CHINA ARQUEOLOGIA golden-age-chinese-archayeolog

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Excavation photograph ofDou Wans jade shroud.the chamber contained small stone figures of servants; wine flasks (cat. 132), lamps (cats. 135-137), and an incense burner (cat. 134) were placed in the center room — apparently for theprince's own use. The preponderance of jade and stone in this room suggests that these materialshad particular importance in early Han concepts of the attainment of a secure afterlife. JRiFor a vivid account of the reign of the First Emperor seeBurton Watson's translation of chapters from the Shi ji bythe Han dynasty historian Sima Qian (c. 145-86 BCE) inWatson 1993. The biographies of Xiang Yu and Liu Bangare in Watson 1961,1:37-121.2 For the finds from Mancheng see the archaeologicalreport, Zhongguo KjSob 1980.3 Wu Hung 199/b, 147 -169. Compare Thorp, i99ib, 26 - 37.389 | ROYAL TOMBS AT LINCSHAN
129Jade shroud sewn with gold wire, andset of plugsLength 188 (74), width at shoulder 44.1 (17'A)Western Han Dynasty, late second century BCE(c. 113)From the tomb of Liu Sheng at Lingshan,Mancheng, Hebei ProvinceHebei Provincial Museum, ShijiazhuangThe jade shroud of Liu Sheng 1 is the most famousexample of this extraordinary category of object.Since its discovery in 1968, approximately fortycomplete or fragmentary shrouds have been found;few are in such good condition as this example andthat of Liu Sheng's consort, Dou Wan, both ofwhom were buried in tombs carefully hollowed outof a mountainside at Lingshan, Mancheng, Hebeiprovince. 2Prior to their discovery, such jade shrouds wereknown from a number of texts. One of the fullestdescriptions is found in the Han jiuyi buyi (Ancientrites of the Han dynasty) by Wei Hong, first centuryCE: "When the Emperor died, a pearl was placedin his mouth; his body was wrapped around withtwelve layers of reddish yellow silk. Jade was usedto make the garment. It had the shape of armorand the jade pieces were stitched together withgold threads." 3These jade shrouds have been treated as a Handevelopment arising out of jade face coverings andpectorals in use as early as the Western Zhou period(see cats. 84, 85). Found primarily in eastern China,the shrouds in fact have little direct connectionwith the earlier tradition. The pectorals are mostoften found in the western provinces, and the mostelaborate are at least three or four hundred yearsolder than the shrouds. Shrouds differ markedlyfrom one another in the details of their construction,but they are more or less uniformly composedof twelve sections: the face, the head, the front andback parts of the tunic, the arms, the gloves, theleggings and the feet (fig. i), each consisting ofclosely fitting plaques drilled at the corners andsewn together with wire. In the later centuriesof the Han period, different metals — gold, silver,or copper — were used to indicate the rank of theshroud's owner, but most of the examples datingfrom the early period were sewn with gold. Theshroud made for the King of Nanyue (cat. 139) exemplifiesa lesser level of refinement: only certainsections contain drilled plaques; in these instances,silk rather than metal was used to attach the piecesto one another. Despite such variations, it seemsthat the design of such shrouds followed a widelydisseminated model.Liu Sheng's shroud incorporates a Neolithicjade cong tube (see cats. 29, 30) to hold his genitals.From this and other such examples, we may inferthat the Han had discovered Neolithic tombs,which they mined for jade; the large quantities of390 EARLY IMPERIAL CHINA
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THE GOLDEN ACE OFChinese Archaeolog
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The exhibition is sponsored by East
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CHU AND OTHER CULTURESC. 770- 221 B
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THE WHITE HOUSEWASHINGTONJune 24,19
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China offers this important exhibit
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from several continents, whose illu
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AcknowledgmentsFive years ago, when
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Archaeological Sites
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BRONZE AGE CHINACHU ANDOTHERCULTURE
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CHINESE HISTORICAL PERIODS AND DYNA
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since Shen Nong, or Yan Di —the f
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(American, 1870-1946), chief palaeo
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Hardstone owl; height 34.1(i3 3 /s)
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Soon after, two young Chinese schol
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prise with steady, though modest, f
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archaeologists were scarce and supe
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Cultural Revolution (1966-1976). 71
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Bronze spirit tree; height384 (151
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bution, chronology, and behavior; t
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1 The jin shi xue was formally esta
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CATALOGUE
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The Foundation of Chinese Civilizat
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exhibit similarities to those of th
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the first Banpo phase, nearly all o
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kind of graphic notation. These mar
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of triangles pointing outward. The
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3Painted pottery ping flaskHeight 3
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4Painted pottery hu jarHeight 20.8
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65 I YANCSHAO CULTURE: BANPO
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1 Excavated in 1978; published: Lin
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Painted pottery pen basin;height 12
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of the relationships between Majiay
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ing one another and holding between
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7Painted pottery ping containerHeig
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9Painted pottery guan jarHeight 21.
