World’s Soil Resources

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CCIC. 2014. Official web site. Climate Change Information Center. (Also available at http://ccs.climate.go.kr/ index.html) Chang ,T.K., Shyu, G.S., Chang, W.L., Huang, W.D., Huang, J.H., Lin, J.S. & Lin, S.C. 2007. Monitoring and investigation of heavy metal in soil of Taipei City. DEP-95-056. [In Chinese, with an English summary] Chang, T.K., Shyu, G.S., Lin, Y.P., & Chang, N.C. 1999. Geostatistical analysis of soil arsenic content in Taiwan. J. Environ. Sci. health, 34: 1485-1501. Changnon, S.A. 1992. Inadvertent weather modification in urban areas: Lessons for global climate change. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 73: 619-627. Chaudhary, M.K. & Aneja, D.R. 1991. Impact of green revolution on long-term sustainability of land and water resources in Harayana. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 45: 428-432. Chen, S.K., Liu, C.W. & Chen, Y.R. 2012. Assessing soil erosion in a terraced paddy field using experimental measurements and universal soil loss equation. Catena, 95: 131-141. Chen, X., Cui, Z., Fan, M., Vitousek, P., Zhao, M., Ma, W., Wang, Z., Zhang, W., Yan, X., Yang, J., Deng, X., Gao, Q., Zhang, Q., Guo, S., Ren, J., Li, S., Ye, Y., Wang, Z., Huang, J., Tang, Q., Sun, Y., Peng, X., Zhang, J., He, M., Zhu, Y., Xue, J., Wang, G., Wu, L., An, N., Wu, L., Ma, L., Zhang, W. & Zhang, F. 2014. Producing more grain with lower environmental costs. Nature, 514: 486-489. Choi, D.H., Jung, J.W., Yun, K.S., Lee, K.S., Choi, W.J., Lim, S.S., Park, H.N., Yim, B.J. & Hwang, T.H. 2012. Estimation of TOC concentration using BOO, COD in runoff from paddy fields. J. Korean Soc. Water Environ., 28: 813-818. Chopra, H. 1989. Land degradation: dimensions and casualties. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 44: 45-54. Coleman, K. & Jenkinson, D.S. 1996. RothC-26.3 – A model for the turnover of carbon in soil. In D.S. Powlson, P. Smith& J.U. Smith, eds. Evaluation of Soil Organic Matter Models, Using Existing Long-Term Datasets, pp. 237-246. Berlin, Springer Dadhwal, V.K. & Nayak, S.R. 1993. A preliminary estimate of biogeochemical cycle of carbon for India. Science & Culture. 59: 9-13. Dariah, A., Marwanto, S. & Agus, F. 2014. Root- and peat-based CO 2 emissions from oil palm plantations. Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. Glob. Change, 19: 831–843. Dibiyantoro, A.L.H. 1998. Pesticide residues on some vegetables and reductions possible by integrated pest management.. In I.R. Kennedy, J.H. Skerritt, G.I. Johnson & E. Highley, eds. Seeking Agricultural Produce Free of Pesticide Residues, pp. 374-379. Proceedings of an International Workshop held in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, February 17–19, 1998. Doi, R. & Ranamukhaarachchi, S.L. 2013. Slow restoration of soil microbial functions in an Acacia plantation established on degraded land in Thailand. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol., 10: 623-634. Drewry, J.J. & Paton, R.J. 2000. Effects of cattle treading and natural amelioration on soil physical properties and pasture under dairy farming in Southland, New Zealand. New Zealand Agr. Res., 43: 377-386. Edinger, E.N., Azmy, K., Diegor, W. & Siregar, P.R. 2008. Heavy metal contamination from gold mining recorded in Porites lobata skeletons, Buyat-Ratototok district, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 56: 1553-1569. Elvidge C.D., Tuttle B.T., Sutton P.C., Baugh K.E., Howard A.T., Milesi C., Bhaduri B.L. & Nemani R. 2007. Global distribution and density of constructed impervious surfaces. Sensors, 7: 1962-1979. FAO. 2006. Global planted forests thematic study: results and analysis, by A. Del Lungo, J. Ball & J. Carle. Planted Forests and Trees Working Paper No. 38. Rome. (Also available at www.fao.org/forestry/site/10368/en). Status of the World’s Soil Resources | Main Report Regional Assessment of Soil Changes 320 in Asia
FAO. 2012. FAOSTAT. Rome, FAO. (Also available at http://faostat 3.fao.org/browse/R/RL/E) FAO. 2014. FAOSTAT. Rome, FAO. (Also available at http://faostat.fao.org/site/291/default.aspx) FAO/IUSS/ISRIC. 2006. World Reference Base for Soil Resources. World Soil Resources Reports 103. Rome, FAO. FAO/RAPA. 1992. Environmental Issues in Land and Water Development. Bangkok, FAO/RAPA.. 488 pp. (Includes country papers on Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka) Fischer, G., Nachtergaele, F.O., Prieler, S., Teixeira, E., Toth, G.,Velthuizen, H.v., Verelst, L. & Wiberg, D. 2012. Global Agro-Ecological Zones (GAEZ v 3.0) - Model Documentation. Laxenburg, IIASA & Rome, FAO. Fisher, R. & Hirsch, P. 2008. Poverty and agrarian-forest interactions in Thailand. Geogr. Res., 46: 74-84. FSI. 1999. State of Forest Report. Dehra Dun, Forest Survey of India. Germer, J. & Sauerborn, J. 2008. Estimation of the impact of oil palm plantation establishment on greenhouse gas balance. Environ. Develop. Sustain., 10: 697-716. GSP. 2012. Official web site. Nanjing Communiqué on Asian Soil Partnership. (Also available at http://www. fao.org/globalsoilpartnership/regional-partnerships/asia/en/) Guo, J.H., Liu, X.J., Zhang, Y., Shen, J.L., Han, W.X., Zhang, W.F., Christie, P., Goulding, K.W.T., Vitousek, P.M. & Zhang, F.S. 2010. Significant Acidification in major Chinese croplands. Science, 327: 1008-1010. Gupta, R.K. & Rao, D.L.N. 1994. Potential of wastelands for sequestering carbon by reforestation. Curr. Sci., 66: 378-380. Han, Y.W. & Gao, J.X. 2005. Analysis of main ecological problems of grasslands and relevant countermeasures in China. Res. Environ. Sci., 18: 60–62. [in Chinese] Haron, K., Brookes, P.C., Anderson, J.M. & Zakaria, Z.Z. 1998. Microbial biomass and soil