CHINA ARQUEOLOGIA golden-age-chinese-archayeolog

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behind the bird-over-dragon scheme on the Baoshancoffin. The rising value of textiles, particularlyembroidery, during the Eastern Zhou period resultedin the transfer of aspects of their design toboth bronze and lacquerware. In this case, it is evenpossible that the design was intended to echo thetextiles that were originally draped over the coffin. 6The coffin and other lacquers from BaoshanTomb 2 are remarkable for the brilliance of theirpalette. In addition to the red, black, and yellowthat figure in the decoration of these objects, giltand silver pigments are used extensively to enliventhe scales of the dragon's body. Although thispalette can be traced to the tomb of Marquis Yi(c. 433), it was apparently only during the fourthcentury BCE that these pigments became commonin lacquer painting. 7 No scientific analysis of thesepigments has been published, but it seems probablethat they contain gold and silver filings suspendedin the lacquer. This palette was part of awider use of precious metals that encompassedsilver and gold inlays, appliques and gilding. 8 CM68). The exchange of designs between different artisticmedia was first explored by Rawson 1989, 84-89.7 The excavation report on the tomb of Marquis Yi of Zengmentions a gold-yellow as one of the colors used in thelacquers. Gold-colored pigment reportedly decorates thescales of a dragon on a lacquered dou (E 159, Hubei 1989,i, 369), and appears on a small lacquered cup (Hubei 1989,1:372). Yellow and silver gray are used on some of thezithers (C 32, Hubei 1989,1:156). A golden yellow pigmentis used for details of birds and snakes on the lacqueredwood screen from Wangshan Tomb i (Hubei 1996, color pi.2). Gilt and silvery gray pigment is used extensively on thelacquered coffins from the late fourth-century BCE Chutombs at Xinyang Changtaiguan. See Henan 1986,18 and82, and color pi. i.8 Familiarity with gold and silver as lacquer pigments mayhave inspired the use of gilding on metal. Although earlyexamples of gilding have been reported from the fifthcentury BCE, it is only in the late fourth century that itbegins to appear regularly, coincident with the extensiveuse of gold as a lacquer pigment. Two knives from XinyangChangtaiguan Tomb i, datable to the late fourth centuryBCE, are described as gilded, as are the coffin handles(Henan 1986, 65-66, fig. 45, pi. 73; and 93-94, fig. 66,pi. 89:1).1 Excavated in 1987; reported: Hubei 1991,1:61-68, figs. 43-65, and 2: color pi. 4 and pis. 19, 20:3-4. The large outercoffin was constructed of flat planks joined by mortisesand tenons; the middle coffin had rounded sides and a lidconforming roughly to the contours of the log from whicheach section was formed, and was coated in plain blacklacquer on both the inside and outside. The space betweenthe middle and the inner coffins was packed withpeppercorns (Hubei, 1991,1:469), probably in order torepel insects.2 For a discussion of the regulations regarding coffins, seethe report on Tianxingguan Tomb i at Jiangling (Hubei1982, in). The Tianxingguan tomb also contained threenested coffins and on this basis was designated the tombof a minister by the excavators. On the other hand, MarquisYi of Zeng, a satellite of Chu, was buried in only twocoffins.3 See Hubei 1991, 2: pi. 20:3.4 Hubei 1996, color pi. 25 A similar pairing of birds and dragons appears on a lacquereddouble-cup from this tomb. (Hubei 1991,1:138-139, fig. 853-b). The authors of the excavation reportidentify the dragons and birds on the coffin with the feiyimentioned in the Shan hai jing (Classic of mountains andseas) as taking both bird and serpent form (Hubei 1991,i:493)-6 The middle coffin was enveloped in nine layers of brocadedand embroidered silk drapes (see Hubei 1991,1:67-333 | TOMB 2 AT BAOSHAN, JINCMEN
334 CHU AND OTHER CULTURES
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THE GOLDEN ACE OFChinese Archaeolog
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The exhibition is sponsored by East
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CHU AND OTHER CULTURESC. 770- 221 B
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THE WHITE HOUSEWASHINGTONJune 24,19
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China offers this important exhibit
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from several continents, whose illu
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AcknowledgmentsFive years ago, when
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Archaeological Sites
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BRONZE AGE CHINACHU ANDOTHERCULTURE
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CHINESE HISTORICAL PERIODS AND DYNA
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since Shen Nong, or Yan Di —the f
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(American, 1870-1946), chief palaeo
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Hardstone owl; height 34.1(i3 3 /s)
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Soon after, two young Chinese schol
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prise with steady, though modest, f
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archaeologists were scarce and supe
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Cultural Revolution (1966-1976). 71
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Bronze spirit tree; height384 (151
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bution, chronology, and behavior; t
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1 The jin shi xue was formally esta
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CATALOGUE
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The Foundation of Chinese Civilizat
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exhibit similarities to those of th
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the first Banpo phase, nearly all o
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kind of graphic notation. These mar
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of triangles pointing outward. The
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3Painted pottery ping flaskHeight 3
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4Painted pottery hu jarHeight 20.8
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65 I YANCSHAO CULTURE: BANPO
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1 Excavated in 1978; published: Lin
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Painted pottery pen basin;height 12
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of the relationships between Majiay
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ing one another and holding between
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7Painted pottery ping containerHeig
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9Painted pottery guan jarHeight 21.