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Aerial view of the femalespirit tem
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of the eponymous female spirit —
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FIG. i. Jade coiled dragon;height 2
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n1 Two-thirds of the mound had been
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13impressive of the Niuheliang tomb
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89 I HONCSHAN CULTURE
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i6i6Jade owlWidth 3.8 (iV 2 )Hongsh
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i8i8Cloudlike jade plaqueHeight 12.
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20FIG. 2. Triple-bi'-shapedjade pen
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vey the impression that she is talk
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THE DAWENKOUAND SHANDONGLONCSHANCUL
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alligator scutes (probably the rema
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groups, each with distinct customs.
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FIG. i. Jade blade incisedwith gogg
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Painted pottery pen basin;height 20
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25Painted pottery pan basinHeight 8
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26a26Two painted pottery hu vessels
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2/a27Two painted pottery pen basins
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28Jade and bone hair ornament inlai
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THE LIANCZHU The Liangzhu culture i
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Of all Liangzhu achievements, jade
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2 9Jade congHeight 10 (3 7s), exter
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the motif by elevating it into reli
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FIG. i. Reconstruction ofthe axe an
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A pair of clawed feet, also represe
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by two winglike shapes covered with
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35Jade zhuo braceletHeight 2.6 (i),
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Cat. 35, incised and carveddecorati
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rated surfaces, spherical beads —
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The Epic of the Three DynastiesBRON
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Yangzi River (cats. 65-75) and Daya
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Conjectural reconstructionof one of
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37interiorouter mold sections would
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FIG. i. Cat 38: inlayand cross sect
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40perforation, the same four segmen
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FIG. i. Plan of Tomb 612 atDadianzi
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the early Shang bronzes did not ari
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42Painted pottery lei jarHeight 30
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43Painted pottery hu jarHeight 40.5
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159 I TOMBS OF THE LOWER XIAJIADIAN
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45Pottery jiao vesselHeight 18 (7 V
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Conjectural reconstructionof the ed
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ing a dedicatory inscription to ano
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Cat 67 from above andside: decorati
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4»Bronze owl-shaped zun vesselHeig
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Cat. 49 from above andside. After Z
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1/3 | TOMB 5 AT XIAOTUN
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51Bronze jue vesselHeight 37.3 (i4
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for binding the axe to the shaft; t
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179 I TOMB 5 AT XIAOTUN
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54a. Jade craneLength 12 (4 3 / 4 )
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Bovid scapulas excavated in1971 fro
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56ancestral sacrifices, so that the
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THE TOMB ATDAYANGZHOU,XIN'GAN,JIANG
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57Bronze two-sided maskHeight 53 (2
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58Bronze tigerHeight 25.5 (10), wid
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59Bronze fangding vesselHeight 97 (
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6oBronze ding tripodHeight 62.4 (24
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6iBronze yan steamerHeight 105 (41
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2OOBRONZE ACE CHINA
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63Bronze helmetHeight 18.7 (/Vs), w
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64Bronze bo bellHeight 33 (13), wei
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SACRIFICIAL PITSAT SANXINGDUI,GUANG
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65Bronze standing figureHeight 262
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6666sideBronze human head with gold
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67213 I SACRIFICIAL PITS AT SANXINC
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68215 I SACRIFICIAL PITS AT SANXINC
