Sugarcane ethanol: Contributions to climate change - BAFF

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Chapter 3 It is important to contextualize the LUC caused by sugarcane within the entire Brazilian debate regarding land use and occupation and other factors correlated, including agricultural and environmental public policies, international commodity markets and technology development. ILUC issues, in turn, are even more complex and correlated to many other factors. Sugarcane is concentrated in the most densely occupied state, São Paulo, which has been presented signals of saturation many years ago. In a lack of clear land use and occupation policy, sugarcane, as well as many other agricultural activities, has been expanding around close states according to local conditions, both agronomic and economic. �is movement presses land valorization and thus contributes to improvements on agricultural yields (crops and pasture), as it is happening in almost all regions in Brazil. �is study concludes that the expansion of crops, except sugarcane, and pasture land is taking place despite of the sugarcane expansion. �is is important because it reinforces that, even recognizing that sugarcane expansion contributes to the displacement of other crops and pasture, there is no evidence that deforestation caused by indirect land use e�ect is a consequence of sugarcane expansion. Results on past data and projections show that increasing cattle herd stocking rate is able to o�set pasture land reduction in regions where competition for land is taking place. Increasing productivity on cattle production, therefore, also reinforces that the expansion of pasture land on the Amazon Biome is not directly promoted by the expansion of crops and sugarcane in the non-frontier regions. It is strongly recommended that the analysis here presented continues on a regular base in order to guarantee that sugarcane activity continues to respect natural landscapes. As any other agricultural product, sugarcane also contributes to land use changes. However, as discussed here, these changes do not undermine sugarcane’s environmental bene�ts as a renewable agricultural-based biofuel. References Camargo, A.M.M.P., D.V. Caser, F.P. Camargo, M.P.A. Olivette, R.C.C. Sachs and S.A. Torquato, 2008. Dinâmica e tendência da cana-de-acucar sobre as demais atividades agropecuárias, Estado de São Paulo, 2001-2006. Informações Econômicas 38: 47-66. Coelho, S.T., P.M. Guardabassi, B.A. Lora, M.B.C.A. Monteiro and R. Gorren, 2007. A Sustentabilidade da expansão da cultura canavieira. Centro de Referencia em Biomassa – CENBIO – USP. Cadernos Técnicos da Associação Nacional de Transportes Públicos, v. 6. Companhia Nacional de Abastecimento (CONAB), 2008. Per�l do Setor de Açúcar e Álcool no Brasil. Brasília: CONAB. Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute (FAPRI), 2008. FAPRI 2008: U.S. and World Agricultural Outlook. FAPRI Sta� Report 08-FSR 1. Available at: www.fapri.org (accessed in October 4 th , 2008). Gnansounou, E., L. Panichelli, A. Dauriat and J.D. Villegas, 2008. Accounting for indirect land-use changes in GHG balances of biofuels: review of current approaches. École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Working Paper 437.101, March 2008. 92 Sugarcane ethanol
Prospects of the sugarcane expansion in Brazil Instituto Brasileiro de Geogra�a e Estatística (IBGE), 2008b. Censo Agropecuário de 2008. Available at: www.sidra.ibge.gov.br (accessed in July 10 th , 2008). Instituto Brasileiro de Geogra�a e Estatística, (IBGE), 2008a. Levantamento Sistemático da Produção Agrícola. Available at: www.sidra.ibge.gov.br (accessed in July 10 th , 2008). Oliveira, A.A., M.F.M. Gomes, J. Dos Santos, L. Ru�no, A.G. Da Silva Júnior, and S.T. Gomes, 2008. Estrutura e dinâmica da cafeicultura em Minas Gerais. Revista de Economia Agrícola 34: 121-142. Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels, 2008. Background paper (teleconference June 3 rd , 2008) of the Expert advisory group and working group on GHG. Available at: http://cgse.ep�.ch/page65660.html (accessed in August 2 nd , 2008). Rudor�, B.F.T and L.M. Sugawara, 2007. Mapeamento da cana-de-açúcar na Região Centro-Sul via imagens de satélites. Informe Agropecuário. Geotecnologias, Belo Horizonte, 241: 79-86. Searchinger, T., R. Heimlich, R.A. Houghton, F. Dong, A., Elobeid, J. Fabiosa, S., Tokgoz, D., Hayes and T. Yu, 2008. Land clearing and the biofuels carbon debt. Sciencexpress. Feb., 2008. Sugawara, L.M.S., B.F.T. Rudor�, R.M.S.P., Vieira, A.G. Afonso, T.L.I.N. Aulicino, M.A. Moreira, V. Duarte and W.F. Silva, 2008. Imagens de satélites na estimativa de área plantada com cana na safra 2005/2006 – Região Centro-Sul. São José dos Campos: INPE (15254-RPQ/815). 74 p. União da Indústria de Cana-de-Açucar (ÚNICA), 2008. Estatísticas de produção de açúcar no Brasil. Available at: www.unica.com.br (accessed in July 29 th , 2008). Sugarcane ethanol 93
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Sugarcane ethanol Contributions to
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Table of contents Foreword 11 José
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Chapter 8 �e global impacts of US
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Foreword �e use of biofuels as a
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Executive summary Do biofuels help
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Executive summary 12. Projections o
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Chapter 1 Introduction to sugarcane
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Introduction to sugarcane ethanol A
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Introduction to sugarcane ethanol C
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Introduction to sugarcane ethanol F
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Introduction to sugarcane ethanol H
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Chapter 2 Production (million tons)
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Chapter 2 Table 2. Sugarcane produc
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Chapter 2 Harvested area (million h
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Chapter 2 million hectares 8 7 6 5
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Chapter 2 Table 5. Global significa
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Chapter 2 (FAOSTAT, 2008). �e lan
Page 38 and 39: Chapter 2 indicating that sugarcane
Page 40 and 41: Chapter 2 and vinasse produced duri
Page 42 and 43: Chapter 2 • • • • Harvested
Page 44 and 45: Chapter 2 2.2. AEZ assessment of la