organic matter dynamics in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) plantations, West Malaysia. Soil Biol. Biochem., 30: 547–552. Hartanto, H., Prabhu, R., Widayat, A.S.E. & Asdak, C. 2003. Factors affecting runoff and soil erosion: plotlevel soil loss monitoring for assessing sustainability of forest management. For. Ecol. Manage., 180: 361–374. Hattori, D., Tanaka, K., Okamura, I.K., Kendawang, J.J., Ninomiya, I. & Sakurai, K. 2013. Effects of soil compaction on the growth and motality of planted dipterocarp seedlings in a logged-over tropical rainforest in Sarawak, Malaysia. For. Ecol. Manag., 310: 770-776. Hicks, W.K., Kuylenstierna, J.C.I., Owen, A., Dentener, F., Seip, H.M. & Rodhe, H. 2008. Soil sensitivity to acidification in Asia: status and prospects. AMBIO, 37: 295-303. Hooijer, A. S. Page, P. Navratil, R. Vernimmen, M. Van der Vat, K. Tansey, K. Konecny, F. Siegert, U. Ballhorn & N. Mawdsley. 2014. Carbon emissions from drained and degraded peatland in Indonesia and emission factors for measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) of peatland greenhouse gas emissions A summary of KFCP research results for practitioners. Indonesia, Jakarta, IAFCP. Houghton, R.A. & Hackler, J.L. 2003. Sources and sinks of carbon from land-use change in China. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 17: 1034. Husnain, H., Wigena, I.G.P., Dariah, A., Marwanto, S., Setyanto, P. & Agus, F. 2014. CO 2 emissions from tropical drained peat in Sumatra, Indonesia. Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. Glob. Change, 19: 845-862. Husnain, Masunaga, T., Wakatsuki, T. 2010. Field assessment of nutrient balance under intensive ricefarming systems, and its effects on the sustainability of rice production in Java Island, Indonesia. Journal of agricultural, food and environmental science, 4(1). ICAR & NAAS. 2010. Degraded and Wastelands of India - Status and Spatial Distribution, by S.M. Virmani, R. Prasad & P.S. Pathak, ed. Indian Council of Agricultural Research and National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi. 158 pp. Status of the World’s Soil Resources | Main Report Regional Assessment of Soil Changes 321 in Asia
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Status of the World’s Main Report
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Dick, Warren Dos Santos Baptista, I
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Table of contents Disclaimer and co
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4.1 | Current land cover and land u
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6.5.5 | Responses | 126 6.6 | Soil
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7.7.3 | Soil and drought hazard | 1
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9.5.2 | South Africa | 266 9.6 | Su
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12.3.8 | Soil acidification | 373 1
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14.5.4 | Nutrient imbalance | 464 1
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Foreword This document presents the
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Preface | Scope of The State of the
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Acknowledgments The Status of the W
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CACILM CAMRE CAZRI CBD CBM-CFS CCAF
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FDNPS FFS FIA FSI FSR GAP GDP GEF G
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LU MA MADRPM MAF MAFF MDBA MDGS MEN
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SKM SLAM SLC SLM SMAP SMOS SOC SOE
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List of tables Table 1.1 | Chronolo
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List of figures Figure 2.1 | Overvi
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Figure 6.15 | Factors controlling s
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Figure 11.4 | Soil map and soil deg
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colored diaper associated with micr
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Preface The main objectives of The
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Global soil resources Coordinating
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The balance between the supporting
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1.2 | Basic concepts Prior to the 2
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Soil functions and ecosystem servic
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Climate regulation ∑ Regulation o
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2 | The role of soils in ecosystem
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2.1.2 | Nature and formation of soi
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2.1.4 | Factors influencing soil C
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In coming years, human population a
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Management practices need to be imp
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Another important role of soil wate
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The development of molecular techno
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Fierer, N., Ladau, J., Clemente, J.
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Sato, T., Qadir, M., Yamamoto, S.,
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3 | Global Soil Resources 3.1 | The
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Fridland’s was the first attempt
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Soil management has a considerable
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Accumulation of water soluble salts
