Permutational Problems ~35n = 171,17- 2,16 3,15- 4,14 5,13- 6,12 7,11- 8,10 92, 1- 3,17 4,16- 5,15 6,14- 7,13 8,12- 9,11 103, 2- 4, 1 5,17- 6,16 7,15- 8,14 9,13-10,12 114, 3- 5, 2 6, 1- 7,17 8,16- 9,15 10,14-11,13 125, 4- 6, 3 7, 2- 8, 1 9,17-10,16 11,15-12,14 136, 5- 7, 4 8, 3- 9, 2 10, 1-11,17 12,16-13,15 147, 6- 8, 5 9, 4-10, 3 11, 2-12, 1 13,17-14,16 158, 7- 9, 6 10, 5-11, 4 12, 3-13, 2 14, 1-15,17 169, 8-10, 7 11, 6-12, 5 13, 4-14, 3 15, 2-16, 1 1710, 9-11, 8 12, 7-13, 6 14, 5-15, 4 16, 3-17, 2 111,10-12, 9 13, 8-14, 7 15, 6-16, 5 17, 4- 1, 3 212,11-13,10 14, 9-15, 8 16, 7-17, 6 1, 5- 2, 4 313,12-14,11 15,10-16, 9 17, 8- 1, 7 2, 6- 3, 5 414,13-15,12 16,11-17,10 1, 9- 2, 8 3, 7- 4, 6 515,14-16,13 17,12- 1,11 2,10- 3, 9 4, 8- 5, 7 616,15-17,14 1,13- 2,12 3,11- 4,10 5, 9- 6, 8 717,16- 1,15 2,14- 3,13 4,12- 5,11 6,10- 7, 9 8These tables ltre not as satisfactory as they might be sincea particular player does not have the other players as opponentsthe same number of times. For example, whenn = 8 the first player meets the second 4 times, the third twiceand the fourth not at all. A more equitable arrangementwould be obtained if we could replace conditions (2) and (3)by the following:(2') Each player has every other player as partner just once.(3') Each player has every other player as opponent justtwice.These conditions can be realized when n is of the form4k or 4k + 1, but not otherwise.For n = 4 and n = 5 the schedule is the same as in the precedingtable.
236 Mathematical Recreationsn=8 n=91,2-3,4 5,6-7,8 1,2-6,9 4,8-5,7 31,4-5,8 2,3-6,7 1,5-2,4 3,6-7,8 91,6-4,7 2,5-3,8 1,8-2,7 3,9-4,5 61,8-2,7 3,6-4,5 1,3-5,8 6,7-4,9 21,3-6,8 2,4-5,7 1,6-3,4 2,5-7,9 81,5-2,6 3,7-4,8 1,9-3,7 2,8-4,6 51,7-3,5 2,8-4,6 1,4-8,9 2,6-3,5 71,7-5,6 2,9-3,8 42,3-4,7 5,9-6,8 1For n = 12 there are 33 games:1,12- 5, 6 2,11- 3, 9 4, 8- 7,102,12- 6, 7 3, 1- 4,10 5, 9- 8,113,12- 7, 8 4, 2- 5,11 6,10- 9, 14,12- 8, 9 5, 3- 6, 1 7,11-10, 25,12- 9,10 6, 4- 7, 2 8, 1-11, 36,12-10,11 7, 5- 8, 3 9, 2- 1, 47,12-11, 1 8, 6- 9, 4 10, 3- 2, 58,12- 1, 2 9, 7-10, 5 11, 4- 3, 69,12- 2, 3 10, 8-11, 6 1, 5- 4, 710,12- 3, 4 11, 9- 1, 7 2, 6- 5, 811,12- 4, 5 1,10- 2, 8 3, 7- 6, 9From n = 13 on the players may be assigned to variousgroups of 4 or 5 players. Then each of these groups play atournament among themselves. Thus for n = 13 there are39 games resulting from the following 13 tournaments of 4players each: 1,2,3,4; 1,5,6,7; 1,8,9,10; 1,11,12,13;2,5,8,11; 2,6,9,12; 2,7,10,13; 3,5,10,12; 3,7,9,11; 3,6,8,13;4,5,9,13.; 4,6,10,11; 4,7,8,12.For n = 16 we have 60 games, or 20 tournaments of 4players each:
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MathematicalRecreationsMAURICE KRAI
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TOMR. DANNIE HEINEMANwho encouraged
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8 Mathematical RecreationsMr. W. W.
