World’s Soil Resources

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Pedon: the smallest, three-dimensional unit at the surface of the earth that is considered as a soil. It forms a conceptual foundation for the study of soils as geographic entities (Hole and Campbell, 1985). pH-value: the negative logarithm (base 10) of the concentration of hydrogen ions, expressed in moles/l in aqueous solution and varying between 0 (extremely acid) to 14 (extremely alkaline) (ISO, 2013). Rehabilitation: action to restore soil already degraded to such an extent that the original use is no longer possible and the land has become practically unproductive. Generally, long term and often costly investments are needed to show any impact (FAO, 2015). Shrub-covered area: a land cover class that includes any geographical area dominated by natural shrubs having a cover of 10 percent or more (Latham et al., 2014). Soil: the upper layer of the Earth’s crust transformed by weathering and physical/chemical and biological processes. It is composed of mineral particles, organic matter, water, air and living organisms organized in genetic soil horizons (ISO, 2013). Soil degradation: the diminishing capacity of the soil to provide ecosystem goods and services as desired by its stakeholders (refined from FAO, 2015). Soil ecosystem functions: description of the significance of soils to humans and the environment. Examples are: (1) control of substance and energy cycles within ecosystems; (2) basis for the life of plants, animals and man; (3) basis for the stability of buildings and roads; (4) basis for agriculture and forestry; (5) carrier of genetic reservoir; (6) document of natural history; and (7) archaeological and paleo-ecological document (ISO, 2013). Soil health: the continued capacity of the soil to function as a vital living system, within ecosystem and land-use boundaries, to sustain biological productivity, promote the quality of air and water environments, and maintain plant, animal, and human health (Doran, Stamatiadis and Haberern, 2002). Soil organic carbon (SOC): a summarizing parameter including all of the carbon forms for dissolved (DOC: Dissolved Organic Carbon) and total organic compounds (TOC: Total Organic Carbon) in soils (ISO, 2013). Soil organic matter (SOM): matter consisting of plant and/or animal organic materials, and the conversion products of those materials in soils (ISO, 2013). Soil Processes: physical or reactive geochemical and biological processes which may attenuate, concentrate, immobilize, liberate, degrade or otherwise transform substances in soil (ISO, 2013). Soil quality: all current positive or negative properties with regard to soil utilization and soil functions (ISO, 2013). Soil structure: the arrangement of soil particles in a variety of recognized shapes and sizes (ISO, 2013). Soil threats: see Box ‘Soil Threat Definitions’ Solum: comprises the surface layer and subsoil layers that have been altered by soil formation (Soil Survey Staff, 1993). Sparse vegetation: a land cover class that includes any geographic areas where the cover of natural vegetation is between 2 percent and 10 percent (Latham et al., 2014). Sustainable land management (SLM): the use of land resources, including soils, water, animals and plants for the production of goods to meet changing human needs while ensuring the long term productive potential of these resources and the maintenance of their environmental functions (UNCED, 1992). Sustainable soil management (SSM): sets of activities that maintain or enhance the supporting, provisioning, regulating and cultural services provided by soils without significantly impairing either the soil functions that enable those services or biodiversity (adapted from GSP, 2015). Status of the World’s Soil Resources | Main Report Glossary of technical terms 600
Topsoil: the upper part of a natural soil that is generally dark coloured and has a higher content of organic matter and nutrients when compared to the (mineral) horizons below. It excludes the litter layer (ISO, 2013). Tree-covered area: a land cover class that includes any geographic area dominated by natural tree plants with a cover of 10 percent or more. Areas planted with trees for afforestation purposes and forest plantations are included in this class (Latham et al., 2014). References Doran, J.W., Stamatiadis, S. & Haberern, J. 2002. Soil health as an indicator for sustainable management. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 88(2002): 107–110. FAO & ITPS. 2015. Status of the World’s Soil Resources (SWSR). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soils, Rome, Italy. In press. FAO. 2015. FAO soils portal. Available at http://www.fao.org/soils-portal/it/ GSP. 2015. Revised World Soil Charter. Available at Pillars/annexVII_WSC.pdf http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/GSP/docs/ITPS_ ISO. 2013. Draft international standard ISO/DIS 11074. 9 pp. Latham, J., Cumani, R., Rosati, I. & Bloise, M. 2014. Global Land Cover SHARE (GLC-SHARE) database Beta-Release Version 1.0 - FAO, Rome. Soil Science Society of America. 2008. Glossary of soil science terms. Available at https://www.soils.org/publications/soils-glossary Hole, F.D. & Campbell, J.B. 1985. Soil Landscape Analysis. Rowman and Allanheld, Totowa, NJ. 196 pp. Soil Survey Staff. 1993. “Soil Survey Manual”. Soil Conservation Service. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 18. UNCCD. 2011. Desertification: a visual synthesis. UN Convention to Combat Dersertification (UNCCD) Secretariat. 50 pp. UNCED. 1992. United Nations Conference on Environment & Development Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3 to 14 June 1992. 351 pp. UNEP. 2005. Chapter 22. Drylands Systems. In R., Hassan, R., Scholes & N. Ash, eds. Ecosystems and Human Wellbeing: Current State and Trends, Volume 1. pp. 623-662. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, Island Press. Status of the World’s Soil Resources | Main Report Glossary of technical terms 601
