Sugarcane ethanol: Contributions to climate change - BAFF

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Chapter 4 • Suitable evaluations (even estimates) of ILUC impact in emissions are far from possible today, due to the lack of adequate methodologies and corresponding (global) data. However local conditions in Brazil indicate a good possibility of signi�cant increases in ethanol production without increasing ILUC GHG emissions: – �e area needed for expansion (~5 M ha, until 2020) is very small when compared with the areas liberated with increased cattle raising e�ciency (30 M ha) and other non used arable lands. – Sugarcane expansion has been independent of (and much smaller than) the growth of other agricultural crops, in the same areas. In all sugarcane expansion areas the eventual competition products (crops and beef production) also expanded. References Aden, A., M. Ruth, K. Ibsen, J. Jechura, K. Neeves, J. Sheehan, B. Wallace, L. Montague, A. Slayton and J. Lukas, 2002. Lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol process design and economics utilizing co-current dilute acid prehydrolysis and enzymatic hydrolysis for maize stover. Technical report TP-510-32438, NREL, Golden, CO, USA. Amaral, W.A.N., 2008. Environmental sustainability of sugarcane ethanol in Brazil. In: P. Zuurbier and J. van de Vooren (eds.) Sugarcane ethanol, Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, the Netherlands, pp. 113-138. Carvalho, E.P., 2007. Etanol como Alternativa Energética. UNICA: presentation to the Casa Civil, Presidência da República, Brasília, Brazil. CEPEA, 2007. Cenários (oferta e demanda) para o setor de cana de açúcar. CEPEA (Internal Report), Esalq, Piracicaba, Brazil. CONAB, 2008. Acompanhamento da safra Brasileira: Cana de Açúcar. Companhia Nacional de Abastecimento, MAPA, Brasilia, Brazil. CTC, 2006a. Controle mútuo agrícola anual - safra 2005/2006. Centro de Tecnologia Canavieira, Piracicaba, Brazil, 126 p. + anexos. CTC, 2006b. Technical information provided by scientists and engineers to I Macedo and J Seabra. Piracicaba: Sugarcane Technology Centre, Brazil. EPE, 2007. Plano Nacional de Energia 2030. Empresa de Planejamento Energético, MME, Brazil. FAO, 2005. Food and Agriculture Organization, U.N. Statistical Databases, Agriculture. http://www.fao. org/faostat. Gnansounou, E., L. Panichelli, A. Dauriat and J.D. Villegas, 2008. Accounting for indirect land-use changes in GHG balances of biofuels: review of current approaches. École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Working Paper 437.101. Hassuani, S.J., M.R.L.V. Leal and I.C. Macedo, 2005. Biomass power generation: sugarcane bagasse and trash. Série Caminhos para Sustentabilidade. Piracicaba: PNUD-CTC, Brazil. IBGE, 2005. Indicadores Agropecuários 2005. Instituto Brasileiro de Geogra�a e Estatistica. Available at: http://www.ibge.org.br. IBGE, 2006. Produção Agrícola Municipal, v. 33. Instituto Brasileiro de Geogra�a e Estatistica. Available at: http://www.ibge.org.br. 110 Sugarcane ethanol
Mitigation of GHG emissions using sugarcane bioethanol IEA, 2006. Alternative Energy Scenarios. World Energy Outlook 2006. International Energy Agency. IPCC, 2006. IPCC guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories, Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme. In: H.S. Eggleston, L. Buendia, K. Miwa, T. Ngara and K. Tanabe (eds.) Japan: IGES. Macedo, I.C. (ed.) 2005. Sugarcane’s Energy – Twelve studies on Brazilian sugarcane agribusiness and its sustainability. São Paulo: Berlendis & Vertecchia: UNICA, Brazil. Macedo, I.C., 2008. GHG mitigation and cost analyses for expanded production and use of fuel ethanol in Brazil. Final Report, prepared for Center for Clean Air Policy – CCAP. Washington, USA. Macedo, I.C., J.E.A. Seabra and J.E.A.R. Silva, 2008. Green house gases emissions in the production and use of ethanol from sugarcane in Brazil: �e 2005/2006 averages and a prediction for 2020. Biomass and Bioenergy, 32: 582-595. MAPA, 2007. Projeções do Agronegócio – Mundo e Brasil, 2006/07 a 2017/18. Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA), Assessoria de Gestão Estratégica, Brazil. Nassar, 2008. Sustainability considerations for ethanol. Food, Fuel and Forests: A Seminar in Climate Change, Agriculture and Trade. Bogor, Indonesia. Nassar, A.M., B.F.T. Rudor�, L.B. Antoniazzi, D. Alves de Aguiar, M.R.P. Bacchi and M. Adami, 2008. Prospects of the sugarcane expansion in Brazil: impacts on direct and indirect land use changes. In: P. Zuurbier and J. van de Vooren (eds.) Sugarcane ethanol, Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, the Netherlands, pp. 63-93. Seabra, J.E.A., 2008. Avaliação técnico-econômica de opções para o aproveitamento integral da biomassa de cana no Brasil. Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, PhD �esis, 273 p. Scolari, D., 2006. Produção Agricola Mundial: o potencial do Brasil. Embrapa (Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agopecuária), Brasilia, Brazil. UNICA, 2008. Frequently asked questions about the Brazilian sugarcane industry. UNICA, S Paulo, Brazil. Sugarcane ethanol 111
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Sugarcane ethanol Contributions to
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Table of contents Foreword 11 José
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Chapter 8 �e global impacts of US
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Foreword �e use of biofuels as a
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Executive summary Do biofuels help
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Executive summary 12. Projections o
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Chapter 1 Introduction to sugarcane
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Introduction to sugarcane ethanol A
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Introduction to sugarcane ethanol C
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Introduction to sugarcane ethanol F
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Introduction to sugarcane ethanol H
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Chapter 2 Production (million tons)
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Chapter 2 Table 2. Sugarcane produc
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Chapter 2 Harvested area (million h
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Chapter 2 million hectares 8 7 6 5
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Chapter 2 Table 5. Global significa
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Chapter 2 (FAOSTAT, 2008). �e lan
Page 38 and 39:
Chapter 2 indicating that sugarcane
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Chapter 2 and vinasse produced duri
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Chapter 2 • • • • Harvested
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Chapter 2 2.2. AEZ assessment of la
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Chapter 2 The quantified descriptio
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Chapter 2 Table 8 summarizes by reg
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Chapter 2 Table 9. Suitability of u
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Chapter 2 Table 10. Suitability of
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Chapter 2 of bio-diversity and land
Page 56 and 57: Chapter 2 FAO, 1987. 1948-1985 Worl
Page 58 and 59: Chapter 2 Smeets, E., M. Junginger,
Page 60 and 61: Chapter 3 Considering that this deb
Page 62 and 63: Chapter 3 1,000 ha 9,000 8,000 7,00
Page 64 and 65: Chapter 3 Another source of data on
Page 66 and 67: Chapter 3 Figure 3. Different land
Page 68 and 69: Chapter 3 1-Pastureand crops expans
Page 70 and 71: Chapter 3 Given that the model is u
Page 72 and 73: Chapter 3 to the case studies; (d)
Page 74 and 75: Chapter 3 Mato Grosso do Sul in 200
Page 76 and 77: Chapter 3 the Pasture class increas
Page 78 and 79: Chapter 3 Table 5. Number of sugarc
Page 80 and 81: Chapter 3 of 12.6% from 2001 to 200
Page 82 and 83: Chapter 3 Table 6. South-Centre: ex
Page 84 and 85: Chapter 3 4.5. Options for approach
Page 86 and 87: Chapter 3 states that have lost pas
Page 88 and 89: Chapter 3 It is important to contex
Page 91 and 92: Chapter 4 Mitigation of GHG emissio
Page 93 and 94: Table 1. Basic data: sugarcane prod
Page 95 and 96: Mitigation of GHG emissions using s
Page 97 and 98: GHG emission (kg CO 2 eq/m 3 etOH)
Page 101 and 102: Table 7. Soil carbon content for di
Page 105: 5. Conclusions Mitigation of GHG em
Page 110 and 111: Chapter 5 Oil reserves - Gasoline/d
Page 112 and 113: Chapter 5 in research and developme
Page 114 and 115: Chapter 5 Table 3. Summary of main
Page 116 and 117: Chapter 5 3. Environmental indicato
Page 118 and 119: Chapter 5 Table 4. Carbon stock in
