CHINA ARQUEOLOGIA golden-age-chinese-archayeolog

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Lenders to the ExhibitionChunhua County Cultural Relics Museum,Chunhua, Shaanxi ProvinceFamen Monastery Museum, Fufeng, ShaanxiProvinceGansu Provincial Bureau of Cultural Heritage,Lanzhou, Gansu ProvinceGansu Provincial Museum, Lanzhou, GansuProvinceGuangdong Provincial Bureau of Culture,Guangzhou, Guangdong ProvinceHebei Provincial Bureau of Cultural Heritage,Shijiazhuang, Hebei ProvinceHebei Provincial Cultural Relics Institute,Shijiazhuang, Hebei ProvinceHebei Provincial Museum, Shijiazhuang, HebeiProvinceHenan Museum, Zhengzhou, Henan ProvinceHenan Provincial Bureau of Cultural Heritage,Zhengzhou, Henan ProvinceHubei Provincial Bureau of Cultural Heritage,Wuhan, Hubei ProvinceHubei Provincial Museum, Wuhan, Hubei ProvinceThe Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy ofSocial Sciences, BeijingJiangxi Provincial Bureau of Cultural Heritage,Nanchang, Jiangxi ProvinceJiangxi Provincial Museum, Nanchang, JiangxiProvinceJingzhou Prefecture Museum, Jingzhou, HubeiProvinceLiaoning Provincial Bureau of Cultural Heritage,Shenyang, Liaoning ProvinceLiaoning Provincial Institute of Archaeology,Shenyang, Liaoning ProvinceLintong County Museum, Lintong, ShaanxiProvinceThe Museum of the Western Han Tomb of theNanyue King, Guangzhou, Guangdong ProvinceThe National Museum of Chinese History, BeijingQin Terra-cotta Museum, Lintong, Shaanxi ProvinceQingzhou Municipal Museum, Qingzhou,Shandong ProvinceSanxingdui Museum, Sanxingdui, Guanghan,Sichuan ProvinceShaanxi Archaeological Institute, Xi'an, ShaanxiProvinceShaanxi History Museum, Xi'an, Shaanxi ProvinceShaanxi Provincial Administrative Bureau ofCultural Heritage, Xi'an, Shaanxi ProvinceShandong Provincial Bureau of Cultural Heritage,Jinan, Shandong ProvinceShanxi Provincial Bureau of Cultural Heritage,Taiyuan, Shanxi ProvinceShanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology, Taiyuan,Shanxi ProvinceSichuan Provincial Bureau of Cultural Heritage,Chengdu, Sichuan ProvinceXi'an Municipal Institute of Archaeology andPreservation of Cultural Relics, Xi'an, ShaanxiProvinceYanshi City Museum, Yanshi, Henan ProvinceZhejiang Provincial Bureau of Cultural Heritage,Hangzhou, Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang Provincial Institute of Archaeology,Hangzhou, Zhejiang ProvinceZhouyuan Administrative Office of Cultural Relics,Fufeng, Shaanxi ProvinceLiaoning Provincial Museum, Shenyang, LiaoningProvince15
AcknowledgmentsFive years ago, when I first discussed the idea of organizing this exhibition with Marc F. Wilson,director of The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, I received his enthusiastic encouragement. Earl A.Powell III, director of the National Gallery of Art, agreed not only to participate but to accept, onbehalf of the Gallery, responsibility as the principal organizer, owing to a conflict presented bythe simultaneous expansion of The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art. I cannot find words to conveymy gratitude to Mr. Powell and Mr. Wilson for their foresight, determination, and leadership.The project has benefited immeasurably from the cooperation of the State Bureau ofCultural Relics, The People s Republic of China; museums and archaeological institutionsthroughout China; many Chinese scholars and archaeologists; the Chinese Embassy to theUnited States of America; and the American Embassy to The People s Republic of China. Iwould like to express my deep appreciation to the State Bureau of Cultural Relics, particularlyto General Director Zhang Wenbin and his colleagues, Mr. Ma Zishu, Ms. Wang Limei, Mr.Lou Bojian, and Mr. Song Xinchao; the Advisory Committee of the State Bureau, particularlyProfessors Su Bai, Yu Weichao, Zhang Zhongpei, Xu Pingfang, Huang Jinlue, and Sun Ji; ArtExhibitions China, particularly the exhibition team of Messrs, and Misses Yang Yang, Yin Jia,Zhang Jianxin, Zhu Shumin, Zhao Gushan, and Chen Shujie; and the photography team ofMessrs, and Misses Fan Shenyan, Li Fan, and Zhang Yulian; and the transportation team ofMessrs. Zhang Yake and Yang Guangming. Ms. Wang Limei enthusiastically