Page 46 and 47: Chapter 2 The quantified descriptio
Page 48 and 49: Chapter 2 Table 8 summarizes by reg
Page 50 and 51: Chapter 2 Table 9. Suitability of u
Page 52 and 53: Chapter 2 Table 10. Suitability of
Page 54 and 55: Chapter 2 of bio-diversity and land
Page 56 and 57: Chapter 2 FAO, 1987. 1948-1985 Worl
Page 58 and 59: Chapter 2 Smeets, E., M. Junginger,
Page 60 and 61: Chapter 3 Considering that this deb
Page 62 and 63: Chapter 3 1,000 ha 9,000 8,000 7,00
Page 64 and 65: Chapter 3 Another source of data on
Page 66 and 67: Chapter 3 Figure 3. Different land
Page 68 and 69: Chapter 3 1-Pastureand crops expans
Page 70 and 71: Chapter 3 Given that the model is u
Page 72 and 73: Chapter 3 to the case studies; (d)
Page 74 and 75: Chapter 3 Mato Grosso do Sul in 200
Page 76 and 77: Chapter 3 the Pasture class increas
Page 78 and 79: Chapter 3 Table 5. Number of sugarc
Page 80 and 81: Chapter 3 of 12.6% from 2001 to 200
Page 82 and 83: Chapter 3 Table 6. South-Centre: ex
Page 84 and 85: Chapter 3 4.5. Options for approach
Page 86 and 87: Chapter 3 states that have lost pas
Page 91 and 92: Chapter 4 Mitigation of GHG emissio
Page 93 and 94: Table 1. Basic data: sugarcane prod
Page 95 and 96: Mitigation of GHG emissions using s
Page 97 and 98: GHG emission (kg CO 2 eq/m 3 etOH)
Page 101 and 102: Table 7. Soil carbon content for di
Page 105 and 106: 5. Conclusions Mitigation of GHG em
Page 107: Mitigation of GHG emissions using s
Page 110 and 111: Chapter 5 Oil reserves - Gasoline/d
Page 112 and 113: Chapter 5 in research and developme
Page 114 and 115: Chapter 5 Table 3. Summary of main
Page 116 and 117: Chapter 5 3. Environmental indicato
Page 118 and 119: Chapter 5 Table 4. Carbon stock in
Page 120 and 121: Chapter 5 3.2. Water Total carbon i
Page 122 and 123: Chapter 5 3.3. Soil and fertilizers
Page 124 and 125: Chapter 5 3.4. Management of diseas
Page 126 and 127: Chapter 5 Table 10. Sugarcane and v
Page 128 and 129: Chapter 5 in the implementation of
Page 130 and 131: Chapter 5 Table 11. Continued. Crit
Page 132 and 133: Chapter 5 Brazilian Government. Lei
Page 134 and 135: Chapter 5 São Paulo State Governme
Page 136 and 137: Chapter 6 2. Development of the eth
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Chapter 6 blends by car manufacture
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Chapter 6 Brazil have been roughly
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Chapter 6 Overall there are few di
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Chapter 6 3.2.1. The impact of exis
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Chapter 6 �e use of ethanol in he
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Chapter 6 cropping systems that pro
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Chapter 6 certainty, the supply of
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Chapter 6 De Vries, B.J.M., D.P. va
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Chapter 7 Biofuel conversion techno
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Biofuel conversion technologies �
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Biofuel conversion technologies In
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Biofuel conversion technologies the
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Biofuel conversion technologies Imp
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Biofuel conversion technologies Pro
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Investment costs (Euro/kWth input c
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4.2. Greenhouse gas balances Biofue
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Reduction in CO equivalent emission
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Biofuel conversion technologies �
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Biofuel conversion technologies pot
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Chapter 8 The global impacts of US
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The global impacts of US and EU bio
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Table 1. Change in output due to EU
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Forest cover Pasture cover USEU 201
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Chapter 9 also risks and serious tr
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Chapter 9 Box 2. Bioethanol stoves
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Chapter 9 �e highest impact on po
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Chapter 9 the increased generation
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Chapter 9 o�ers to support the MD
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Chapter 9 Price variation (%) 14 12
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Chapter 9 Dufey et al., 2007a). Leg
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Chapter 9 manufactured directly fro
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Chapter 9 in mechanical aid for the
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Chapter 9 Table 1. Import tariffs o
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Chapter 9 3.8. Improving efficiency
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Chapter 9 some minimum transport in
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Chapter 9 IEA, 2004. Biofuels for T
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Chapter 10 Why are current food pri
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Why are current food prices so high
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2.4 Long-term drivers of supply Why
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3.1. Effects on the supply side Why
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3.3 Policy responses to rising food
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3.4. Other effects • Why are curr
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- - - - Why are current food prices
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18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 5. The fut
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• • • Why are current food pr
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6.1. Policy implications Why are cu
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Why are current food prices so high
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Authors Dr. Marcos Adami, senior re
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Keyword index A Africa 204, 205, 20
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M maize 20, 83, 104, 173, 184, 187,
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