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and increases infiltration, which r
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Figure 3.7 Soil suitability for cro
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3.7 | Global assessments of soil ch
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3.7.2 | LADA-GLADIS: the ecosystem
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References AFES. 2008. Réferentiel
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Neustuev, S.S. 1931. Elements of So
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75% crops Mixed >50% artificial 50-
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or increasing forest areas. Between
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Degrading land covers approximately
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70 60 (A) soil carbon 50 Soil
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A meta-analysis of 57 publications
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the nutrient inputs remain in the c
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Livestock density Livestock product
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4.3.3 | Land use change resulting i
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Impact of land take Land take, by i
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Photo by F. Macias Photo by J.C. Fe
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The formation of sulfidic material
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are however strongly dependent on t
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Figure 4.10 Global distribution of
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Bardgett, R.D. & van der Putten, W.
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Dentener, F., Drevet, J., Lamarque,
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Hettelingh, J.P., Sliggers, J., van
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Magnani, F., Mencuccini, M., Borghe
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Pugh, T.A.M., Arneth, A., Olin, S.,
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Van Aardenne, J.A., Dentener, F.J.,
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5 | Drivers of global soil change D
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5.1.2 | Urbanization In tandem with
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Large areas of arable land have bee
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most affected zone with 15 million
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(Brito et al., 2005). This has impl
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MA. 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well
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6.1.2 | Status of Soil Erosion Over
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Figure 6.2 Location of active and f
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High soil erosion rates will also h
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Near-surface soil water content has
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6.2 | Global soil organic carbon st
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where the drainage in the 1960’s
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6.2.4 | Spatial distribution of car
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Vegetation Classes Topsoil Subsoil
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Soil Order Historic Area 10 6 ha Pr
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6.3 | Soil contamination status and
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and Uruguay. The number of exposed
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products increase soil acidity (Bar
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availability and inhibit plant grow
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In several Asian countries, a blend
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underlines the need for global-scal
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Figure 6.10 Urbanisation of the bes
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Figure 6.11 Major components of the
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Within the same continent, large va
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Box 6.2 | Nutrient balances in urba
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is among the top options in the por
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The quality of the soil’s water i
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At continental scales, the only pra
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Figure 6.16 (a) Global distribution
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Engineering in Japan, 5: 157-174. A
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Chadwick, D., Sommer, S., Thorman,
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Drechsel, Pay, Giordano, Mark, Gyie
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Gardner, T., Acosta-Martinez, V., C
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Hue, N.V. & Licudine, D.L. 1999. Am
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Liski, J., Ilvesniemi, H., Mäkelä
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Ng, H. 2010. Regional Assessment: S
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Reheis, M. 1997. Dust deposition do
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Smith, K.A., McTaggart, I.P. & Tsur
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United Nations. 2008. World Urbaniz
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Wood, M.K. & Blackburn, W.H. 1984.
