CHINA ARQUEOLOGIA golden-age-chinese-archayeolog

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THE GOLDEN AGE OFChinese ArchaeologyCELEBRATED DISCOVERIESFROM THEPEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINAEdited byXiaoneng YangNational Gallery of Art,WashingtonThe Nelson-Atkins Museum -of Art, Kansas CityYale University Press,New Haven and London
The exhibition is sponsored by Eastman Kodak CompanyAdditional support for this exhibitionis provided by The Henry LuceFoundation.Copyright © 1999. All rights reserved.Board of Trustees, National Gallery ofArt, Washington.The catalogue is supported by a grantfrom the E. Rhodes and Leona B.Carpenter Foundation.The exhibition is supported by anindemnity from the Federal Councilon the Arts and the Humanities.EXHIBITION DATES:National Gallery of Art, Washington19 September 1999-2 January 2000The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston13 February-/ May 2000Asian Art Museum of San Francisco17 June-11 September 2000The exhibition is organized by theNational Gallery of Art, Washington,and The Nelson-Atkins Museum ofArt, Kansas City, in cooperation withthe State Administration of CulturalHeritage and Art Exhibitions China,The People's Republic of China.Front cover: cat. 152, detailBack cover: cat. 175, detailTitle page: cat. 151, detailOpposite: cat. 132, detailPage 14: cat. 117, detailPage 47: cat. 151, detailPages 48 - 49: cat. 24, detailPages 136 -137: cat. 69, detailPages 264 - 265: cat. no, detailPages 360 - 361: cat. 143, detailPages 514-515: cat. 159, detailThis book has been produced by theEditors Office, National Gallery ofArt, Washington.Editor-in-chief, Frances P. SmythSenior editor, Mary YakushEditor, Charles DibbleIndexed by Andrew ChristensonDesigned by Chris Vogelwith production assistance fromMargaret Bauer, Susan Rabin,Nancy van Meter, and JenniferWahlbergTypeset by Duke Typography inCharlotte Book.Printed on Biberest by Snoeck,Ducaju & Zoon, Ghent, Belgium.The clothbound edition is publishedby Yale University Press, London andNew Haven.Library of CongressCataloging-in-Publication DataThe Golden Age of ChineseArchaeology / edited byXiaoneng Yang.p. cm.Includes bibliographical referencesand index.ISBN 0-300-08132-4 (hard)ISBN 0-89468-245-8 (soft)1. China — Antiquities Exhibitions.2. Antiquities, Prehistoric — ChinaExhibitions. 3. China — CivilizationExhibitions. 4. Prehistoric peoples—China Exhibitions. I. Yang, Xiaoneng.05715.065 1999 99-1662093i'.oo74'753 — dc2i CIP
Page 2: THE GOLDEN ACE OFChinese Archaeolog
Page 8 and 9: CHU AND OTHER CULTURESC. 770- 221 B
Page 10 and 11: THE WHITE HOUSEWASHINGTONJune 24,19
Page 12 and 13: China offers this important exhibit
Page 14: from several continents, whose illu
Page 17 and 18: AcknowledgmentsFive years ago, when
Page 19: Archaeological Sites
Page 22 and 23: BRONZE AGE CHINACHU ANDOTHERCULTURE
Page 24: CHINESE HISTORICAL PERIODS AND DYNA
Page 27 and 28: since Shen Nong, or Yan Di —the f
Page 29 and 30: (American, 1870-1946), chief palaeo
Page 31 and 32: Hardstone owl; height 34.1(i3 3 /s)
Page 33 and 34: Soon after, two young Chinese schol
Page 35 and 36: prise with steady, though modest, f
Page 37 and 38: archaeologists were scarce and supe
Page 39 and 40: Cultural Revolution (1966-1976). 71
Page 41 and 42: Bronze spirit tree; height384 (151
Page 43 and 44: bution, chronology, and behavior; t
Page 45 and 46: 1 The jin shi xue was formally esta
Page 48: CATALOGUE
Page 52 and 53: The Foundation of Chinese Civilizat
Page 54 and 55:
exhibit similarities to those of th
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the first Banpo phase, nearly all o
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kind of graphic notation. These mar
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of triangles pointing outward. The
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3Painted pottery ping flaskHeight 3
Page 64 and 65:
4Painted pottery hu jarHeight 20.8
Page 66 and 67:
65 I YANCSHAO CULTURE: BANPO
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1 Excavated in 1978; published: Lin
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Painted pottery pen basin;height 12
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of the relationships between Majiay
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ing one another and holding between
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7Painted pottery ping containerHeig
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9Painted pottery guan jarHeight 21.
