Mathematical_Recreations-Kraitchik-2e

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Games 303initially the cubes are set in the box in order, with the emptycell in the lower right corner (Figure 167). The mechanismof the puzzle is such that the cubes may not be removed fromthe box, but may be slid parallel to the sides of the box.Hence by a series of moves - sliding a cube next to the8_ B tJ1' ••• 1". ',.1 •. . . . 81 I' .1' .1". ".1 •· .---... .. . . .-88'S' .....'.···tJ~.. ..~.... ....I • I: :1: :1:-: [j":•••••::::··~I I·I~~~·==<8 =~ . '1=:: . ..... :5]·B[j ... . ......... .. .~ I' ............ 1"'1-·-1··· ··-1-·..-:;I: : I: : II:' : 1:':1 15]...-1-· ... ~ II . ~ •• -1-·· ... ... BEJB . .. !..-_ ~ !..-e. . . . . ·. · . ·LJ:::JI . I: . : :,-..FIGURE 165. Quadrilles of Lucas.empty cell into the empty cell - one may perform variouspermutations of the sequence of the numbers on the cubes.The problem presented by the puzzle is to determine whatpermutations can be obtained, and how. It is understoodthat at the end of any sequence of moves the empty cell isonce more at the lower right corner.The puzzle is most easily understood in terms of certain
304 Mathematical RecreationsB.l2J. ~~'BB~':::'81.} ------ · · · .. ~•• ••••••• • •••• ••••[j~~~9 ~JjEJ[DJf1:::~~51... , ... -.-, ... , .. , .. , .......... ,- .. -..IB..·.·.'···,: :1: :1:·:II:·:I:::II:::r.. .·S·II..-,......,...[j·. .. ...... • • ••• 11· • • • •••••••.----. .----. - I ,. ·1· · I· -.~ .8~1~:~:: :IBtJtJrBa EJ81 · I: :11: :, •• 11· .1 • II • I I-tr " • • • • • • • • • • ••• ••• •'11' ','.' '.','" ""I" ,I•-=- •·'1' ••••• T '1"','·' •••••••••• ""1""'18: :1:::' I ':·:1:·:'··.1.··~'lIj :.; • ••• • • • • •• GE• • • • • •I· • I: :, •• 1 .., I I I--:---:-;-; .. -. •I~E]• - EJ• • • •FIGURE 166. Quadrilles of Delannoy.
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MathematicalRecreationsMAURICE KRAI
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TOMR. DANNIE HEINEMANwho encouraged
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8 Mathematical RecreationsMr. W. W.
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10 ContentsPAGECHAPTER SEVEN.1. Def
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CHAPTER ONEMATHEMATICS WITHOUT NUMB
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M athematics Without Numbers 15he r
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Mathematic8 without Numbers 17word
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Mathematics witlwut Numbers 19way a
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Mathematics without Numbers 21~ I(h
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Ancient and Curious Problemsto the
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Ancient and Curious Problems 25Any
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Ancient and Curious ProblemsSolutio
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Ancient and Curious Problems 29Semp
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A ncient and Curious Problems 31Ans
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Ancient and Curious Problems 33monk
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SolutionNo.Ancient and Curious Prob
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Ancient and Curiou8 Problemab+da+ci
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Ancient and Curious Problems 89and
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Ancient and Curious Problems 41t =
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thenA ncient and Curious Problemsx-
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Numerical Pastimes 45desired number
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Numerical Pastimes 47Mr. Thebault g
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Numerical Pastimes 49threes I find
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Numerical Pastimes(3) 16ab + c = 16
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Numerical Pastimes 53If the standar
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Numerical Pastimes 55consists of k
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Numerical Pastimes 57sponding to th
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Numerical Pastimes 592. Think of a
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Numerical Pastimes 61the result. Or
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Numerical Pastimes 68If we subtract
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ABCDEFGHIJKLM IIN 0 P Q R STU V W x
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Numerical Pastimes 67progressions.
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Numerical Pastimes 691 (n + d - 2)!
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Numerical Pastimes 71Two or more pr
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Numerical Pastimes 73= 8. m2(m + 1)
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Numerical Pastimes 75Thus, in order
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Numerical Pastimes 778. AUTOMORPHIC
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Numerical Pastimes 79primality has
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Numerical Pastimes 81products with
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Numerical Pastimes 838. QUI)TRO UVE
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Numerical Pastimes 85There are many
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Numerical Pastimes 87if a player A
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Numerical Pastimes 893. CHINESE RIN
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Numerical Pastimes 91rings. If the
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Numerical Pastimes 93others getting
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CHAPTER FOURARITHMETICO-GEOMETRICAL
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SinceArithmetico-Geometrical Questi
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A rithmetico-Geometrical Questions
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Arithmetico-Geometrical Questions 1
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CHAPTER FIVETHE CALENDARTIME can be
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The Calendar111MONTHMJanua~ .......