participated in thisproject from the early stages and effectively coordinated work at the various museum andarchaeological institutions in China. Mr. Yang Yang was the team leader of Art ExhibitionsChina and supervised related preparations in the agency. Ms. Fan Shenyan traveled throughoutChina to make the beautiful photographs published here, even managing to satisfy my requestfor numerous details and excavation photographs. Additional photographs were made byMessrs. Gao Yuying, Jiang Cong, Qin Ziyu, Wang Baoping, and Wang Mengxiang. I am gratefulto Ambassador Li Zhaoxing and the staff at the Chinese Embassy to the United States; toMessrs. Li Gang and Zhan Yucheng at the Ministry of Culture of The People's Republic ofChina; and to Messrs. Paul Blackburn and William G. Crowell at the United States Embassyto The People's Republic of China. I am also appreciative of James J. Lally, who lent his expertisein reviewing the values provided for indemnity and insurance purposes.Since 1997, I have worked with the excellent staff at the National Gallery of Art, perhapsmost closely with D. Dodge Thompson, chief of exhibitions, whose professionalism and cooperativespirit I admire greatly. Sincere thanks are owed to the many other staff who tirelessly gaveof their time and expertise to the realization of this project, including Alan Shestack, deputydirector; Carol Kelley, deputy to the director; Ann B. Robertson and Jennifer Bumba-Kongo,department of exhibitions, who provided administrative support; Susan M. Arensberg, IsabelleDervaux, Carroll Moore, Roily Strauss, and Yu-wen Wu, department of exhibition programs,who prepared educational texts and produced the brochure and audio-visual program; MervinRichard, Michael Pierce, and Judy Ozone, conservation division, together with Michelle Fondas16
Page 2: THE GOLDEN ACE OFChinese Archaeolog
Page 5: The exhibition is sponsored by East
Page 8 and 9: CHU AND OTHER CULTURESC. 770- 221 B
Page 10 and 11: THE WHITE HOUSEWASHINGTONJune 24,19
Page 12 and 13: China offers this important exhibit
Page 14: from several continents, whose illu
Page 19: Archaeological Sites
Page 22 and 23: BRONZE AGE CHINACHU ANDOTHERCULTURE
Page 24: CHINESE HISTORICAL PERIODS AND DYNA
Page 27 and 28: since Shen Nong, or Yan Di —the f
Page 29 and 30: (American, 1870-1946), chief palaeo
Page 31 and 32: Hardstone owl; height 34.1(i3 3 /s)
Page 33 and 34: Soon after, two young Chinese schol
Page 35 and 36: prise with steady, though modest, f
Page 37 and 38: archaeologists were scarce and supe
Page 39 and 40: Cultural Revolution (1966-1976). 71
Page 41 and 42: Bronze spirit tree; height384 (151
Page 43 and 44: bution, chronology, and behavior; t
Page 45 and 46: 1 The jin shi xue was formally esta
Page 48: CATALOGUE
Page 52 and 53: The Foundation of Chinese Civilizat
Page 54 and 55: exhibit similarities to those of th
Page 56 and 57: the first Banpo phase, nearly all o
Page 58 and 59: kind of graphic notation. These mar
Page 60 and 61: of triangles pointing outward. The
Page 62 and 63: 3Painted pottery ping flaskHeight 3
Page 64 and 65: 4Painted pottery hu jarHeight 20.8
Page 66 and 67:
65 I YANCSHAO CULTURE: BANPO
Page 68 and 69:
1 Excavated in 1978; published: Lin
Page 70 and 71:
Painted pottery pen basin;height 12
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of the relationships between Majiay
Page 74 and 75:
ing one another and holding between
Page 76 and 77:
7Painted pottery ping containerHeig
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9Painted pottery guan jarHeight 21.
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Aerial view of the femalespirit tem
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of the eponymous female spirit —
Page 84 and 85:
FIG. i. Jade coiled dragon;height 2
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n1 Two-thirds of the mound had been
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13impressive of the Niuheliang tomb
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89 I HONCSHAN CULTURE
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i6i6Jade owlWidth 3.8 (iV 2 )Hongsh
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i8i8Cloudlike jade plaqueHeight 12.