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Status of the World’s Main Report
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Dick, Warren Dos Santos Baptista, I
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Table of contents Disclaimer and co
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4.1 | Current land cover and land u
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6.5.5 | Responses | 126 6.6 | Soil
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7.7.3 | Soil and drought hazard | 1
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9.5.2 | South Africa | 266 9.6 | Su
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12.3.8 | Soil acidification | 373 1
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14.5.4 | Nutrient imbalance | 464 1
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Foreword This document presents the
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Preface | Scope of The State of the
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Acknowledgments The Status of the W
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CACILM CAMRE CAZRI CBD CBM-CFS CCAF
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FDNPS FFS FIA FSI FSR GAP GDP GEF G
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LU MA MADRPM MAF MAFF MDBA MDGS MEN
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SKM SLAM SLC SLM SMAP SMOS SOC SOE
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List of tables Table 1.1 | Chronolo
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List of figures Figure 2.1 | Overvi
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Figure 6.15 | Factors controlling s
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Figure 11.4 | Soil map and soil deg
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colored diaper associated with micr
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Preface The main objectives of The
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Global soil resources Coordinating
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The balance between the supporting
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1.2 | Basic concepts Prior to the 2
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Soil functions and ecosystem servic
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Climate regulation ∑ Regulation o
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2 | The role of soils in ecosystem
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2.1.2 | Nature and formation of soi
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2.1.4 | Factors influencing soil C
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In coming years, human population a
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Management practices need to be imp
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Another important role of soil wate
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The development of molecular techno
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Fierer, N., Ladau, J., Clemente, J.
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Sato, T., Qadir, M., Yamamoto, S.,
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3 | Global Soil Resources 3.1 | The
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Fridland’s was the first attempt
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Soil management has a considerable
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Accumulation of water soluble salts
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and increases infiltration, which r
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Figure 3.7 Soil suitability for cro
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3.7 | Global assessments of soil ch
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3.7.2 | LADA-GLADIS: the ecosystem
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References AFES. 2008. Réferentiel
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Neustuev, S.S. 1931. Elements of So
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75% crops Mixed >50% artificial 50-
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or increasing forest areas. Between
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Degrading land covers approximately
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70 60 (A) soil carbon 50 Soil
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A meta-analysis of 57 publications
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the nutrient inputs remain in the c
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Livestock density Livestock product
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4.3.3 | Land use change resulting i
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Impact of land take Land take, by i
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Photo by F. Macias Photo by J.C. Fe
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The formation of sulfidic material
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are however strongly dependent on t
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Figure 4.10 Global distribution of
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Bardgett, R.D. & van der Putten, W.
