Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports Volume 38 July 28, 2000

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20000064556 Analytical Imaging and Geophysics, LLC, Boulder, CO USA Characterization and Mapping of Kimberlites and Related Diatremes Using AVIRIS Kruse, F. A., Analytical Imaging and Geophysics, LLC, USA; Boardman, J. W., Analytical Imaging and Geophysics, LLC, USA; Summaries of the Seventh JPL Airborne Earth Science Workshop January 12-16, 1998; Dec. 19, 1998; Volume 1, pp. 259; See also 20000064520; No Copyright; Abstract Only; Available from CASI only as part of the entire parent document Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) data are being used to study the occurrence and mineralogical characteristics of kimberlite diatremes at several sites in Utah and in the State-Line district of Colorado/Wyoming. The Utah kimberlites are well exposed and provide an excellent case history of mineralogical mapping of kimberlite mineralogy and abundant xenoliths of country rock. Two different mineral associations have been observed; 1) dolomite, minor calcite and illite, and an association of kaolinite and goethite at the Mule Ear and Cane Valley diatremes, and 2) serpentine matrix with dolomite xenoliths at the Moses Rock Dike site. The Moses Rock Dike appears to be spatially zoned. The State-Line kimberlites are deeply weathered, poorly exposed, and the AVIRIS data are dominated by green and dry vegetation, presenting a challenge to remote sensing technology. Identification of characteristic kimberlite minerals is difficult except where exposed by current mining; however, sub-pixel analysis methods have been successfully used to map the mineralogy of exposed mine areas, to locate similar areas, and to map the distribution of potential new exploration targets. Minerals identified in the State-Line district using the AVIRIS data include dolomite, calcite, phlogopite, and kaolinite. This work is in progress, with the goal of determining methods for characterizing subtle mineralogic changes associated with kimberlites and developing exploration models valid for a variety of geologic terrains. Author Mineralogy; Mineral Deposits; Rock Intrusions; Remote Sensing; Thematic Mapping; Biotite; Peridotite; Spectroscopy 20000064558 Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., Pasadena, CA USA Mineral Mapping Using AVIRIS Data at Ray Mine, AZ McCubbin, Ian, California Univ., USA; Lang, Harold, Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., USA; Green, Robert O., Jet Propulsion Lab., California Inst. of Tech., USA; Roberts, Dar, California Univ., USA; Summaries of the Seventh JPL Airborne Earth Science Workshop January 12-16, 1998; Dec. 19, 1998; Volume 1, pp. 269-272; In English; See also 20000064520; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A01, Hardcopy; A04, Microfiche Imaging Spectroscopy enables the identification and mapping of surface mineralogy over large areas. This study focused on assessing the utility of Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) data for environmental impact analysis over the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) high priority Superfund site Ray Mine, AZ. Using the Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) algorithm to analyze AVIRIS data makes it possible to map surface materials that are indicative of acid generating minerals. The improved performance of the AVIRIS sensor since 1996 provides data with sufficient signal to noise ratio to characterize up to 8 image endmembers. Specifically we employed SAM to map minerals associated with mine generated acid waste, namely jarositc, goethite, and hematite, in the presence of a complex mineralogical background. Author Infrared Imagery; Mineral Deposits; Spectroscopy; Thematic Mapping; Remote Sensing; Mines (Excavations) 20000064560 Auckland Univ., Dept. of Geography, New Zealand Montoring Community Hysteresis Using Spectral Shift Analysis and the Red-Edge Vegetation Stress Index Merton, Ray, Auckland Univ., New Zealand; Summaries of the Seventh JPL Airborne Earth Science Workshop January 12-16, 1998; Dec. 19, 1998; Volume 1, pp. 275-284; In English; See also 20000064520; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A02, Hardcopy; A04, Microfiche The red-edge, centered at the largest change in reflectance per wavelength change, is located between two of the most widely used wavelength regions used for broad band vegetation studies, the red trough and the NIR plateau. The vegetation red-edge in Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) data comprises eight contiguous spectral bands between 0.6852 - 0.7523 microns. The aim of this study focuses on the development of simple techniques to identify and model multi-temporal red-edge geometry changes in disparate vegetation communities at Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve, Palo Alto, California. This study examines the design and performance of selected measures for monitoring community stress from early spring to late autumn. Defining complex red-edge symmetry through a range of geometric and statistical measures has potential for seasonal and long-term vegetation monitoring. Second-derivative calculations are applied to the measurement of red-edge inflection point shifts. Derivative spectra are also used to identify variations in red-edge geometry associated with apparent stress in communities and changing environmental variables and to determine bands for inclusion in the Red-edge Vegetation Stress Index (RVSI). Pat- 112