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10 ContentsPAGECHAPTER SEVEN.1. Def
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CHAPTER ONEMATHEMATICS WITHOUT NUMB
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M athematics Without Numbers 15he r
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Mathematic8 without Numbers 17word
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Mathematics witlwut Numbers 19way a
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Mathematics without Numbers 21~ I(h
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Ancient and Curious Problemsto the
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Ancient and Curious Problems 25Any
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Ancient and Curious ProblemsSolutio
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Ancient and Curious Problems 29Semp
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A ncient and Curious Problems 31Ans
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Ancient and Curious Problems 33monk
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SolutionNo.Ancient and Curious Prob
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Ancient and Curiou8 Problemab+da+ci
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Ancient and Curious Problems 89and
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Ancient and Curious Problems 41t =
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thenA ncient and Curious Problemsx-
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Numerical Pastimes 45desired number
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Numerical Pastimes 47Mr. Thebault g
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Numerical Pastimes 49threes I find
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Numerical Pastimes(3) 16ab + c = 16
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Numerical Pastimes 53If the standar
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Numerical Pastimes 55consists of k
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Numerical Pastimes 57sponding to th
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Numerical Pastimes 592. Think of a
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Numerical Pastimes 61the result. Or
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Numerical Pastimes 68If we subtract
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ABCDEFGHIJKLM IIN 0 P Q R STU V W x
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Numerical Pastimes 67progressions.
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Numerical Pastimes 691 (n + d - 2)!
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Numerical Pastimes 71Two or more pr
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Numerical Pastimes 73= 8. m2(m + 1)
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Numerical Pastimes 75Thus, in order
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Numerical Pastimes 778. AUTOMORPHIC
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Numerical Pastimes 79primality has
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Numerical Pastimes 81products with
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Numerical Pastimes 838. QUI)TRO UVE
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Numerical Pastimes 85There are many
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Numerical Pastimes 87if a player A
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Numerical Pastimes 893. CHINESE RIN
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Numerical Pastimes 91rings. If the
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Numerical Pastimes 93others getting
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CHAPTER FOURARITHMETICO-GEOMETRICAL
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SinceArithmetico-Geometrical Questi
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A rithmetico-Geometrical Questions
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Arithmetico-Geometrical Questions 1
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Arithmetico-Geometrical Questions 1
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Arithmetico-Geometrical Questions 1
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Arithmetico-Geometrical Questions 1
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CHAPTER FIVETHE CALENDARTIME can be
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The Calendar111MONTHMJanua~ .......