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6969sideBronze mask with hooked-clo
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masks, some of which are pieced at
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7iBronze figure with headdressHeigh
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73by strong modeling; the surface i
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74Bronze lei vesselHeight 54 (21 y
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227 I SACRIFICIAL PITS AT SANXINGDU
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FIG. i. Remains of chariotsin the s
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76Bronze ding tripod with five hand
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Zhou bronzes, the motif is delibera
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single head — or, alternatively,
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(c. 1045 BCE) and was rewarded with
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79these two neighboring families; o
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8oFeng bronze zun vesselHeight 16.8
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Reverent and illustrious was the St
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245 I BRONZES FROM ZHUANCBAI
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six animals climb its sides, and tw
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body of the dead and his or her pos
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85Jade pel pectoralLength c. 50 (19
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86Jade pel pectoralLength c. 150 (5
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256 I BRONZE ACE CHINA
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88Hare-shaped bronze zun vesselHeig
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8 9Bronze he vesselHe vessels of th
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90Cylindrical bronze vessel with pe
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CHU AND OTHER CULTURES
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Cat. 95, detailcates the pervasiven
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CHU TOMBS ATXIASI, XICHUAN,HENAN PR
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9iChime of twenty-six bronze zhong
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ful and am at ease and composed. I
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cat. 105), numerous lacquered wood
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92Bronze huoding tripod, pair of li
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28O I CHU AND OTHER CULTURES
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94Bronze dou vessel inlaid with tur
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284 I CHU AND OTHER CULTURES
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generally believed to have been one
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traditionally associated with the h
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97without lidFIG. i. Profile and cr
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98Bronze filterHeight 88.5 (34 3 /
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scribed with the name of King Yichu
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to hold the wings, and a crown of d
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1O1Bronze drum standHeight 54 (2i l
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1O2Bronze triple ji halberdLength (
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104Two bronze mat weightsHeight 8.0
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than hammered from sheets, the conv
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in common use in the central plains
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advances in joinery techniques, gav
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complement on the left is portrayed
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FIG. i. Cat. 108: profile;lid and h
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315 I CHU LACQUERS FROM HUBEI
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and secured within the wooden frame
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mbunusual arrangement executed with
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FIG. i. Brocade bandssecuring the w
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1123detail112a. Embroidered luo gau
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FIG. i. Weave structureof four cros
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FIG. 2. Drawing of woodfigure cloth
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TOMB 2 ATBAOSHAN,JINGMEN,HUBEI PROV
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ii3Painted lacquer coffinHeight 45
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behind the bird-over-dragon scheme
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ii4Lacquer cabinet and vesselsHeigh
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FIG. i. Bronze zun inlaidwith lacqu
Page 340 and 341: BRONZE EJUN Ql)IE TALLY FROMQIUJIAH
Page 343 and 344: FIG. i. Five joined talliesin cross
Page 345 and 346: command the Jiyin [?] official Dao
Page 348 and 349: FIG. 1. Painted lacquerbird with an
Page 350 and 351: 119Ten bamboo slipsLength 64-71 (25
Page 352 and 353: Pan Cheng employed several turtle a
Page 354 and 355: FIG. i. Conjectural reconstructiono
Page 356 and 357: 12OTwo bronze three-pronged objects
Page 358 and 359: 121Bronze winged mythical animal in
Page 360: 122Bronze mythical animal inlaid wi
Page 364 and 365: The Grandeur of EmpiresEARLY IMPERI
Page 366 and 367: of the First Emperor's army (cats.