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20FIG. 2. Triple-bi'-shapedjade pen
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vey the impression that she is talk
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THE DAWENKOUAND SHANDONGLONCSHANCUL
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alligator scutes (probably the rema
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groups, each with distinct customs.
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FIG. i. Jade blade incisedwith gogg
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Painted pottery pen basin;height 20
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25Painted pottery pan basinHeight 8
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26a26Two painted pottery hu vessels
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2/a27Two painted pottery pen basins
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28Jade and bone hair ornament inlai
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THE LIANCZHU The Liangzhu culture i
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Of all Liangzhu achievements, jade
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2 9Jade congHeight 10 (3 7s), exter
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the motif by elevating it into reli
Page 126 and 127:
FIG. i. Reconstruction ofthe axe an
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A pair of clawed feet, also represe
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by two winglike shapes covered with
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35Jade zhuo braceletHeight 2.6 (i),
Page 134 and 135:
Cat. 35, incised and carveddecorati
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rated surfaces, spherical beads —
Page 140 and 141:
The Epic of the Three DynastiesBRON
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Yangzi River (cats. 65-75) and Daya
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Conjectural reconstructionof one of
Page 146 and 147:
37interiorouter mold sections would
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FIG. i. Cat 38: inlayand cross sect
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40perforation, the same four segmen
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FIG. i. Plan of Tomb 612 atDadianzi
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the early Shang bronzes did not ari
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42Painted pottery lei jarHeight 30
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43Painted pottery hu jarHeight 40.5
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159 I TOMBS OF THE LOWER XIAJIADIAN
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45Pottery jiao vesselHeight 18 (7 V
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Conjectural reconstructionof the ed
Page 166 and 167:
ing a dedicatory inscription to ano
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Cat 67 from above andside: decorati
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4»Bronze owl-shaped zun vesselHeig
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Cat. 49 from above andside. After Z
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1/3 | TOMB 5 AT XIAOTUN
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51Bronze jue vesselHeight 37.3 (i4
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for binding the axe to the shaft; t
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179 I TOMB 5 AT XIAOTUN
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54a. Jade craneLength 12 (4 3 / 4 )
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Bovid scapulas excavated in1971 fro
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56ancestral sacrifices, so that the
Page 188 and 189:
THE TOMB ATDAYANGZHOU,XIN'GAN,JIANG
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57Bronze two-sided maskHeight 53 (2
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58Bronze tigerHeight 25.5 (10), wid
Page 195 and 196:
59Bronze fangding vesselHeight 97 (
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6oBronze ding tripodHeight 62.4 (24
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6iBronze yan steamerHeight 105 (41
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2OOBRONZE ACE CHINA
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63Bronze helmetHeight 18.7 (/Vs), w
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64Bronze bo bellHeight 33 (13), wei
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SACRIFICIAL PITSAT SANXINGDUI,GUANG
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65Bronze standing figureHeight 262
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6666sideBronze human head with gold
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67213 I SACRIFICIAL PITS AT SANXINC
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68215 I SACRIFICIAL PITS AT SANXINC
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6969sideBronze mask with hooked-clo
