Sugarcane ethanol: Contributions to climate change - BAFF

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Chapter 1 However the debate on biofuels in general and bioethanol in particular shows a lot of counterarguments. �ey include that production of feedstock for ethanol might have negative environmental impacts on GHG, land use change, water consumption, biodiversity and air quality; also indirect negative environmental impacts are mentioned as a result of the interactions between di�erent land uses. �e development of biofuels, it is said, may also have both direct and indirect negative social and socio-economic impacts. A third point of view comes from developing countries being motivated to diversify energy sources. Speci�cally net importing countries, may consider enhancing their energy security by domestically produced ethanol. Quality of air might be another argument for countries where the vehicle �eet is old, causing huge polluting emissions. However, also for these countries the counterarguments are widely discussed. Will the bioethanol production contribute to small farmers? And what will be the impact of production for bioethanol on the food production in those countries. Next to possible environmental impacts, developing countries might decide to take irreversible decisions that might, according to this point of view, create more instead o� less poverty (Oxfam, 2008). 8. The core of the debate �e debate on sugarcane ethanol contains several major issues. �e �rst one is impact of sugarcane production on land use change and climate. Here the assumption is made that land use for sugarcane implies serious impacts on the carbon stock, GHG emissions, and water and soil conditions. (Macedo et al., 2004). Also, the reallocation of land or land cleared for ethanol may have unforeseen impacts on biodiversity. �e main question here is, can production of sugarcane ethanol be sustainable? Second, the demand side of the sugarcane ethanol may have impacts on the automotive industry, as happened in Brazil by the introduction of FFV’s. Here the assumption is that demand will not so much be geared by balanced growth of the supply, but by the price and attractiveness of new automotive solutions. And this may have unintended consequences for sustainable production of sugarcane ethanol (Von Braun, 2006). �ird issue is the impact of new technologies on the e�ciency of biomass for biofuels and the conversion of biomass for ethanol. Here the assumption is that new technologies may provide not only higher e�ciency, but also the need for larger scale of operations, asking more land to be cleared for ethanol with possible negative environmental e�ects (Faaij, 2006). Fourth, the public policies may have positive e�ects on balanced growth of the ethanol industry. However, these policies may also contribute to numerous distortions in trade, consumption, supply and technology development and on the environment as well (Hertel et al., 2008). 24 Sugarcane ethanol
Introduction to sugarcane ethanol Fi�h, the debate also addresses the impacts of biofuels on developing countries. �ese societies may bene�t greatly by diversifying the energy matrix. However, unbalanced growth may have unintended consequences for the food security domestically and land use (Teixeira Coelho, 2005; Kojima and Johnson, 2005; Dufey et al., 2007). Sixth, the last issue deals with the food prices hike. How do biofuels rank as factor for explaining the food prices in 2007-2008 and, possibly, the coming years (Banse, 2008; Maros and Martin, 2008)? And how does ethanol �t into this explanation and projection? �e impact studies are conducted from a multidisciplinary point of view. Also, the impacts are observed on di�erent scale levels: global, regional and on value chain level. Hence, the analysis focuses on land use dynamics, market demand, technology development and public policies. �ese four main factors are assumed to contribute to the understanding of impacts of sugarcane ethanol on climate change mitigation and the environment. �e debate asks understanding based on the latest science based insights (�e Royal Society, 2008). �is book aims to contribute to present these insights. 