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7 | The impact of soil change on ec
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Rockström et al. (2009) suggest we
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0.0 Response 1.0 Water quality Soil
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One approach to maintaining soil he
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Author Database Used Extent Estimat
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salinization. Safe design and opera
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The second limitation to prediction
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Figure 7.6 Some soil-related feedba
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soils occurs on largely unmanaged a
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extremes several weeks in advance (
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The direct effect of aerosols on th
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capacity declines as N loads increa
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The concept of the critical load of
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as it indicates that management and
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10-year frequency Ten-year frequenc
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phenomena such as the onset of mass
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Although poorly explored, diversity
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affect the health of humans and ani
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Bever, J.D., Westover, K.M. & Anton
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Damoah, R., Spichtinger, N., Servra
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Fenn, M.E., Poth, M.A., Aber, J.D.,
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Heimann, M. & Reichstein, M. 2008.
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Koster, R.D., Dirmeyer, P.A., Guo,
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Naeem, S., Bunker, D.E., Hector, A.
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Raufman, Y.J. & Fraser, R.S. 1997.
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Sheffield, J. & Wood, E.F. 2007. Pr
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UNEP. 2012. Policy Implications of
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8 | Governance and policy responses
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contemporary challenge for policy m
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Year 1982 FAO World Soil Charter 19
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Ensure integrated management of pes
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8.4 | Regional soil policies 8.4.1
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while in areas with fertile soils t
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In New Zealand, there are few regul
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The SEEA Central Framework identifi
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EC. 2013. Decision No 1386/2013/EU
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World Bank. 2011. Rising Global Int
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9.1 | Introduction Land degradation
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Figure 9.1 Agro-ecological zones in
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The soils are strongly weathered an
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It exposes the soil to the erosive
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In many African cultures, harvestin
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Maputo accounts for 83 percent of t
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Poverty: General poverty of the far
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Considering that over 80 percent of
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Extent of SOM decline in the region
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Many farmers do not follow recommen
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9.5 | Case studies 9.5.1 | Senegal
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Figure 9.7 Extent of dominant degra
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management, it is important to note
Page 311 and 312: From 2006, several further national
Page 313 and 314: Figure 9.12 Actual water erosion pr
Page 315 and 316: Figure 9.13 Topsoil pH derived from
Page 317 and 318: Figure 9.14 Change in land-cover be
Page 319 and 320: Waterlogging Compaction Soil sealin
Page 321 and 322: Birru, T.C. 2002. Organic matter re
Page 323 and 324: Hein, L. & De Ridder, N. 2006. Dese
Page 325 and 326: Meyer, J.H., Harding, R., Rampersad
Page 327 and 328: Smith P. 2008. Soil organic carbon
Page 329 and 330: 10 | Regional Assessment of Soil Ch
Page 331 and 332: Figure 10.1 Length of the available
Page 333 and 334: Figure 10.2 Threats to soils in the
Page 335 and 336: 10.3.4 | Soil acidification There i
Page 337 and 338: In paddy rice cultivation and uplan
Page 339 and 340: 10.3.10 | Sealing and capping Seali
Page 341 and 342: practices. On low slopes, agronomic
Page 343 and 344: (Valentin et al., 2008). For peatla
Page 345 and 346: in Laos (59 kg N ha -1 ). On the ot
Page 347 and 348: Sub-Regions. Inceptisols are the do
Page 349 and 350: 10.5.2 | Case study for Indonesia T
Page 351 and 352: Peat fire is another important proc
Page 353 and 354: An agricultural soil monitoring pro
Page 355 and 356: The Basic Soil-Environmental Monito
Page 357 and 358: Figure 10.8 Estimate CH 4 emission
Page 359 and 360: Threat to soil function Soil erosio
Page 361: References Aggarwal, G.C., Sidhu, A
Page 365 and 366: Kukal, S.S. & Aggarwal, G.C. 2003.