terns of community hysteresis based on multi-temporal changes in spectral shifts, the RVSI, and other important vegetation indices are examined. Derived from text Hysteresis; Infrared Imagery; Vegetative Index; Inflection Points; Plant Stress; Spectral Reflectance; Remote Sensing 20000064562 California Inst. of Tech., Div. of Geological and Planetary Sciences, Pasadena, CA USA Multiple Endmember Spectral Mixture Analysis: Application to an Arid/Semi-Arid Landscape Okin, Gregory S., California Inst. of Tech., USA; Okin, William J., California Univ., USA; Roberts, Dar A., California Univ., USA; Murray, Bruce, California Inst. of Tech., USA; Summaries of the Seventh JPL Airborne Earth Science Workshop January 12-16, 1998; Dec. 19, 1998; Volume 1, pp. 291-299; In English; See also 20000064520; No Copyright; Avail: CASI; A02, Hardcopy; A04, Microfiche As the Earth’s human population increases and once-fertile areas become less so, human activities are bound to spread into areas that once were considered barren and unworkable, namely our planet’s arid and semi-arid regions. Worldwide, this process already has begun. As a result, these fragile areas are being put under stresses that are leading to severe landscape damage and hence, a decrease in usefulness to humans. This process of ”desertification” is already widespread, and although many people frequently consider desertification to be a problem unique to and and semi-arid Africa, it is in fact occurring on all continents except Antarctica. Desertification is actually a complex suite of phenomena that occur in and and semi-arid environments which can be triggered by human land use, interannual climate variability or long-term climate change. Many interrelated processes on sub-canopy to regional spatial scales are included, but the dominant form of desertification in the southwestern U.S. is the conversion of grasslands to shrublands. The processes involved frequently occur as ”runaway” phenomena which are not reversible or remediable on human timescales for reasonable cost (Schlesinger et al., 1990). As a result, monitoring of arid regions is critical in any attempt to short-circuit these land degradation processes. Remote monitoring using current or anticipated satellite remote sensing is the most time- and cost-efficient way to proceed with and region monitoring in the future. Unfortunately, interpretation of remote sensing data from and regions is particularly difficult. Three factors are thought to contribute to this. First, arid and semiarid regions are often characterized by large soil background, in many cases swamping out the spectral contribution of plants. Second, light rays reaching sensors from desert plants are often polluted by additional interactions with desert soils. Finally, due to evolutionary adaptations to the harsh desert environment, desert plants are spectrally dissimilar to their humid counterparts, lacking in many cases a strong red edge, exhibiting reduced leaf absorption in the visible, and displaying strong wax absorptions around 1720 nm. Many of the early applications of remote sensing to arid and semi-arid regions suggest that present remote sensing techniques, including most brightness and greenness indices, are susceptible to over- or underestimation of vegetation cover simply due to variations in soil color and low vegetation cover, although Musick (1984) found a correlation between total vegetation cover and LANDSAT MSS band 5 brightness. None of theses studies were able to accurately and reliably discern shrubs from grasses in arid and semi-arid environments, which is probably the most important means by which to identify desertification. Later work by Franklin et al. (1993) and Duncan et al. (1993) using SPOT wavebands and greenness and brightness indices found these indices to be sensitive to vegetation type as well as cover. High variance in these studies, however, suggests that even in cases where landscape components were determined to be significantly different, it may not be possible to accurately retrieve the contribution of these components to spatially averaged reflectance measurements. This characteristic is presumably due to the low spectral resolution of the SPOT wavebands and the effect of nonlinear mixing under low cover conditions, as well as the typically high spectral variability found in desert plants. Despite the lackluster performance of remote sensing in arid regions, there are have been a few studies that suggest there is potential for doing accurate and reliable remote sensing in and and semi-arid regions. Smith et al. (1990) applied a mixing model that employed laboratory and field spectra to LANDSAT TM data from the Owens Valley, indicating that mixture modeling can facilitate mapping and monitoring of sparse vegetation cover. Roberts et al. (1993) have used linear mixture analysis of AVIRIS data to map green vegetation, nonphotosynthetic vegetation (NPV), and soils at the Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve, CA. It is a natural next step, therefore, to apply spectral mixture analysis to arid and semi-arid regions in the hope that this will overcome previous difficulties in accurate and reliable landscape assessment by remote sensing in these areas. The purpose of this study is to determine if multiple endmember spectral mixture analysis will accurately and reliably characterize and arid semi-arid region vegetation and soils from AVIRIS data. The ultimate goal of this work is to develop tools for remote sensing of arid regions that make the best use of current and near-future remote sensing technology to monitor these environments. Derived from text Arid Lands; Desertification; Remote Sensing; Spectrum Analysis; Spectral Reflectance; Mathematical Models 113
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Scientific and Technical Aerospace