9. Structure of the book In Chapter 2 the debate on sugarcane ethanol focuses on land use from a global point of view. �ere are many competing demands for land: to grow crops for food, feed, �bre and fuel, for nature conservation, urban development and other functions. �e objective of the chapter is to analyze current and potential sugarcane production in the world and to provide an assessment of land suitable for sugarcane production. Considering the particular situation in Brazil, Chapter 3 discusses the prospects of the sugarcane production, considering land use allocation and the land use dynamics. It shows on an empirical basis the expected sugarcane land expansion. �is expansion is supposed to convert annual crops, permanent crops, pasture areas, natural vegetation and degraded areas. �e chapter presents substitution patterns based on a reference scenario for sugarcane and ethanol production. What are the impacts of sugarcane ethanol for the mitigation of GHG emissions? Chapter 4 goes into this debate. �e chapter compares the ethanol production in 2006 with a scenario for 2020. Next energy �ows and a life cycle analysis is presented. �en the e�ects on land use change on GHG emissions on global scale are discussed. Finally the chapter discusses the indirect e�ects of land use change in the Brazil. Chapter 5 addresses the question on environmental sustainability of the sugarcane ethanol production in Brazil. Sustainable production is discussed worldwide. For bioethanol sustainability criteria vary among countries and institutions. Criteria that are pertinent in the debate are use of agricultural inputs, air quality and burning of sugarcane vs. mechanization, Sugarcane ethanol 25
Page 1 and 2: Sugarcane ethanol Contributions to
Page 3 and 4: Table of contents Foreword 11 José
Page 5: Chapter 8 �e global impacts of US
Page 8 and 9: Foreword �e use of biofuels as a
Page 11 and 12: Executive summary Do biofuels help
Page 13 and 14: Executive summary 12. Projections o
Page 15 and 16: Chapter 1 Introduction to sugarcane
Page 17 and 18: Introduction to sugarcane ethanol A
Page 19: Introduction to sugarcane ethanol C
Page 23: Introduction to sugarcane ethanol H
Page 26 and 27: Chapter 2 Production (million tons)
Page 28 and 29: Chapter 2 Table 2. Sugarcane produc
Page 30 and 31: Chapter 2 Harvested area (million h
Page 32 and 33: Chapter 2 million hectares 8 7 6 5
Page 34 and 35: Chapter 2 Table 5. Global significa
Page 36 and 37: Chapter 2 (FAOSTAT, 2008). �e lan
Page 38 and 39: Chapter 2 indicating that sugarcane
Page 40 and 41: Chapter 2 and vinasse produced duri
Page 42 and 43: Chapter 2 • • • • Harvested
Page 44 and 45: Chapter 2 2.2. AEZ assessment of la
Page 46 and 47: Chapter 2 The quantified descriptio
Page 48 and 49: Chapter 2 Table 8 summarizes by reg
Page 50 and 51: Chapter 2 Table 9. Suitability of u
Page 52 and 53: Chapter 2 Table 10. Suitability of
Page 54 and 55: Chapter 2 of bio-diversity and land
Page 56 and 57: Chapter 2 FAO, 1987. 1948-1985 Worl
Page 58 and 59: Chapter 2 Smeets, E., M. Junginger,
Page 60 and 61: Chapter 3 Considering that this deb
Page 62 and 63: Chapter 3 1,000 ha 9,000 8,000 7,00
Page 64 and 65: Chapter 3 Another source of data on
Page 66 and 67: Chapter 3 Figure 3. Different land
Page 68 and 69: Chapter 3 1-Pastureand crops expans
Page 70 and 71:
Chapter 3 Given that the model is u
Page 72 and 73:
Chapter 3 to the case studies; (d)
Page 74 and 75:
Chapter 3 Mato Grosso do Sul in 200
Page 76 and 77:
Chapter 3 the Pasture class increas
Page 78 and 79:
Chapter 3 Table 5. Number of sugarc
Page 80 and 81:
Chapter 3 of 12.6% from 2001 to 200
Page 82 and 83:
Chapter 3 Table 6. South-Centre: ex
Page 84 and 85:
Chapter 3 4.5. Options for approach
Page 86 and 87:
Chapter 3 states that have lost pas
Page 88 and 89:
Chapter 3 It is important to contex
