Sugarcane ethanol: Contributions to climate change - BAFF

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Chapter 9 IEA, 2004. Biofuels for Transport: An International Perspective. International Energy Agency, Paris, April. IFPRI, 2008. What goes down must come up: Global Food Prices Reach New Heights. IFPRI Forum, International Food Policy Research Institute, March. Available at: http://www.ifpri.org/PUBS/newsletters/ IFPRIForum/if21.pdf Jackson, M., 2004. Ethanol Fuel Use - Promising Prospects for the Future in Renewable Energy for Development. Stockholm Environment Institute –Newsletter of the Sustainable Energy Programme, January 2004 Vol. 17 No. 1. Johnson, F. and F. Rosillo-Calle, 2007. Biomass, Livelihoods and International Trade - Challenges and Opportunities for the EU and Southern Africa. Stockholm Environment Institute, Climate and Energy Report 2007-01. Johnson, F., V. Seebaluck, H. Watson and J. Woods, 2006. Bioethanol from sugarcane and sweet sorghum in Southern Africa: Agro-Industrial Development, Import Substitution and Export Diversi�cation in Linking Trade, Climate Change and Energy. ICTSD Trade and Sustainable Energy Series, International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, Geneva, Switzerland, November. Kartha, S., 2006. Environmental e�ects of bioenergy. In: Hazell, P. and Pachauri, R.K. (eds) Bioenergy and agriculture: promises and challenges. 2020 Vision Focus 14. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington DC, USA, and �e Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi, India. Koplow, D., 2006. Biofuels: At What Cost? Government Support for Ethanol and Biodiesel. In: the United States report prepared by Earth Track, Inc for �e Global Subsidies Initiative (GSI) of the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), Geneva, Switzerland. Kutas, G. and C. Lindberg, 2007, Biofuels – At what Cost? Government Support for Ethanol and Biodiesel in the European Union for the Global Subsidies Initiative (GSI). IISD, Geneva, Switzerland. Lambe, F., 2008. Development of Local Biofuel Markets: A Case Study from Ethiopia. In: Renewable Energy for Development. Stockholm Environment Institute –Newsletter of the Sustainable Energy Programme, May 2008, Vol. 21 No. 1. Macedo I.C (Ed.). 2005. A Energia da Cana de Açúcar - Doze estudos sobre a agroindústria da cana-deaçúcar no Brasil e a sua sustentabilidade UNICA. Mayers, J. and S. Vermeulen, 2002. From raw deals to mutual gains: company-community partnerships in forestry. Instruments for Sustainable Private Sector Forestry series. International Institute for Environment and Development, London, UK. Ministerio da Agricultura, Pecuaria e Abastecimiento and Assessoria de Gestao Estrategica, 2006. Agribusiness Projections: World and Brazil, Executive Summary available at: http://www.agricultura. gov.br/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/MAPA/MENU_LATERAL/AGRICULTURA_PECUARIA/PROJECOES_ AGRONEGOCIO/COPY_OF_PROJECOES_AGRONEGOCIO/EXECUTIVE%20SUMMARY%20AG RIBUSINESS%20PROJECTIONS_0.PDF Murillo, C., 2007. Biofuels trade and sustainable development: the case of Costa Rica. Working document, International Institute for Environment and Development, London, UK. Murphy, S., 2007. �e multilateral trade and investment context for biofuels: Issues and challenges. International Institute for Environment and Development, London/Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, Minneapolis. 224 Sugarcane ethanol
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Page 1 and 2:
Sugarcane ethanol Contributions to
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Table of contents Foreword 11 José
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Chapter 8 �e global impacts of US
Page 8 and 9:
Foreword �e use of biofuels as a
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Executive summary Do biofuels help
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Executive summary 12. Projections o
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Chapter 1 Introduction to sugarcane
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Introduction to sugarcane ethanol A
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Introduction to sugarcane ethanol C
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Introduction to sugarcane ethanol F
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Introduction to sugarcane ethanol H
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Chapter 2 Production (million tons)
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Chapter 2 Table 2. Sugarcane produc
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Chapter 2 Harvested area (million h
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Chapter 2 million hectares 8 7 6 5
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Chapter 2 Table 5. Global significa
Page 36 and 37:
Chapter 2 (FAOSTAT, 2008). �e lan
Page 38 and 39:
Chapter 2 indicating that sugarcane
Page 40 and 41:
Chapter 2 and vinasse produced duri
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Chapter 2 • • • • Harvested
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Chapter 2 2.2. AEZ assessment of la