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Aerial view of the femalespirit tem
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of the eponymous female spirit —
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FIG. i. Jade coiled dragon;height 2
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n1 Two-thirds of the mound had been
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13impressive of the Niuheliang tomb
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89 I HONCSHAN CULTURE
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i6i6Jade owlWidth 3.8 (iV 2 )Hongsh
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i8i8Cloudlike jade plaqueHeight 12.
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20FIG. 2. Triple-bi'-shapedjade pen
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vey the impression that she is talk
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THE DAWENKOUAND SHANDONGLONCSHANCUL
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alligator scutes (probably the rema
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groups, each with distinct customs.
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FIG. i. Jade blade incisedwith gogg
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Painted pottery pen basin;height 20
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25Painted pottery pan basinHeight 8
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26a26Two painted pottery hu vessels
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2/a27Two painted pottery pen basins
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28Jade and bone hair ornament inlai
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THE LIANCZHU The Liangzhu culture i
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Of all Liangzhu achievements, jade
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2 9Jade congHeight 10 (3 7s), exter
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the motif by elevating it into reli
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FIG. i. Reconstruction ofthe axe an
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A pair of clawed feet, also represe
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by two winglike shapes covered with
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35Jade zhuo braceletHeight 2.6 (i),
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Cat. 35, incised and carveddecorati
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rated surfaces, spherical beads —
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The Epic of the Three DynastiesBRON
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Yangzi River (cats. 65-75) and Daya
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Conjectural reconstructionof one of
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37interiorouter mold sections would
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FIG. i. Cat 38: inlayand cross sect
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40perforation, the same four segmen
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FIG. i. Plan of Tomb 612 atDadianzi
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the early Shang bronzes did not ari
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42Painted pottery lei jarHeight 30
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43Painted pottery hu jarHeight 40.5
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159 I TOMBS OF THE LOWER XIAJIADIAN
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45Pottery jiao vesselHeight 18 (7 V
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Conjectural reconstructionof the ed
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ing a dedicatory inscription to ano
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Cat 67 from above andside: decorati
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4»Bronze owl-shaped zun vesselHeig
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Cat. 49 from above andside. After Z
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1/3 | TOMB 5 AT XIAOTUN
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51Bronze jue vesselHeight 37.3 (i4
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for binding the axe to the shaft; t
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179 I TOMB 5 AT XIAOTUN
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54a. Jade craneLength 12 (4 3 / 4 )
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Bovid scapulas excavated in1971 fro
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56ancestral sacrifices, so that the
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THE TOMB ATDAYANGZHOU,XIN'GAN,JIANG
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57Bronze two-sided maskHeight 53 (2
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58Bronze tigerHeight 25.5 (10), wid
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59Bronze fangding vesselHeight 97 (
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6oBronze ding tripodHeight 62.4 (24
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6iBronze yan steamerHeight 105 (41
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2OOBRONZE ACE CHINA
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63Bronze helmetHeight 18.7 (/Vs), w
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64Bronze bo bellHeight 33 (13), wei
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SACRIFICIAL PITSAT SANXINGDUI,GUANG
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65Bronze standing figureHeight 262
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6666sideBronze human head with gold
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67213 I SACRIFICIAL PITS AT SANXINC
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68215 I SACRIFICIAL PITS AT SANXINC
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6969sideBronze mask with hooked-clo
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masks, some of which are pieced at
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7iBronze figure with headdressHeigh
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73by strong modeling; the surface i