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Introduction Scientific and Technic
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Subject Divisions Table of Contents
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ground equipment and systems. For a
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48 Oceanography 139 Includes the ph
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72 Atomic and Molecular Physics 191
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Document Availability Information T
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Avail: NASA Public Document Rooms.
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NASA CASI Price Tables — Effectiv
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ALABAMA AUBURN UNIV. AT MONTGOMERY
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20000061433 Pisa Univ., Dipartiment
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English; 34th; 34th Thermophysics C
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20000063509 NASA Glenn Research Cen
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05 AIRCRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PER
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A long tradition of aerodynamic des
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sonic and transonic cases will be p
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performance required for a proposed
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tion (NPSS), is focused on the inte
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surface measurement techniques used
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primary issues for it’s adaptatio
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Footage shows the night vertical ta
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necessary for ignition modeling, or
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engine lifetime, and high power ope
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24 COMPOSITE MATERIALS ��
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ments. For the screening of liner m
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formation of a neutral, fluorescent
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20000065655 Ames Lab., IA USA Funda
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This is a second Triennial Conferen
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of completely charged PSSNa solutio
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20000064100 NASA Langley Research C
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Spacecraft in low Earth orbit (LEO)
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Pressure gradients, i.e. pressure h
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20000064594 New Mexico Univ., Elect
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declarations with a pattern recogni
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containing point where interpolatio
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has his own responsibility, while t
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the people, documents and projects
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and experimental technology, many o
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tems. In particular this applicatio
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Over the past decade, high performa
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expensive than a single analysis. I
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20000064726 Carnegie-Mellon Univ.,
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20000064099 Teledyne Brown Engineer
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20000065633 Institute TNO of Applie
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important conclusion is that for su
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est frame of the string. The modifi
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isotopes. The method and program we
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A detailed study is undertaken, usi
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20000063497 Kaiser Electro-Optics,
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delivers 60% of the x-ray flux from
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76 SOLID-STATE PHYSICS ��
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20000064660 Abdus Salam Internation
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82 DOCUMENTATION AND INFORMATION SC
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ecoming almost too cumbersome to be
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physical world. These are the two p
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with WFPC2 data. Tests of HSTphot
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gas, show variations that have rema
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A ABERRATION, 143, 198 ABRASION, 22
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COMPRESSIBLE FLOW, 83 COMPRESSION L
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FATIGUE (MATERIALS), 50, 93, 96 FAT
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WIND PROFILES, 137 WIND TUNNEL TEST
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Brown, Andy, 38 Brown, April S., 20
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Lu, Gui-Ying, 50 Lugg, Desmond J.,
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Warner, J. D., 63 Warren, James, 16
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Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports Volume 38 July 28, 2000

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