Page 120 and 121: Chapter 5 3.2. Water Total carbon i
Page 122 and 123: Chapter 5 3.3. Soil and fertilizers
Page 124 and 125: Chapter 5 3.4. Management of diseas
Page 126 and 127: Chapter 5 Table 10. Sugarcane and v
Page 128 and 129: Chapter 5 in the implementation of
Page 130 and 131: Chapter 5 Table 11. Continued. Crit
Page 132 and 133: Chapter 5 Brazilian Government. Lei
Page 134 and 135: Chapter 5 São Paulo State Governme
Page 136 and 137: Chapter 6 2. Development of the eth
Page 138 and 139: Chapter 6 blends by car manufacture
Page 140 and 141: Chapter 6 Brazil have been roughly
Page 142 and 143: Chapter 6 Overall there are few di
Page 144 and 145: Chapter 6 3.2.1. The impact of exis
Page 146 and 147: Chapter 6 �e use of ethanol in he
Page 148 and 149: Chapter 6 cropping systems that pro
Page 150 and 151: Chapter 6 certainty, the supply of
Page 152 and 153: Chapter 6 De Vries, B.J.M., D.P. va
Page 155 and 156: Chapter 7 Biofuel conversion techno
Page 157 and 158:
Biofuel conversion technologies �
Page 159 and 160:
Biofuel conversion technologies In
Page 161 and 162:
Biofuel conversion technologies the
Page 163 and 164:
Biofuel conversion technologies Imp
Page 165 and 166:
Biofuel conversion technologies Pro
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Investment costs (Euro/kWth input c
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4.2. Greenhouse gas balances Biofue
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Reduction in CO equivalent emission
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Biofuel conversion technologies �
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Biofuel conversion technologies pot
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Chapter 8 The global impacts of US
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The global impacts of US and EU bio
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Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Table 1. Change in output due to EU
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Page 191 and 192:
Forest cover Pasture cover USEU 201
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Page 196 and 197:
Chapter 9 also risks and serious tr
Page 198 and 199:
Chapter 9 Box 2. Bioethanol stoves
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Chapter 9 �e highest impact on po
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Chapter 9 the increased generation
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Chapter 9 o�ers to support the MD
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Chapter 9 Price variation (%) 14 12
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Chapter 9 Dufey et al., 2007a). Leg
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Chapter 9 manufactured directly fro
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Chapter 9 in mechanical aid for the
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Chapter 9 Table 1. Import tariffs o
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Chapter 9 3.8. Improving efficiency
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Chapter 9 some minimum transport in
Page 220 and 221:
Chapter 9 IEA, 2004. Biofuels for T
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Chapter 10 Why are current food pri
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Why are current food prices so high
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2.4 Long-term drivers of supply Why
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3.1. Effects on the supply side Why
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3.3 Policy responses to rising food
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3.4. Other effects • Why are curr
Page 235 and 236:
- - - - Why are current food prices
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18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 5. The fut
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• • • Why are current food pr
Page 241 and 242:
6.1. Policy implications Why are cu
Page 243:
Why are current food prices so high
Page 247 and 248:
Authors Dr. Marcos Adami, senior re
Page 249 and 250:
Keyword index A Africa 204, 205, 20
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M maize 20, 83, 104, 173, 184, 187,
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Sugarcane ethanol: Contributions to climate change - BAFF

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