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74Bronze lei vesselHeight 54 (21 y
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227 I SACRIFICIAL PITS AT SANXINGDU
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FIG. i. Remains of chariotsin the s
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76Bronze ding tripod with five hand
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Zhou bronzes, the motif is delibera
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single head — or, alternatively,
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(c. 1045 BCE) and was rewarded with
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79these two neighboring families; o
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8oFeng bronze zun vesselHeight 16.8
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Reverent and illustrious was the St
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245 I BRONZES FROM ZHUANCBAI
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six animals climb its sides, and tw
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body of the dead and his or her pos
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85Jade pel pectoralLength c. 50 (19
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86Jade pel pectoralLength c. 150 (5
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256 I BRONZE ACE CHINA
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88Hare-shaped bronze zun vesselHeig
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8 9Bronze he vesselHe vessels of th
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90Cylindrical bronze vessel with pe
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CHU AND OTHER CULTURES
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Cat. 95, detailcates the pervasiven
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CHU TOMBS ATXIASI, XICHUAN,HENAN PR
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9iChime of twenty-six bronze zhong
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ful and am at ease and composed. I
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cat. 105), numerous lacquered wood
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92Bronze huoding tripod, pair of li
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28O I CHU AND OTHER CULTURES
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94Bronze dou vessel inlaid with tur
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284 I CHU AND OTHER CULTURES
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generally believed to have been one
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traditionally associated with the h
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97without lidFIG. i. Profile and cr
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98Bronze filterHeight 88.5 (34 3 /
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scribed with the name of King Yichu
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to hold the wings, and a crown of d
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1O1Bronze drum standHeight 54 (2i l
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1O2Bronze triple ji halberdLength (
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104Two bronze mat weightsHeight 8.0
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than hammered from sheets, the conv
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in common use in the central plains
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advances in joinery techniques, gav
Page 312 and 313:
complement on the left is portrayed
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FIG. i. Cat. 108: profile;lid and h
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315 I CHU LACQUERS FROM HUBEI
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and secured within the wooden frame
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mbunusual arrangement executed with
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FIG. i. Brocade bandssecuring the w
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1123detail112a. Embroidered luo gau
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FIG. i. Weave structureof four cros
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FIG. 2. Drawing of woodfigure cloth
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TOMB 2 ATBAOSHAN,JINGMEN,HUBEI PROV
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ii3Painted lacquer coffinHeight 45
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behind the bird-over-dragon scheme
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ii4Lacquer cabinet and vesselsHeigh
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FIG. i. Bronze zun inlaidwith lacqu
Page 340 and 341:
BRONZE EJUN Ql)IE TALLY FROMQIUJIAH
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FIG. i. Five joined talliesin cross
Page 345 and 346:
command the Jiyin [?] official Dao
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FIG. 1. Painted lacquerbird with an
Page 350 and 351:
119Ten bamboo slipsLength 64-71 (25
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Pan Cheng employed several turtle a
Page 354 and 355:
FIG. i. Conjectural reconstructiono
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12OTwo bronze three-pronged objects
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121Bronze winged mythical animal in
Page 360:
122Bronze mythical animal inlaid wi
Page 364 and 365:
The Grandeur of EmpiresEARLY IMPERI
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of the First Emperor's army (cats.
Page 368 and 369:
forces symbolically defending the i
Page 370:
some precise metaphysical idea but
Page 373 and 374:
Cross section of one ofthe pits, sh
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vidual physiognomies is not merely
Page 379 and 380:
The figure exemplifies the key styl
Page 382:
thigh, holds the arm of the crossbo
Page 385 and 386:
status during the Western Zhou peri
Page 387:
Excavation photograph ofPit i, with
Page 390 and 391:
Excavation photograph ofDou Wans ja
Page 392 and 393:
11 R12FIG. i. Schematic drawingof t
Page 394 and 395:
130earlier face coverings. Liu Shen
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FIG. i. The top, underside,and two
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fierce creatures." In western regio
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that splays outward to a domed lid
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The pregnant female figure, however
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to Mount Kunlun, a peak that reache
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hands of servants or immortals and
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FIG. i. Cat. 136 from above.After Z
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THE TOMB OFTHE KING OFNANYUE ATXIAN
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Indeed, the contents and constructi
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414 I EARLY IMPERIAL CHINA
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stronger state to the north. His ja
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141Jade pei ornament with dragonand
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142Jade monster mask with bi diskHe
Page 423 and 424:
H3Jade belt hookHeight 6.2 (2 ! / 2
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The second ring is also an unusual
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146Jade dancing figureHeight 3.5 (i
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H7Jade boxHeight 7.7 (3'A), diam. 9
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148Jade beaker with bronze basin st
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149Bronze mounted jade cupHeight 14
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1503150Three gilt bronze fittings f
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150cdetail
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BUDDHISTSCULPTURE FROMMONASTERYSITE
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i5iPainted stone standing Buddhawit
Page 444:
first using a white base, then fles
Page 447 and 448:
usnisa—the seat of his transcende
Page 450 and 451:
terminating in an elegant pattern,
Page 452 and 453:
their bronze vessels, abandoned Cha
Page 454 and 455:
155Parcel-gilt silver pan dish with
Page 456 and 457:
cal examples of Tang decorative tre
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tongue the other; four rectangular
Page 460 and 461:
stone survives on one of the ducks
Page 462 and 463:
tions. Empress Wu Zetian entertaine
Page 464 and 465:
The Famen Monasterypagoda prior to
Page 466 and 467:
i6oParcel-gilt silver khakkhara (mo
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467 I FAMEN MONASTERY AT FUFENC
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pies, such as the Famen Monastery's
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just 11.8 by 8.4 centimeters — co
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generally bowl-shaped, with a cover
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164Parcel-gilt silver casket with t
Page 478 and 479:
Like the scenes on the side, these
Page 480 and 481:
links the cover to the handle. Side
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The principle of its construction,
Page 484 and 485:
circles of spur marks, fourteen in
Page 486 and 487:
at Dunhuang (Gansu province), a key
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487 I FAMEN MONASTERY AT FUFENC
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The great cosmopolitan city of Xi'a
Page 492 and 493:
tend to be somewhat less freely scu
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1/1A group of five painted pottery
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1/2A group of twelve painted potter
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173A group of six painted pottery f
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over the intervening decades the el
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South wall and ceiling ofthe antero
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J/4Painted marble relief of attenda
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V4175Painted marble relief of music
Page 514:
the better-known developments in th
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AfterwordSU BAI | Most of the treas
Page 520 and 521:
New Understandings of Chinese Prehi
Page 522 and 523:
the relationship and chronology of
Page 524 and 525:
Objects in this exhibition from the
Page 526:
remains an issue, most scholars hav
Page 529 and 530:
Cat. 68, detailjects and the writte
Page 531 and 532:
culture at Yinxu and thus the late
Page 533 and 534:
tionship between the Shang and the
Page 535 and 536:
ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE DISTANT REGIONST
Page 538 and 539:
Issues Concerning the Formation, De
Page 540 and 541:
of the Shang. 7 The Shi ji (Records
Page 542 and 543:
state, although they were regarded
Page 544 and 545:
The Chu absorbed elements of other
Page 546 and 547:
Several other discoveries testify t
Page 548:
1 Karlbeck 1926.2 ¥019853,262-269.
Page 551 and 552:
acter, ao ("concave" or "sunken"),
Page 553 and 554:
Yuan (the Emperor Gaozu of the Tang
Page 555 and 556:
the tunnel outside the stone door o
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ConcordanceCHINESE TEXTSBai Qi zhua
Page 559 and 560:
MiaodigouMiaopingMinheMogaokuMopan
Page 561 and 562:
Empress TaimuEmpress WuEpang (Afang
Page 563 and 564:
wuren dongwu wenWushier bingfangYao
Page 565 and 566:
BibliographyAllan 1991. Allan, Sara
Page 567 and 568:
Zhou Studies, A Review Article,"Ear
Page 569 and 570:
Zhongguo lishixue nianjian (1979)(1
Page 571 and 572:
Liang and Gao 1968. Liang Siyongand
Page 573 and 574:
Reischauer 1955. Reischauer, EdwinO
Page 575 and 576:
Pierre, and C.C. Young. "On theMamm
Page 577 and 578:
Xia and Wang 1986. Xia Nai andWang
Page 579 and 580:
shisi niandai shujuji 1965 - 1991.B
Page 581 and 582:
IndexNote: Catalogue numbers are in
Page 583 and 584:
Jian-fou cooler and ladle, [97] 290
Page 585:
Yaoshan, Yuhang, Zhejiangprovince,
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