Page 91 and 92:
Chapter 4 Mitigation of GHG emissio
Page 93 and 94:
Table 1. Basic data: sugarcane prod
Page 95 and 96:
Mitigation of GHG emissions using s
Page 97 and 98:
GHG emission (kg CO 2 eq/m 3 etOH)
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Table 7. Soil carbon content for di
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
5. Conclusions Mitigation of GHG em
Page 107:
Page 110 and 111:
Chapter 5 Oil reserves - Gasoline/d
Page 112 and 113:
Chapter 5 in research and developme
Page 114 and 115:
Chapter 5 Table 3. Summary of main
Page 116 and 117:
Chapter 5 3. Environmental indicato
Page 118 and 119:
Chapter 5 Table 4. Carbon stock in
Page 120 and 121:
Chapter 5 3.2. Water Total carbon i
Page 122 and 123:
Chapter 5 3.3. Soil and fertilizers
Page 124 and 125:
Chapter 5 3.4. Management of diseas
Page 126 and 127:
Chapter 5 Table 10. Sugarcane and v
Page 128 and 129:
Chapter 5 in the implementation of
Page 130 and 131:
Chapter 5 Table 11. Continued. Crit
Page 132 and 133:
Chapter 5 Brazilian Government. Lei
Page 134 and 135:
Chapter 5 São Paulo State Governme
Page 136 and 137:
Chapter 6 2. Development of the eth
Page 138 and 139:
Chapter 6 blends by car manufacture
Page 140 and 141:
Chapter 6 Brazil have been roughly
Page 142 and 143:
Chapter 6 Overall there are few di
Page 144 and 145:
Chapter 6 3.2.1. The impact of exis
Page 146 and 147:
Chapter 6 �e use of ethanol in he
Page 148 and 149:
Chapter 6 cropping systems that pro
Page 150 and 151:
Chapter 6 certainty, the supply of
Page 152 and 153:
Chapter 6 De Vries, B.J.M., D.P. va
Page 155 and 156:
Chapter 7 Biofuel conversion techno
Page 157 and 158:
Biofuel conversion technologies �
Page 159 and 160:
Biofuel conversion technologies In
Page 161 and 162:
Biofuel conversion technologies the
Page 163 and 164:
Biofuel conversion technologies Imp
Page 165 and 166:
Biofuel conversion technologies Pro
Page 167 and 168:
Investment costs (Euro/kWth input c
Page 169 and 170:
4.2. Greenhouse gas balances Biofue
Page 171 and 172:
Reduction in CO equivalent emission
Page 173 and 174:
Biofuel conversion technologies �
Page 175 and 176:
Biofuel conversion technologies pot
Page 177 and 178:
Chapter 8 The global impacts of US
Page 179 and 180:
The global impacts of US and EU bio
Page 181 and 182:
Page 183 and 184:
Page 185 and 186:
Page 187 and 188:
Table 1. Change in output due to EU
Page 189 and 190:
Page 191 and 192:
Forest cover Pasture cover USEU 201
Page 193:
Page 196 and 197:
Chapter 9 also risks and serious tr
Page 198 and 199:
Chapter 9 Box 2. Bioethanol stoves
Page 200 and 201:
Chapter 9 �e highest impact on po
Page 202 and 203:
Chapter 9 the increased generation
Page 204 and 205:
Chapter 9 o�ers to support the MD
Page 206 and 207:
Chapter 9 Price variation (%) 14 12
Page 208 and 209:
Chapter 9 Dufey et al., 2007a). Leg
Page 210 and 211:
Chapter 9 manufactured directly fro
Page 212 and 213:
Chapter 9 in mechanical aid for the
Page 214 and 215:
Chapter 9 Table 1. Import tariffs o
Page 216 and 217:
Chapter 9 3.8. Improving efficiency
Page 218 and 219:
Chapter 9 some minimum transport in
Page 220 and 221:
Chapter 9 IEA, 2004. Biofuels for T
Page 223 and 224:
Chapter 10 Why are current food pri
Page 225 and 226:
Why are current food prices so high
Page 227 and 228:
2.4 Long-term drivers of supply Why
Page 229 and 230:
3.1. Effects on the supply side Why
Page 231 and 232:
3.3 Policy responses to rising food
Page 233 and 234:
3.4. Other effects • Why are curr
Page 235 and 236:
- - - - Why are current food prices
Page 237 and 238:
18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 5. The fut
Page 239 and 240:
• • • Why are current food pr
Page 241 and 242:
6.1. Policy implications Why are cu
Page 243:
Why are current food prices so high
Page 247 and 248:
Authors Dr. Marcos Adami, senior re
Page 249 and 250:
Keyword index A Africa 204, 205, 20
Page 251:
M maize 20, 83, 104, 173, 184, 187,
show all

Sugarcane ethanol: Contributions to climate change - BAFF

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?