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The Calendar 113scale). For the mon
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The Calendar 115"other point." In a
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CHAPTER SIXPROBABILITIESTHE serious
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Probabilities 119possibilities prod
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Probabilitiesl~lone suit will not b
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Probabilities 123into some one of w
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Probabilities 1~5Finally, the proba
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Probabilities 127It is clear that t
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Probabilities 129deck is usually no
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Probabilitiesunpartments, so that t
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Probabilities 133from the pieces. T
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x·whence ~ = S + g.Piwins, we must
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Probabilities 137with a throw of ta
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Probabilities 139do. Does there exi
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Probabilities 141staking .1 of what
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Magic Squares 143fore we can readil
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Magic Squares 145change of rows may
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Magic Squares 147b + h = c + g = d
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Magic Squares 149fill in the remain
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Magic Squares 15101-1 -1-1-1-1 "-1-
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Magic Squares 153in one-, two-, or
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Magic Squares 155We shall call the
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Magic Squares 157tinct in the modul
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Magic Squares 159shows how this met
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that is,Magic Squaresb+p-Iu+p-1w ==
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Magic Squares 163semimagic if t, u,
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Magic Squares 16541, and 14. Hence
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Magic Squares 167There are no regul
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Magic Squares 169One can also borde
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Magic Squares 171element of the giv
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Magic Squares173113 124 119 126 1 1
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Magic Squares 175possible to form a
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Magic Squares 177square of order 12
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Magic Squares 17912. EULER (GRAECO-
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Magic Squares 181themselves must th
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Magic Squares 183Figure 58. If (Fig
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Magic Squares 185must take. You can
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Magic Squares 187From this one can
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Magic Squares 189number of distinct
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Magic Squares 191We may remark in p
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CHAPTER EIGHTGEOMETRIC RECREATIONS1
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Geometric Recreations 1952. Dissect
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Geometric Recreations 197SoZ1dion:
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Geometric Recreations 1992. MOSAICS
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Geometric Recreations~OlMosaic ofMo
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Geometric Recreations111 1 1 3-+-+-
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Geometric Recreations ~05have edges
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Geometric Recreations 207solutions,
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Geometric Recreations ~09the 20, an
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Geometric Recreations ~11closed --
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Geometric Recreations ~13example, s
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Permutational Problems ~15child, ar
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Permutational Problems 217the minor
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Permutational Problems 219The two h
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Permutational Problems 221Thus it t
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Permutational ProblemsInitially the
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Permutational Problemsget onto the
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Permutational Problemseter give 2n
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Permutational Problems 229go back t
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Permutational Problems 231When two
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Permutational ProblemaRn = nC2 = n(
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Permutational Problems ~35n = 171,1
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Permutational Problems 2371,2, 3, 4
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The Problem of the Queens~391. THE
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The Problem oj the Queens 241tions.
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The Problem of the Queens ~43no sol
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The Problem of the Queens 245Such a
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The Problem of the Queens 247up int
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The Problem of the Queens ~49FIGURE
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The Problem of the Queens 251On the
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Page 254 and 255: The Problem of the Queens '255ular
Page 256 and 257: CHAPTER ELEVENTHE PROBLEM OF THE KN
Page 258 and 259: The Problem of the KnightU92. W ARN
Page 260 and 261: The Problem of the Knight ~61tour i
Page 262 and 263: The Problem of the Knight 263tal me
Page 264 and 265: The Problem of the Knight265There a
Page 266 and 267: CHAPTER TWELVEGAMES1. POSITIONAL GA
Page 268 and 269: Games 269The checker man moves one
Page 270 and 271: Games 271left," namely" no change."
Page 272 and 273: Games 273U- 2 V-1 + u- 2 v + U-1V-2
Page 274 and 275: Game8 275(16 moves for the 8 pawns
Page 276 and 277: Games 277rules of play, or the piec
Page 278 and 279: Games 279The centaur, which combine
Page 280 and 281: Games 2816. REVERSI. This is played
Page 282 and 283: Games 283tween 2 and 4 balls in eac
Page 284 and 285: Games 285This great power granted t
Page 286 and 287: Games ~87that White can always win,
Page 288 and 289: Games 289if Black), the guide alone
Page 290 and 291: Games 291Here are a few games. (W s
Page 292 and 293: Games ~98units. The strength of a s
Page 294 and 295: Games '295end of the game. When all
Page 296 and 297: Games 297first one to be unable to
Page 298 and 299: Games 299draw. In case of tie the o
Page 300 and 301: Games 301in the original game, exce
Page 304 and 305: Games 805aspects of the theory of p
Page 306 and 307: Games 307n (> 1) objects are even,
Page 308 and 309: Games 309the two sets of pawns inte
Page 310 and 311: Games 311Grasshopper is a variant o
Page 312 and 313: Games 313one tries to construct squ
Page 314 and 315: Games 315umn, one takes that opport
Page 316 and 317: GamesRl Bl ~ B2 R3 B3 ~ B4~ B3 Rl B
Page 318 and 319: Games 319cards by pairs in order an
Page 320 and 321: Games 321up after the fifth deal in
Page 322 and 323: Games 3~3of the cuts, we find that
Page 324 and 325: THE FALSE COIN. 825Hence we can ide
Page 326 and 327: Index 827Composite magic squares, 1
Page 328 and 329: Needle problem, 132Negative digits,
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