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masks, some of which are pieced at
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7iBronze figure with headdressHeigh
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73by strong modeling; the surface i
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74Bronze lei vesselHeight 54 (21 y
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227 I SACRIFICIAL PITS AT SANXINGDU
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FIG. i. Remains of chariotsin the s
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76Bronze ding tripod with five hand
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Zhou bronzes, the motif is delibera
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single head — or, alternatively,
Page 238 and 239:
(c. 1045 BCE) and was rewarded with
Page 240 and 241:
79these two neighboring families; o
Page 242 and 243:
8oFeng bronze zun vesselHeight 16.8
Page 244 and 245:
Reverent and illustrious was the St
Page 246 and 247:
245 I BRONZES FROM ZHUANCBAI
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six animals climb its sides, and tw
Page 250:
body of the dead and his or her pos
Page 253 and 254:
85Jade pel pectoralLength c. 50 (19
Page 255 and 256:
86Jade pel pectoralLength c. 150 (5
Page 257 and 258:
256 I BRONZE ACE CHINA
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88Hare-shaped bronze zun vesselHeig
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8 9Bronze he vesselHe vessels of th
Page 263 and 264:
90Cylindrical bronze vessel with pe
Page 266:
CHU AND OTHER CULTURES
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Cat. 95, detailcates the pervasiven
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CHU TOMBS ATXIASI, XICHUAN,HENAN PR
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9iChime of twenty-six bronze zhong
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ful and am at ease and composed. I
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cat. 105), numerous lacquered wood
Page 279 and 280:
92Bronze huoding tripod, pair of li
Page 281 and 282:
28O I CHU AND OTHER CULTURES
Page 283 and 284:
94Bronze dou vessel inlaid with tur
Page 285 and 286:
284 I CHU AND OTHER CULTURES
Page 288 and 289:
generally believed to have been one
Page 290 and 291:
traditionally associated with the h
Page 292 and 293:
97without lidFIG. i. Profile and cr
Page 294 and 295:
98Bronze filterHeight 88.5 (34 3 /
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scribed with the name of King Yichu
Page 298 and 299:
to hold the wings, and a crown of d
Page 300 and 301:
1O1Bronze drum standHeight 54 (2i l
Page 302 and 303:
1O2Bronze triple ji halberdLength (
Page 304 and 305:
104Two bronze mat weightsHeight 8.0
Page 306 and 307:
than hammered from sheets, the conv
Page 308 and 309:
in common use in the central plains
Page 310 and 311:
advances in joinery techniques, gav
Page 312 and 313:
complement on the left is portrayed
Page 314 and 315:
FIG. i. Cat. 108: profile;lid and h
Page 316 and 317:
315 I CHU LACQUERS FROM HUBEI
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and secured within the wooden frame
Page 320 and 321:
mbunusual arrangement executed with
Page 322 and 323:
FIG. i. Brocade bandssecuring the w
Page 324 and 325:
1123detail112a. Embroidered luo gau
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FIG. i. Weave structureof four cros
Page 328 and 329:
FIG. 2. Drawing of woodfigure cloth
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TOMB 2 ATBAOSHAN,JINGMEN,HUBEI PROV
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ii3Painted lacquer coffinHeight 45
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behind the bird-over-dragon scheme
Page 336 and 337:
ii4Lacquer cabinet and vesselsHeigh
Page 338 and 339:
FIG. i. Bronze zun inlaidwith lacqu
Page 340 and 341:
BRONZE EJUN Ql)IE TALLY FROMQIUJIAH
Page 343 and 344:
FIG. i. Five joined talliesin cross
Page 345 and 346:
command the Jiyin [?] official Dao
Page 348 and 349:
FIG. 1. Painted lacquerbird with an
Page 350 and 351:
119Ten bamboo slipsLength 64-71 (25
Page 352 and 353:
Pan Cheng employed several turtle a
Page 354 and 355:
FIG. i. Conjectural reconstructiono
Page 356 and 357:
12OTwo bronze three-pronged objects
Page 358 and 359:
121Bronze winged mythical animal in
Page 360:
122Bronze mythical animal inlaid wi
Page 364 and 365:
The Grandeur of EmpiresEARLY IMPERI
Page 366 and 367:
of the First Emperor's army (cats.
Page 368 and 369:
forces symbolically defending the i
Page 370:
some precise metaphysical idea but
Page 373 and 374:
Cross section of one ofthe pits, sh
Page 376:
vidual physiognomies is not merely
Page 379 and 380:
The figure exemplifies the key styl
Page 382:
thigh, holds the arm of the crossbo
Page 385 and 386:
status during the Western Zhou peri
Page 387:
Excavation photograph ofPit i, with
Page 390 and 391:
Excavation photograph ofDou Wans ja
Page 392 and 393:
11 R12FIG. i. Schematic drawingof t
Page 394 and 395:
130earlier face coverings. Liu Shen
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FIG. i. The top, underside,and two
Page 398 and 399:
fierce creatures." In western regio
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that splays outward to a domed lid
Page 402 and 403:
The pregnant female figure, however
Page 404 and 405:
to Mount Kunlun, a peak that reache
Page 406 and 407:
hands of servants or immortals and
Page 408 and 409:
FIG. i. Cat. 136 from above.After Z
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THE TOMB OFTHE KING OFNANYUE ATXIAN
Page 413 and 414:
Indeed, the contents and constructi
Page 415 and 416:
414 I EARLY IMPERIAL CHINA
Page 417 and 418:
stronger state to the north. His ja
Page 419 and 420:
141Jade pei ornament with dragonand
Page 421 and 422:
142Jade monster mask with bi diskHe
Page 423 and 424:
H3Jade belt hookHeight 6.2 (2 ! / 2
Page 425 and 426:
The second ring is also an unusual
Page 427 and 428:
146Jade dancing figureHeight 3.5 (i
Page 429 and 430:
H7Jade boxHeight 7.7 (3'A), diam. 9
Page 431 and 432:
148Jade beaker with bronze basin st
Page 433 and 434:
149Bronze mounted jade cupHeight 14
Page 435 and 436:
1503150Three gilt bronze fittings f
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150cdetail
Page 439 and 440:
BUDDHISTSCULPTURE FROMMONASTERYSITE
Page 442 and 443:
i5iPainted stone standing Buddhawit
Page 444:
first using a white base, then fles
Page 447 and 448:
usnisa—the seat of his transcende
Page 450 and 451:
terminating in an elegant pattern,
Page 452 and 453:
their bronze vessels, abandoned Cha
Page 454 and 455:
155Parcel-gilt silver pan dish with
Page 456 and 457:
cal examples of Tang decorative tre
Page 458 and 459:
tongue the other; four rectangular
Page 460 and 461:
stone survives on one of the ducks
Page 462 and 463:
tions. Empress Wu Zetian entertaine
Page 464 and 465:
The Famen Monasterypagoda prior to
Page 466 and 467:
i6oParcel-gilt silver khakkhara (mo
Page 468 and 469:
467 I FAMEN MONASTERY AT FUFENC
Page 470 and 471:
pies, such as the Famen Monastery's
Page 472 and 473:
just 11.8 by 8.4 centimeters — co
Page 474 and 475:
generally bowl-shaped, with a cover
Page 476 and 477:
164Parcel-gilt silver casket with t
Page 478 and 479:
Like the scenes on the side, these
Page 480 and 481:
links the cover to the handle. Side
Page 482 and 483:
The principle of its construction,
Page 484 and 485:
circles of spur marks, fourteen in
Page 486 and 487:
at Dunhuang (Gansu province), a key
Page 488 and 489:
487 I FAMEN MONASTERY AT FUFENC
Page 490 and 491:
The great cosmopolitan city of Xi'a
Page 492 and 493:
tend to be somewhat less freely scu
Page 495:
1/1A group of five painted pottery
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1/2A group of twelve painted potter
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173A group of six painted pottery f
Page 506 and 507:
over the intervening decades the el
Page 508 and 509:
South wall and ceiling ofthe antero
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J/4Painted marble relief of attenda
Page 512 and 513:
V4175Painted marble relief of music
Page 514:
the better-known developments in th
Page 517 and 518:
AfterwordSU BAI | Most of the treas
Page 520 and 521:
New Understandings of Chinese Prehi
Page 522 and 523:
the relationship and chronology of
Page 524 and 525:
Objects in this exhibition from the
Page 526:
remains an issue, most scholars hav
Page 529 and 530:
Cat. 68, detailjects and the writte
Page 531 and 532:
culture at Yinxu and thus the late
Page 533 and 534:
tionship between the Shang and the
Page 535 and 536:
ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE DISTANT REGIONST
Page 538 and 539:
Issues Concerning the Formation, De
Page 540 and 541:
of the Shang. 7 The Shi ji (Records
Page 542 and 543:
state, although they were regarded
Page 544 and 545:
The Chu absorbed elements of other
Page 546 and 547:
Several other discoveries testify t
Page 548:
1 Karlbeck 1926.2 ¥019853,262-269.
Page 551 and 552:
acter, ao ("concave" or "sunken"),
Page 553 and 554:
Yuan (the Emperor Gaozu of the Tang
Page 555 and 556:
the tunnel outside the stone door o
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ConcordanceCHINESE TEXTSBai Qi zhua
Page 559 and 560:
MiaodigouMiaopingMinheMogaokuMopan
Page 561 and 562:
Empress TaimuEmpress WuEpang (Afang
Page 563 and 564:
wuren dongwu wenWushier bingfangYao
Page 565 and 566:
BibliographyAllan 1991. Allan, Sara
Page 567 and 568:
Zhou Studies, A Review Article,"Ear
Page 569 and 570:
Zhongguo lishixue nianjian (1979)(1
Page 571 and 572:
Liang and Gao 1968. Liang Siyongand
Page 573 and 574:
Reischauer 1955. Reischauer, EdwinO
Page 575 and 576:
Pierre, and C.C. Young. "On theMamm
Page 577 and 578:
Xia and Wang 1986. Xia Nai andWang
Page 579 and 580:
shisi niandai shujuji 1965 - 1991.B
Page 581 and 582:
IndexNote: Catalogue numbers are in
Page 583 and 584:
Jian-fou cooler and ladle, [97] 290
Page 585:
Yaoshan, Yuhang, Zhejiangprovince,
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