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The Calendar 113scale). For the mon
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The Calendar 115"other point." In a
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CHAPTER SIXPROBABILITIESTHE serious
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Probabilities 119possibilities prod
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Probabilitiesl~lone suit will not b
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Probabilities 123into some one of w
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Probabilities 1~5Finally, the proba
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Probabilities 127It is clear that t
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Probabilities 129deck is usually no
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Probabilitiesunpartments, so that t
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Probabilities 133from the pieces. T
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x·whence ~ = S + g.Piwins, we must
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Probabilities 137with a throw of ta
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Probabilities 139do. Does there exi
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Probabilities 141staking .1 of what
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Magic Squares 143fore we can readil
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Magic Squares 145change of rows may
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Magic Squares 147b + h = c + g = d
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Magic Squares 149fill in the remain
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Magic Squares 15101-1 -1-1-1-1 "-1-
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Magic Squares 153in one-, two-, or
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Magic Squares 155We shall call the
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Magic Squares 157tinct in the modul
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Magic Squares 159shows how this met
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that is,Magic Squaresb+p-Iu+p-1w ==
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Magic Squares 163semimagic if t, u,
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Magic Squares 16541, and 14. Hence
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Magic Squares 167There are no regul
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Magic Squares 169One can also borde
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Magic Squares 171element of the giv
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Magic Squares173113 124 119 126 1 1
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Magic Squares 175possible to form a
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Magic Squares 177square of order 12
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Magic Squares 17912. EULER (GRAECO-
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Magic Squares 181themselves must th
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Magic Squares 183Figure 58. If (Fig
- Page 184 and 185: Magic Squares 185must take. You can
- Page 186 and 187: Magic Squares 187From this one can
- Page 188 and 189: Magic Squares 189number of distinct
- Page 190 and 191: Magic Squares 191We may remark in p
- Page 192 and 193: CHAPTER EIGHTGEOMETRIC RECREATIONS1
- Page 194 and 195: Geometric Recreations 1952. Dissect
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- Page 198 and 199: Geometric Recreations 1992. MOSAICS
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- Page 202 and 203: Geometric Recreations111 1 1 3-+-+-
- Page 204 and 205: Geometric Recreations ~05have edges
- Page 206 and 207: Geometric Recreations 207solutions,
- Page 208 and 209: Geometric Recreations ~09the 20, an
- Page 210 and 211: Geometric Recreations ~11closed --
- Page 212 and 213: Geometric Recreations ~13example, s
- Page 214 and 215: Permutational Problems ~15child, ar
- Page 216 and 217: Permutational Problems 217the minor
- Page 218 and 219: Permutational Problems 219The two h
- Page 220 and 221: Permutational Problems 221Thus it t
- Page 222 and 223: Permutational ProblemsInitially the
- Page 224 and 225: Permutational Problemsget onto the
- Page 226 and 227: Permutational Problemseter give 2n
- Page 228 and 229: Permutational Problems 229go back t
- Page 230 and 231: Permutational Problems 231When two
- Page 232 and 233: Permutational ProblemaRn = nC2 = n(
- Page 236 and 237: Permutational Problems 2371,2, 3, 4
- Page 238 and 239: The Problem of the Queens~391. THE
- Page 240 and 241: The Problem oj the Queens 241tions.
- Page 242 and 243: The Problem of the Queens ~43no sol
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- Page 248 and 249: The Problem of the Queens ~49FIGURE
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- Page 254 and 255: The Problem of the Queens '255ular
- Page 256 and 257: CHAPTER ELEVENTHE PROBLEM OF THE KN
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- Page 266 and 267: CHAPTER TWELVEGAMES1. POSITIONAL GA
- Page 268 and 269: Games 269The checker man moves one
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- Page 272 and 273: Games 273U- 2 V-1 + u- 2 v + U-1V-2
- Page 274 and 275: Game8 275(16 moves for the 8 pawns
- Page 276 and 277: Games 277rules of play, or the piec
- Page 278 and 279: Games 279The centaur, which combine
- Page 280 and 281: Games 2816. REVERSI. This is played
- Page 282 and 283: Games 283tween 2 and 4 balls in eac
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Games 285This great power granted t
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Games ~87that White can always win,
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Games 289if Black), the guide alone
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Games 291Here are a few games. (W s
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Games ~98units. The strength of a s
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Games '295end of the game. When all
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Games 297first one to be unable to
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Games 299draw. In case of tie the o
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Games 301in the original game, exce
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Games 303initially the cubes are se
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Games 805aspects of the theory of p
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Games 307n (> 1) objects are even,
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Games 309the two sets of pawns inte
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Games 311Grasshopper is a variant o
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Games 313one tries to construct squ
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Games 315umn, one takes that opport
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GamesRl Bl ~ B2 R3 B3 ~ B4~ B3 Rl B
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Games 319cards by pairs in order an
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Games 321up after the fifth deal in
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Games 3~3of the cuts, we find that
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THE FALSE COIN. 825Hence we can ide
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Index 827Composite magic squares, 1
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Needle problem, 132Negative digits,