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Aerial view of the femalespirit tem
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of the eponymous female spirit —
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FIG. i. Jade coiled dragon;height 2
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n1 Two-thirds of the mound had been
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13impressive of the Niuheliang tomb
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89 I HONCSHAN CULTURE
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i6i6Jade owlWidth 3.8 (iV 2 )Hongsh
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i8i8Cloudlike jade plaqueHeight 12.
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20FIG. 2. Triple-bi'-shapedjade pen
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vey the impression that she is talk
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THE DAWENKOUAND SHANDONGLONCSHANCUL
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alligator scutes (probably the rema
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groups, each with distinct customs.
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FIG. i. Jade blade incisedwith gogg
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Painted pottery pen basin;height 20
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25Painted pottery pan basinHeight 8
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26a26Two painted pottery hu vessels
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2/a27Two painted pottery pen basins
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28Jade and bone hair ornament inlai
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THE LIANCZHU The Liangzhu culture i
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Of all Liangzhu achievements, jade
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2 9Jade congHeight 10 (3 7s), exter
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the motif by elevating it into reli
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FIG. i. Reconstruction ofthe axe an
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A pair of clawed feet, also represe
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by two winglike shapes covered with
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35Jade zhuo braceletHeight 2.6 (i),
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Cat. 35, incised and carveddecorati
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rated surfaces, spherical beads —
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The Epic of the Three DynastiesBRON
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Yangzi River (cats. 65-75) and Daya
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Conjectural reconstructionof one of
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37interiorouter mold sections would
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FIG. i. Cat 38: inlayand cross sect
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40perforation, the same four segmen
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FIG. i. Plan of Tomb 612 atDadianzi
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the early Shang bronzes did not ari
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42Painted pottery lei jarHeight 30
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43Painted pottery hu jarHeight 40.5
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159 I TOMBS OF THE LOWER XIAJIADIAN
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45Pottery jiao vesselHeight 18 (7 V
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Conjectural reconstructionof the ed
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ing a dedicatory inscription to ano
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Cat 67 from above andside: decorati
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4»Bronze owl-shaped zun vesselHeig
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Cat. 49 from above andside. After Z
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1/3 | TOMB 5 AT XIAOTUN
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51Bronze jue vesselHeight 37.3 (i4
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for binding the axe to the shaft; t
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179 I TOMB 5 AT XIAOTUN
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54a. Jade craneLength 12 (4 3 / 4 )
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Bovid scapulas excavated in1971 fro
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56ancestral sacrifices, so that the
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THE TOMB ATDAYANGZHOU,XIN'GAN,JIANG
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57Bronze two-sided maskHeight 53 (2
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58Bronze tigerHeight 25.5 (10), wid
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59Bronze fangding vesselHeight 97 (
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6oBronze ding tripodHeight 62.4 (24
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6iBronze yan steamerHeight 105 (41
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2OOBRONZE ACE CHINA
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63Bronze helmetHeight 18.7 (/Vs), w