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Dentener, F., Drevet, J., Lamarque,
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Hettelingh, J.P., Sliggers, J., van
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Magnani, F., Mencuccini, M., Borghe
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Pugh, T.A.M., Arneth, A., Olin, S.,
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Van Aardenne, J.A., Dentener, F.J.,
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5 | Drivers of global soil change D
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5.1.2 | Urbanization In tandem with
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Large areas of arable land have bee
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most affected zone with 15 million
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(Brito et al., 2005). This has impl
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MA. 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well
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6.1.2 | Status of Soil Erosion Over
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Figure 6.2 Location of active and f
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High soil erosion rates will also h
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Near-surface soil water content has
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6.2 | Global soil organic carbon st
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where the drainage in the 1960’s
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6.2.4 | Spatial distribution of car
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Vegetation Classes Topsoil Subsoil
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Soil Order Historic Area 10 6 ha Pr
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6.3 | Soil contamination status and
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and Uruguay. The number of exposed
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products increase soil acidity (Bar
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availability and inhibit plant grow
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In several Asian countries, a blend
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underlines the need for global-scal
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Figure 6.10 Urbanisation of the bes
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Figure 6.11 Major components of the
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Within the same continent, large va
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Box 6.2 | Nutrient balances in urba
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is among the top options in the por
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The quality of the soil’s water i
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At continental scales, the only pra
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Figure 6.16 (a) Global distribution
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Engineering in Japan, 5: 157-174. A
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Chadwick, D., Sommer, S., Thorman,
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Drechsel, Pay, Giordano, Mark, Gyie
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Gardner, T., Acosta-Martinez, V., C
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Hue, N.V. & Licudine, D.L. 1999. Am
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Liski, J., Ilvesniemi, H., Mäkelä
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Ng, H. 2010. Regional Assessment: S
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Reheis, M. 1997. Dust deposition do
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Smith, K.A., McTaggart, I.P. & Tsur
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United Nations. 2008. World Urbaniz
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Wood, M.K. & Blackburn, W.H. 1984.
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7 | The impact of soil change on ec
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Rockström et al. (2009) suggest we
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0.0 Response 1.0 Water quality Soil
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One approach to maintaining soil he
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Author Database Used Extent Estimat
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salinization. Safe design and opera
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The second limitation to prediction
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Figure 7.6 Some soil-related feedba
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soils occurs on largely unmanaged a
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extremes several weeks in advance (
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The direct effect of aerosols on th
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capacity declines as N loads increa
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The concept of the critical load of
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as it indicates that management and
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10-year frequency Ten-year frequenc
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phenomena such as the onset of mass
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Although poorly explored, diversity
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affect the health of humans and ani
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Bever, J.D., Westover, K.M. & Anton
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Damoah, R., Spichtinger, N., Servra
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Fenn, M.E., Poth, M.A., Aber, J.D.,
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Heimann, M. & Reichstein, M. 2008.
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Koster, R.D., Dirmeyer, P.A., Guo,
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Naeem, S., Bunker, D.E., Hector, A.
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Raufman, Y.J. & Fraser, R.S. 1997.
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Sheffield, J. & Wood, E.F. 2007. Pr
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UNEP. 2012. Policy Implications of
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8 | Governance and policy responses
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contemporary challenge for policy m
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Year 1982 FAO World Soil Charter 19
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Ensure integrated management of pes
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8.4 | Regional soil policies 8.4.1
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while in areas with fertile soils t
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In New Zealand, there are few regul
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The SEEA Central Framework identifi
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EC. 2013. Decision No 1386/2013/EU
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World Bank. 2011. Rising Global Int
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9.1 | Introduction Land degradation
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Figure 9.1 Agro-ecological zones in
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The soils are strongly weathered an
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It exposes the soil to the erosive
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In many African cultures, harvestin
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Maputo accounts for 83 percent of t
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Poverty: General poverty of the far
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Considering that over 80 percent of
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Extent of SOM decline in the region
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Many farmers do not follow recommen
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9.5 | Case studies 9.5.1 | Senegal
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Figure 9.7 Extent of dominant degra
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management, it is important to note
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From 2006, several further national
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Figure 9.12 Actual water erosion pr
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Figure 9.13 Topsoil pH derived from
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Figure 9.14 Change in land-cover be
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Waterlogging Compaction Soil sealin
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Birru, T.C. 2002. Organic matter re
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Hein, L. & De Ridder, N. 2006. Dese
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Meyer, J.H., Harding, R., Rampersad
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Smith P. 2008. Soil organic carbon
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10 | Regional Assessment of Soil Ch
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Figure 10.1 Length of the available
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Figure 10.2 Threats to soils in the
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10.3.4 | Soil acidification There i
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In paddy rice cultivation and uplan
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10.3.10 | Sealing and capping Seali
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practices. On low slopes, agronomic
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(Valentin et al., 2008). For peatla
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in Laos (59 kg N ha -1 ). On the ot
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Sub-Regions. Inceptisols are the do
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10.5.2 | Case study for Indonesia T
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Peat fire is another important proc
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An agricultural soil monitoring pro
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The Basic Soil-Environmental Monito
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Figure 10.8 Estimate CH 4 emission
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Threat to soil function Soil erosio
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References Aggarwal, G.C., Sidhu, A
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FAO. 2012. FAOSTAT. Rome, FAO. (Als
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Kukal, S.S. & Aggarwal, G.C. 2003.