Page 367 and 368: Piao, S., Fang, J., Ciais, P., Peyl
Page 369 and 370: Taniyama, I. 2003. Study of soil fa
Page 371 and 372: Zhao, Y., Duan, L., Xing, J., Larss
Page 373 and 374: 11.1 | Introduction The majority of
Page 375 and 376: The internal stratification within
Page 377 and 378: Mediterranean zone This zone by def
Page 379 and 380: (5) Salinization and sodification I
Page 381 and 382: The real extent of diffuse soil con
Page 383 and 384: While there is no harmonised exhaus
Page 385 and 386: Prepared by I. Alyabina Figure 11.2
Page 387 and 388: This is due to the country’s geo-
Page 389 and 390: Future changes in climate and land
Page 391 and 392: Considering an increase of industri
Page 393 and 394: Comparison of cultivated soils with
Page 395 and 396: Figure 11.3 Some types and extent o
Page 397 and 398: The plains in the basins of Amu Dar
Page 399 and 400: Threat to soil function Soil sealin
Page 401 and 402: References Acosta, J.A., Faz, A., J
Page 403 and 404: Inisheva, L.I. (ed.). 2005. Concept
Page 405 and 406: van Lynden, G.W.J. 1997. Guidelines
Page 407 and 408: 12.1 | Introduction This chapter di
Page 409 and 410: Figure 12.1 Biomes in Latin America
Page 411 and 412: Temperate Grasslands, Savannahs and
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humid. The most common soil groups
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12.3.6 | Compaction In LAC there ar
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New regional information has been g
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Primary forests have higher carbon
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Prepared by C. Cruz-Gaistardo Figur
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The salinity of soils on the cultiv
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Figure 12.6 Expansion of the agricu
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Figure 12.7 Percentage of areas aff
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Figure 12.8 Predominant types of la
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Threat to soil function Soil erosio
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Boddey, R.M., Alves, B.J.R, Jantali
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Gardi, C., Angelini, M., Barceló,
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Nogueira, M.A., Albino, U.B., Brand
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Spavorek, G., Bemdes, G., Barreto,
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13 | Regional Assessment of Soil Ch
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The Arab Centre for the Study of Ar
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Poverty within this system is exten
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Wind erosion A review conducted by
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13.3.5 | Soil salinization/sodifica
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13.3.9 | Compaction Soil compaction
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13.4 | Major soil threats in the re
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In Sudan, studies showed that in ar
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2002). There are few studies on the
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Consequences of salinization Salini
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Rates of C change are influenced no
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Figure 13.3 Layout of the project s
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13.5 | Case studies 13.5.1 | Case s
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Studies show that both climatic and
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2 - Land degradation assessment map
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Figure 13.9 Type of ecosystem servi
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Threat to soil function Soil erosio
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References Abahussain, A.A., Abdu,
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Badraoui, M. 1998. Effects of inten
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FAO. 2004. Regional Workshop on Pro
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Mamdouh Nasr. 1999. Assessing Deser
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Yaghi, B. & Abdul-Wahab, S.A. 2004.
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14.1 | Introduction Although Canada
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The area of forested land in Canada
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14.3 | Soil threats This section fo
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Figure 14.2 Map of Superfund sites
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Figure 14.3 Areas in United States
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The drivers for soil sealing in Can
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14.4.1 | Soil erosion Soil erosion
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The relationship between soil prope
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14.4.4 | Soil biodiversity Soil bio
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Figure 14.5 Risk of water erosion i
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Figure 14.7 Soil organic carbon cha
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Figure 14.8 Residual soil N in Cana
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14.6 | Conclusions and recommendati
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Compaction Sealing and land take Sa
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Clearwater, R.L., Martin, T., Hoppe
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Kurz, W.A., Dymond, C.C., White, T.
