9 | Permanently flooded soils WASSE
Page 637 and 638:
Kastanozems Histosols Gypsisols Gre
Page 639 and 640:
Jones, A., Breuning-Madsen, H., Bro
Page 641 and 642:
Glossary of technical terms Aerobic
Page 643 and 644:
Topsoil: the upper part of a natura
Page 645 and 646:
Broll, Gabrielle Bruulsma, Tom Bunn
Page 647 and 648:
Leys, John Lobb, David Ma, Lin Maci
Page 649:
Urquiaga Caballero, Segundo Urquiza
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World’s Soil Resources

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