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64Bronze bo bellHeight 33 (13), wei
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SACRIFICIAL PITSAT SANXINGDUI,GUANG
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65Bronze standing figureHeight 262
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6666sideBronze human head with gold
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67213 I SACRIFICIAL PITS AT SANXINC
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68215 I SACRIFICIAL PITS AT SANXINC
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6969sideBronze mask with hooked-clo
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masks, some of which are pieced at
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7iBronze figure with headdressHeigh
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73by strong modeling; the surface i
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74Bronze lei vesselHeight 54 (21 y
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227 I SACRIFICIAL PITS AT SANXINGDU
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FIG. i. Remains of chariotsin the s
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76Bronze ding tripod with five hand
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Zhou bronzes, the motif is delibera
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single head — or, alternatively,
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(c. 1045 BCE) and was rewarded with
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79these two neighboring families; o
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8oFeng bronze zun vesselHeight 16.8
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Reverent and illustrious was the St
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245 I BRONZES FROM ZHUANCBAI
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six animals climb its sides, and tw
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body of the dead and his or her pos
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85Jade pel pectoralLength c. 50 (19
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86Jade pel pectoralLength c. 150 (5
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256 I BRONZE ACE CHINA
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88Hare-shaped bronze zun vesselHeig
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8 9Bronze he vesselHe vessels of th
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90Cylindrical bronze vessel with pe
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CHU AND OTHER CULTURES
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Cat. 95, detailcates the pervasiven
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CHU TOMBS ATXIASI, XICHUAN,HENAN PR
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9iChime of twenty-six bronze zhong
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ful and am at ease and composed. I
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cat. 105), numerous lacquered wood
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92Bronze huoding tripod, pair of li
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28O I CHU AND OTHER CULTURES
Page 283 and 284: 94Bronze dou vessel inlaid with tur
Page 285 and 286: 284 I CHU AND OTHER CULTURES
Page 288 and 289: generally believed to have been one
Page 290 and 291: traditionally associated with the h
Page 292 and 293: 97without lidFIG. i. Profile and cr
Page 294 and 295: 98Bronze filterHeight 88.5 (34 3 /
Page 296 and 297: scribed with the name of King Yichu
Page 298 and 299: to hold the wings, and a crown of d
Page 300 and 301: 1O1Bronze drum standHeight 54 (2i l
Page 302 and 303: 1O2Bronze triple ji halberdLength (
Page 304 and 305: 104Two bronze mat weightsHeight 8.0
Page 306 and 307: than hammered from sheets, the conv
Page 308 and 309: in common use in the central plains
Page 310 and 311: advances in joinery techniques, gav
Page 312 and 313: complement on the left is portrayed
Page 314 and 315: FIG. i. Cat. 108: profile;lid and h
Page 316 and 317: 315 I CHU LACQUERS FROM HUBEI
Page 318 and 319: and secured within the wooden frame
Page 320 and 321: mbunusual arrangement executed with
Page 322 and 323: FIG. i. Brocade bandssecuring the w
Page 324 and 325: 1123detail112a. Embroidered luo gau
Page 326 and 327: FIG. i. Weave structureof four cros
Page 328 and 329: FIG. 2. Drawing of woodfigure cloth
Page 330 and 331: TOMB 2 ATBAOSHAN,JINGMEN,HUBEI PROV
Page 332 and 333: ii3Painted lacquer coffinHeight 45
Page 336 and 337: ii4Lacquer cabinet and vesselsHeigh
Page 338 and 339: FIG. i. Bronze zun inlaidwith lacqu
Page 340 and 341: BRONZE EJUN Ql)IE TALLY FROMQIUJIAH
Page 343 and 344: FIG. i. Five joined talliesin cross
Page 345 and 346: command the Jiyin [?] official Dao
Page 348 and 349: FIG. 1. Painted lacquerbird with an
Page 350 and 351: 119Ten bamboo slipsLength 64-71 (25
Page 352 and 353: Pan Cheng employed several turtle a
Page 354 and 355: FIG. i. Conjectural reconstructiono
Page 356 and 357: 12OTwo bronze three-pronged objects
Page 358 and 359: 121Bronze winged mythical animal in
Page 360: 122Bronze mythical animal inlaid wi
Page 364 and 365: The Grandeur of EmpiresEARLY IMPERI
Page 366 and 367: of the First Emperor's army (cats.