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USDA. 2011. Resource Conservation A
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15.1 | Introduction The Southwest P
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of the country. The undulating and
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The broad area of Near Oceania (inc
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Country and land-use driver Implica
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15.5 | Threats to soils in the regi
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egenerating soils. The South Island
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New Zealand The importance of soil
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Fertilizers Impurities in fertilize
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The main onsite effects of acidific
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Saltwater intrusion Saltwater intru
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Phosphorus is naturally deficient a
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Canterbury region. There has been a
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Figure 15.3 (a) Trends in winter ra
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Figure 15.5 Agricultural lime sales
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The management of water is also fun
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The DustWatch network Australia has
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Soil sealing and capping Contaminat
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Bui, E.N., Hancock, G.J. & Wilkinso
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Hartemink, A.E. 1998b. Acidificatio
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Moorehead, A. (ed.). 2011. Forests
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Robertson, M.J., George, R.J., O’
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Wilson, B.R. & Lonergan, V.E. 2013.
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16.1 | Antarctic soils and environm
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16.3 | Response All activities in A
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IAATO. 2014. Tourism statistics. In
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Annex | Soil groups, characteristic
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a Photo by C. Tarnocai b Photo by S
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Figure A 2 (a) An Anthrosol (Plagge
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a Photo by P. Charzyński Figure A
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a Photo by A. Filaretova b Photo by
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Figure A 5 (a) A Leptosol profile i
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a Photo by L. Wilding b Photo by L.
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Figure A 7 (a) A Solonetz profile a
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a Photo by T. Toth b Photo by S. Kh
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Figure A 9 (a) A Podzol profile and
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FERRALSOLS (OXISOLS) Ferralsols (Fi
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NITISOLS (Alfisols, Ultisols, Incep
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PLINTHOSOLS (Plinthic sub-groups) P
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PLANOSOLS (Albaqualfs, Albaquults a
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GLEYSOLS (Aquic suborder and Endoaq
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STAGNOSOLS (Aquic Suborders and Epi
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ANDOSOLS (ANDISOLS) Andosols (Figur
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5 | Soils with accumulation of orga
Page 605 and 606:
KASTANOZEMS (Ustolls and Xerolls) K
Page 607 and 608:
PHAEOZEMS (Udolls and Albolls) Phae
Page 609 and 610:
UMBRISOLS (Umbric Great Group in Aq
Page 611 and 612:
6 | Soils with accumulation of mode
Page 613 and 614:
CALCISOLS (Calcids, Argids, Cambids
Page 615 and 616:
GYPSISOLS (Gypsids) Gypsisols are c
Page 617 and 618:
7 | Soils with a clay-enriched subs
Page 619 and 620:
ACRISOLS (Kan- great groups of Ulti
Page 621 and 622:
LIXISOLS (Kan - great groups of Alf
Page 623 and 624:
ALISOLS (Ultisols with an argillic
Page 625 and 626:
LUVISOLS (Alfisols with an argillic
Page 627 and 628:
8 | Soils with little or no profile
Page 629 and 630:
REGOSOLS (Orthents) Regisols are th
Page 631 and 632:
ARENOSOLS (Psamments) Arenosols are
Page 633 and 634:
FLUVISOLS (Fluvents, Fluv-Subroups)
Page 635 and 636:
9 | Permanently flooded soils WASSE
Page 637 and 638:
Kastanozems Histosols Gypsisols Gre
Page 639 and 640:
Jones, A., Breuning-Madsen, H., Bro
Page 641 and 642:
Glossary of technical terms Aerobic
Page 643 and 644:
Topsoil: the upper part of a natura
Page 645 and 646:
Broll, Gabrielle Bruulsma, Tom Bunn
Page 647 and 648:
Leys, John Lobb, David Ma, Lin Maci
Page 649:
Urquiaga Caballero, Segundo Urquiza
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World’s Soil Resources

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