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Piao, S., Fang, J., Ciais, P., Peyl
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Taniyama, I. 2003. Study of soil fa
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Zhao, Y., Duan, L., Xing, J., Larss
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11.1 | Introduction The majority of
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The internal stratification within
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Mediterranean zone This zone by def
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(5) Salinization and sodification I
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The real extent of diffuse soil con
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While there is no harmonised exhaus
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Prepared by I. Alyabina Figure 11.2
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This is due to the country’s geo-
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Future changes in climate and land
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Considering an increase of industri
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Comparison of cultivated soils with
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Figure 11.3 Some types and extent o
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The plains in the basins of Amu Dar
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Threat to soil function Soil sealin
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References Acosta, J.A., Faz, A., J
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Inisheva, L.I. (ed.). 2005. Concept
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van Lynden, G.W.J. 1997. Guidelines
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12.1 | Introduction This chapter di
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Figure 12.1 Biomes in Latin America
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Temperate Grasslands, Savannahs and
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humid. The most common soil groups
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12.3.6 | Compaction In LAC there ar
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New regional information has been g
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Primary forests have higher carbon
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Prepared by C. Cruz-Gaistardo Figur
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The salinity of soils on the cultiv
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Figure 12.6 Expansion of the agricu
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Figure 12.7 Percentage of areas aff
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Figure 12.8 Predominant types of la
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Boddey, R.M., Alves, B.J.R, Jantali
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Gardi, C., Angelini, M., Barceló,
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Nogueira, M.A., Albino, U.B., Brand
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Spavorek, G., Bemdes, G., Barreto,
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13 | Regional Assessment of Soil Ch
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The Arab Centre for the Study of Ar
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Poverty within this system is exten
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Wind erosion A review conducted by
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13.3.5 | Soil salinization/sodifica
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13.3.9 | Compaction Soil compaction
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13.4 | Major soil threats in the re
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In Sudan, studies showed that in ar
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2002). There are few studies on the
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Consequences of salinization Salini
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Rates of C change are influenced no
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Figure 13.3 Layout of the project s
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13.5 | Case studies 13.5.1 | Case s
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Studies show that both climatic and
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2 - Land degradation assessment map
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Figure 13.9 Type of ecosystem servi
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References Abahussain, A.A., Abdu,
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Badraoui, M. 1998. Effects of inten
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FAO. 2004. Regional Workshop on Pro
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Mamdouh Nasr. 1999. Assessing Deser
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Yaghi, B. & Abdul-Wahab, S.A. 2004.
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14.1 | Introduction Although Canada
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The area of forested land in Canada
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14.3 | Soil threats This section fo
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Figure 14.2 Map of Superfund sites
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Figure 14.3 Areas in United States
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The drivers for soil sealing in Can
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14.4.1 | Soil erosion Soil erosion
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The relationship between soil prope
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14.4.4 | Soil biodiversity Soil bio
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Figure 14.5 Risk of water erosion i
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Figure 14.7 Soil organic carbon cha
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Figure 14.8 Residual soil N in Cana
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14.6 | Conclusions and recommendati
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Compaction Sealing and land take Sa
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Clearwater, R.L., Martin, T., Hoppe
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Kurz, W.A., Dymond, C.C., White, T.