Page 368 and 369: forces symbolically defending the i
Page 370: some precise metaphysical idea but
Page 373 and 374: Cross section of one ofthe pits, sh
Page 376: vidual physiognomies is not merely
Page 379 and 380: The figure exemplifies the key styl
Page 382: thigh, holds the arm of the crossbo
Page 385 and 386: status during the Western Zhou peri
Page 387: Excavation photograph ofPit i, with
Page 392 and 393: 11 R12FIG. i. Schematic drawingof t
Page 394 and 395: 130earlier face coverings. Liu Shen
Page 396 and 397: FIG. i. The top, underside,and two
Page 398 and 399: fierce creatures." In western regio
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Page 402 and 403: The pregnant female figure, however
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Page 406 and 407: hands of servants or immortals and
Page 408 and 409: FIG. i. Cat. 136 from above.After Z
Page 411 and 412: THE TOMB OFTHE KING OFNANYUE ATXIAN
Page 413 and 414: Indeed, the contents and constructi
Page 415 and 416: 414 I EARLY IMPERIAL CHINA
Page 417 and 418: stronger state to the north. His ja
Page 419 and 420: 141Jade pei ornament with dragonand
Page 421 and 422: 142Jade monster mask with bi diskHe
Page 423 and 424: H3Jade belt hookHeight 6.2 (2 ! / 2
Page 425 and 426: The second ring is also an unusual
Page 427 and 428: 146Jade dancing figureHeight 3.5 (i
Page 429 and 430: H7Jade boxHeight 7.7 (3'A), diam. 9
Page 431 and 432: 148Jade beaker with bronze basin st
Page 433 and 434: 149Bronze mounted jade cupHeight 14
Page 435 and 436: 1503150Three gilt bronze fittings f
Page 437 and 438: 150cdetail
Page 439 and 440: BUDDHISTSCULPTURE FROMMONASTERYSITE
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i5iPainted stone standing Buddhawit
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first using a white base, then fles
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usnisa—the seat of his transcende
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terminating in an elegant pattern,
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their bronze vessels, abandoned Cha
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155Parcel-gilt silver pan dish with
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cal examples of Tang decorative tre
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tongue the other; four rectangular
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stone survives on one of the ducks
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tions. Empress Wu Zetian entertaine
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The Famen Monasterypagoda prior to
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i6oParcel-gilt silver khakkhara (mo
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467 I FAMEN MONASTERY AT FUFENC
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pies, such as the Famen Monastery's
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just 11.8 by 8.4 centimeters — co
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generally bowl-shaped, with a cover
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164Parcel-gilt silver casket with t
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Like the scenes on the side, these
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links the cover to the handle. Side
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The principle of its construction,
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circles of spur marks, fourteen in
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at Dunhuang (Gansu province), a key
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487 I FAMEN MONASTERY AT FUFENC
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The great cosmopolitan city of Xi'a
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tend to be somewhat less freely scu
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1/1A group of five painted pottery
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1/2A group of twelve painted potter
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173A group of six painted pottery f
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over the intervening decades the el
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South wall and ceiling ofthe antero
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J/4Painted marble relief of attenda
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V4175Painted marble relief of music
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the better-known developments in th
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AfterwordSU BAI | Most of the treas
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New Understandings of Chinese Prehi
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the relationship and chronology of
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Objects in this exhibition from the
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remains an issue, most scholars hav
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Cat. 68, detailjects and the writte
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culture at Yinxu and thus the late
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tionship between the Shang and the
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ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE DISTANT REGIONST
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Issues Concerning the Formation, De
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of the Shang. 7 The Shi ji (Records
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state, although they were regarded
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The Chu absorbed elements of other
Page 546 and 547:
Several other discoveries testify t
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1 Karlbeck 1926.2 ¥019853,262-269.
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acter, ao ("concave" or "sunken"),
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Yuan (the Emperor Gaozu of the Tang
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the tunnel outside the stone door o
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ConcordanceCHINESE TEXTSBai Qi zhua
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MiaodigouMiaopingMinheMogaokuMopan
Page 561 and 562:
Empress TaimuEmpress WuEpang (Afang
Page 563 and 564:
wuren dongwu wenWushier bingfangYao
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BibliographyAllan 1991. Allan, Sara
Page 567 and 568:
Zhou Studies, A Review Article,"Ear
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Zhongguo lishixue nianjian (1979)(1
Page 571 and 572:
Liang and Gao 1968. Liang Siyongand
Page 573 and 574:
Reischauer 1955. Reischauer, EdwinO
Page 575 and 576:
Pierre, and C.C. Young. "On theMamm
Page 577 and 578:
Xia and Wang 1986. Xia Nai andWang
Page 579 and 580:
shisi niandai shujuji 1965 - 1991.B
Page 581 and 582:
IndexNote: Catalogue numbers are in
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Jian-fou cooler and ladle, [97] 290
Page 585:
Yaoshan, Yuhang, Zhejiangprovince,
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