Page 368 and 369: forces symbolically defending the i
Page 370: some precise metaphysical idea but
Page 373 and 374: Cross section of one ofthe pits, sh
Page 376: vidual physiognomies is not merely
Page 379 and 380: The figure exemplifies the key styl
Page 382: thigh, holds the arm of the crossbo
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status during the Western Zhou peri
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Excavation photograph ofPit i, with
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Excavation photograph ofDou Wans ja
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11 R12FIG. i. Schematic drawingof t
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130earlier face coverings. Liu Shen
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FIG. i. The top, underside,and two
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fierce creatures." In western regio
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that splays outward to a domed lid
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The pregnant female figure, however
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to Mount Kunlun, a peak that reache
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hands of servants or immortals and
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FIG. i. Cat. 136 from above.After Z
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THE TOMB OFTHE KING OFNANYUE ATXIAN
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Indeed, the contents and constructi
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414 I EARLY IMPERIAL CHINA
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stronger state to the north. His ja
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141Jade pei ornament with dragonand
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142Jade monster mask with bi diskHe
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H3Jade belt hookHeight 6.2 (2 ! / 2
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The second ring is also an unusual
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146Jade dancing figureHeight 3.5 (i
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H7Jade boxHeight 7.7 (3'A), diam. 9
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148Jade beaker with bronze basin st
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149Bronze mounted jade cupHeight 14
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1503150Three gilt bronze fittings f
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150cdetail
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BUDDHISTSCULPTURE FROMMONASTERYSITE
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i5iPainted stone standing Buddhawit
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first using a white base, then fles
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usnisa—the seat of his transcende
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terminating in an elegant pattern,
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their bronze vessels, abandoned Cha
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155Parcel-gilt silver pan dish with
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cal examples of Tang decorative tre
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tongue the other; four rectangular
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stone survives on one of the ducks
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tions. Empress Wu Zetian entertaine
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The Famen Monasterypagoda prior to
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i6oParcel-gilt silver khakkhara (mo
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467 I FAMEN MONASTERY AT FUFENC
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pies, such as the Famen Monastery's
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just 11.8 by 8.4 centimeters — co
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generally bowl-shaped, with a cover
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164Parcel-gilt silver casket with t
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Like the scenes on the side, these
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links the cover to the handle. Side
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The principle of its construction,
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circles of spur marks, fourteen in
Page 486 and 487:
at Dunhuang (Gansu province), a key
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487 I FAMEN MONASTERY AT FUFENC
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The great cosmopolitan city of Xi'a
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tend to be somewhat less freely scu
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1/1A group of five painted pottery
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1/2A group of twelve painted potter
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173A group of six painted pottery f
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over the intervening decades the el
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South wall and ceiling ofthe antero
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J/4Painted marble relief of attenda
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V4175Painted marble relief of music
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the better-known developments in th
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AfterwordSU BAI | Most of the treas
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New Understandings of Chinese Prehi
Page 522 and 523:
the relationship and chronology of
Page 524 and 525:
Objects in this exhibition from the
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remains an issue, most scholars hav
Page 529 and 530:
Cat. 68, detailjects and the writte
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culture at Yinxu and thus the late
Page 533 and 534:
tionship between the Shang and the
Page 535 and 536:
ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE DISTANT REGIONST
Page 538 and 539:
Issues Concerning the Formation, De
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of the Shang. 7 The Shi ji (Records
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state, although they were regarded
Page 544 and 545:
The Chu absorbed elements of other
Page 546 and 547:
Several other discoveries testify t
Page 548:
1 Karlbeck 1926.2 ¥019853,262-269.
Page 551 and 552:
acter, ao ("concave" or "sunken"),
Page 553 and 554:
Yuan (the Emperor Gaozu of the Tang
Page 555 and 556:
the tunnel outside the stone door o
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ConcordanceCHINESE TEXTSBai Qi zhua
Page 559 and 560:
MiaodigouMiaopingMinheMogaokuMopan
Page 561 and 562:
Empress TaimuEmpress WuEpang (Afang
Page 563 and 564:
wuren dongwu wenWushier bingfangYao
Page 565 and 566:
BibliographyAllan 1991. Allan, Sara
Page 567 and 568:
Zhou Studies, A Review Article,"Ear
Page 569 and 570:
Zhongguo lishixue nianjian (1979)(1
Page 571 and 572:
Liang and Gao 1968. Liang Siyongand
Page 573 and 574:
Reischauer 1955. Reischauer, EdwinO
Page 575 and 576:
Pierre, and C.C. Young. "On theMamm
Page 577 and 578:
Xia and Wang 1986. Xia Nai andWang
Page 579 and 580:
shisi niandai shujuji 1965 - 1991.B
Page 581 and 582:
IndexNote: Catalogue numbers are in
Page 583 and 584:
Jian-fou cooler and ladle, [97] 290
Page 585:
Yaoshan, Yuhang, Zhejiangprovince,
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