ultrasound diagnosis of fatal anomalies

Contents
Introduction ....................................................................... 1
1 Ultrasound Screening ............ 2
General Considerations ............ 2
First Screening (8–11 Weeks) ...... 2
Second Screening (18–21 Weeks) . . 8
Third Screening (28–31 Weeks) .... 20
Systematic Scanning of Fetal Anomalies ................................... 23
2 The Central Nervous System and
the Eye .......................... 24
Anencephaly ..................... 24
Aqueduct Stenosis ................ 27
Arachnoid Cysts .................. 28
Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum . . . 29
Dandy–Walker Syndrome ......... 34
Encephalocele .................... 36
Holoprosencephaly ............... 39
Hydranencephaly ................. 42
Hydrocephalus Internus ........... 43
Iniencephaly ..................... 45
Intracranial Bleeding .............. 46
Cataract .......................... 47
Microcephaly ..................... 48
Spina Bifida Aperta, (Myelo-)
Meningocele ..................... 51
Teratoma (Intracranial) ........... 56
Aneurysm of the Vein of Galen ..... 57
3 Face and Neck ................... 59
Facial Clefts (Cleft Lip and Cleft
Palate) ........................... 59
Hygroma Colli (Cystic Hygroma of
the Neck) ........................ 63
Goiter (Fetal) ..................... 66
4 Thorax .......................... 69
Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid
Malformation (CCAM) of the Lung . . 69
Esophageal Atresia ................ 72
Primary Fetal Hydrothorax ........ 73
Diaphragmatic Hernia ............. 76
5 The Heart ....................... 80
General Considerations ............ 80
Coarctation of the Aorta ........... 81
Atrioventricular Septal Defect
(AV Canal) ........................ 82
Bradycardia ...................... 86
Double-Outlet Right Ventricle
(DORV) .......................... 87
Ebstein Anomaly .................. 89
Ectopia Cordis/Cantrell Pentalogy . . 91
Extrasystoles (Supraventricular) . . . 93
Tetralogy of Fallot ................ 93
Hypoplasia of the Left Heart ....... 96
Cardiac Rhabdomyomas ........... 99
Tachycardia ...................... 100
Transposition of the Great Arteries
(TGA) ............................ 101
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) .... 103
6 Abdomen ........................ 106
Anal Atresia ...................... 106
Ascites ........................... 107
Duodenal Atresia ................. 108
Intestinal Atresia and Stenosis ..... 110
Gastroschisis ..................... 112
Intra-Abdominal Calcification (Hepatic
Calcification) ................ 114
Meconium Peritonitis ............. 116
Omphalocele ..................... 118
7 Urogenital Tract ................. 123
Bladder Exstrophy ................ 123
Genital Anomalies ................ 124
Hydronephrosis .................. 130
Infantile Polycystic Kidney Disease
(IPKD) ........................... 131
Multicystic Renal Dysplasia ........ 133
Renal Agenesis ................... 135
Hematoma of the Adrenal Gland . . . 138
Ovarian Cysts (Fetal) .............. 138
Sacrococcygeal Teratoma .......... 140
Ureterocele ...................... 142
Urethral Valve Sequence .......... 144
8 Skeletal Anomalies .............. 147
General information .............. 147
Achondrogenesis ................. 147
VI