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USDA. 2011. Resource Conservation A
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15.1 | Introduction The Southwest P
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of the country. The undulating and
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The broad area of Near Oceania (inc
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Country and land-use driver Implica
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15.5 | Threats to soils in the regi
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egenerating soils. The South Island
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New Zealand The importance of soil
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Fertilizers Impurities in fertilize
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The main onsite effects of acidific
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Saltwater intrusion Saltwater intru
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Phosphorus is naturally deficient a
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Canterbury region. There has been a
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Figure 15.3 (a) Trends in winter ra
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Figure 15.5 Agricultural lime sales
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The management of water is also fun
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The DustWatch network Australia has
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Soil sealing and capping Contaminat
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Bui, E.N., Hancock, G.J. & Wilkinso
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Hartemink, A.E. 1998b. Acidificatio
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Moorehead, A. (ed.). 2011. Forests
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Robertson, M.J., George, R.J., O’
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Wilson, B.R. & Lonergan, V.E. 2013.
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16.1 | Antarctic soils and environm
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16.3 | Response All activities in A
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IAATO. 2014. Tourism statistics. In
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Annex | Soil groups, characteristic
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a Photo by C. Tarnocai b Photo by S
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Figure A 2 (a) An Anthrosol (Plagge
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a Photo by P. Charzyński Figure A
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a Photo by A. Filaretova b Photo by
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Figure A 5 (a) A Leptosol profile i
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a Photo by L. Wilding b Photo by L.
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Figure A 7 (a) A Solonetz profile a
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a Photo by T. Toth b Photo by S. Kh
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Figure A 9 (a) A Podzol profile and
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FERRALSOLS (OXISOLS) Ferralsols (Fi
Page 591 and 592: NITISOLS (Alfisols, Ultisols, Incep
Page 593 and 594: PLINTHOSOLS (Plinthic sub-groups) P
Page 595 and 596: PLANOSOLS (Albaqualfs, Albaquults a
Page 597 and 598: GLEYSOLS (Aquic suborder and Endoaq
Page 599 and 600: STAGNOSOLS (Aquic Suborders and Epi
Page 601 and 602: ANDOSOLS (ANDISOLS) Andosols (Figur
Page 603 and 604: 5 | Soils with accumulation of orga
Page 605 and 606: KASTANOZEMS (Ustolls and Xerolls) K
Page 607 and 608: PHAEOZEMS (Udolls and Albolls) Phae
Page 609 and 610: UMBRISOLS (Umbric Great Group in Aq
Page 611 and 612: 6 | Soils with accumulation of mode
Page 613 and 614: CALCISOLS (Calcids, Argids, Cambids
Page 615 and 616: GYPSISOLS (Gypsids) Gypsisols are c
Page 617 and 618: 7 | Soils with a clay-enriched subs
Page 619 and 620: ACRISOLS (Kan- great groups of Ulti
Page 621 and 622: LIXISOLS (Kan - great groups of Alf
Page 623 and 624: ALISOLS (Ultisols with an argillic
Page 625 and 626: LUVISOLS (Alfisols with an argillic
Page 627 and 628: 8 | Soils with little or no profile
Page 629 and 630: REGOSOLS (Orthents) Regisols are th
Page 631 and 632: ARENOSOLS (Psamments) Arenosols are
Page 633 and 634: FLUVISOLS (Fluvents, Fluv-Subroups)
Page 635 and 636: 9 | Permanently flooded soils WASSE
Page 637 and 638: Kastanozems Histosols Gypsisols Gre
Page 639 and 640: Jones, A., Breuning-Madsen, H., Bro
Page 641: Glossary of technical terms Aerobic
Page 645 and 646: Broll, Gabrielle Bruulsma, Tom Bunn
Page 647 and 648: Leys, John Lobb, David Ma, Lin Maci
Page 649: Urquiaga Caballero, Segundo Urquiza
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World’s Soil Resources

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