Page 46 and 47:
Chapter 2 The quantified descriptio
Page 48 and 49:
Chapter 2 Table 8 summarizes by reg
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Chapter 2 Table 9. Suitability of u
Page 52 and 53:
Chapter 2 Table 10. Suitability of
Page 54 and 55:
Chapter 2 of bio-diversity and land
Page 56 and 57:
Chapter 2 FAO, 1987. 1948-1985 Worl
Page 58 and 59:
Chapter 2 Smeets, E., M. Junginger,
Page 60 and 61:
Chapter 3 Considering that this deb
Page 62 and 63:
Chapter 3 1,000 ha 9,000 8,000 7,00
Page 64 and 65:
Chapter 3 Another source of data on
Page 66 and 67:
Chapter 3 Figure 3. Different land
Page 68 and 69:
Chapter 3 1-Pastureand crops expans
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Chapter 3 Given that the model is u
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Chapter 3 to the case studies; (d)
Page 74 and 75:
Chapter 3 Mato Grosso do Sul in 200
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Chapter 3 the Pasture class increas
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Chapter 3 Table 5. Number of sugarc
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Chapter 3 of 12.6% from 2001 to 200
Page 82 and 83:
Chapter 3 Table 6. South-Centre: ex
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Chapter 3 4.5. Options for approach
Page 86 and 87:
Chapter 3 states that have lost pas
Page 88 and 89:
Chapter 3 It is important to contex
Page 91 and 92:
Chapter 4 Mitigation of GHG emissio
Page 93 and 94:
Table 1. Basic data: sugarcane prod
Page 95 and 96:
Mitigation of GHG emissions using s
Page 97 and 98:
GHG emission (kg CO 2 eq/m 3 etOH)
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Table 7. Soil carbon content for di
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
5. Conclusions Mitigation of GHG em
Page 107:
Page 110 and 111:
Chapter 5 Oil reserves - Gasoline/d
Page 112 and 113:
Chapter 5 in research and developme
Page 114 and 115:
Chapter 5 Table 3. Summary of main
Page 116 and 117:
Chapter 5 3. Environmental indicato
Page 118 and 119:
Chapter 5 Table 4. Carbon stock in
Page 120 and 121:
Chapter 5 3.2. Water Total carbon i
Page 122 and 123:
Chapter 5 3.3. Soil and fertilizers
Page 124 and 125:
Chapter 5 3.4. Management of diseas
Page 126 and 127:
Chapter 5 Table 10. Sugarcane and v
Page 128 and 129:
Chapter 5 in the implementation of
Page 130 and 131:
Chapter 5 Table 11. Continued. Crit
Page 132 and 133:
Chapter 5 Brazilian Government. Lei
Page 134 and 135:
Chapter 5 São Paulo State Governme
Page 136 and 137:
Chapter 6 2. Development of the eth
Page 138 and 139:
Chapter 6 blends by car manufacture
Page 140 and 141:
Chapter 6 Brazil have been roughly
Page 142 and 143:
Chapter 6 Overall there are few di
Page 144 and 145:
Chapter 6 3.2.1. The impact of exis
Page 146 and 147:
Chapter 6 �e use of ethanol in he
Page 148 and 149:
Chapter 6 cropping systems that pro
Page 150 and 151:
Chapter 6 certainty, the supply of
Page 152 and 153:
Chapter 6 De Vries, B.J.M., D.P. va
Page 155 and 156:
Chapter 7 Biofuel conversion techno
Page 157 and 158:
Biofuel conversion technologies �
Page 159 and 160:
Biofuel conversion technologies In
Page 161 and 162:
Biofuel conversion technologies the
Page 163 and 164:
Biofuel conversion technologies Imp
Page 165 and 166:
Biofuel conversion technologies Pro
Page 167 and 168:
Investment costs (Euro/kWth input c
Page 169 and 170: 4.2. Greenhouse gas balances Biofue
Page 171 and 172: Reduction in CO equivalent emission
Page 173 and 174: Biofuel conversion technologies �
Page 175 and 176: Biofuel conversion technologies pot
Page 177 and 178: Chapter 8 The global impacts of US
Page 179 and 180: The global impacts of US and EU bio
Page 187 and 188: Table 1. Change in output due to EU
Page 191 and 192: Forest cover Pasture cover USEU 201
Page 193: The global impacts of US and EU bio
Page 196 and 197: Chapter 9 also risks and serious tr
Page 198 and 199: Chapter 9 Box 2. Bioethanol stoves
Page 200 and 201: Chapter 9 �e highest impact on po
Page 202 and 203: Chapter 9 the increased generation
Page 204 and 205: Chapter 9 o�ers to support the MD
Page 206 and 207: Chapter 9 Price variation (%) 14 12
Page 208 and 209: Chapter 9 Dufey et al., 2007a). Leg
Page 210 and 211: Chapter 9 manufactured directly fro
Page 212 and 213: Chapter 9 in mechanical aid for the
Page 214 and 215: Chapter 9 Table 1. Import tariffs o
Page 216 and 217: Chapter 9 3.8. Improving efficiency
Page 218 and 219: Chapter 9 some minimum transport in
Page 223 and 224: Chapter 10 Why are current food pri
Page 225 and 226: Why are current food prices so high
Page 227 and 228: 2.4 Long-term drivers of supply Why
Page 229 and 230: 3.1. Effects on the supply side Why
Page 231 and 232: 3.3 Policy responses to rising food
Page 233 and 234: 3.4. Other effects • Why are curr
Page 235 and 236: - - - - Why are current food prices
Page 237 and 238: 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 5. The fut
Page 239 and 240: • • • Why are current food pr
Page 241 and 242: 6.1. Policy implications Why are cu
Page 243: Why are current food prices so high
Page 247 and 248: Authors Dr. Marcos Adami, senior re
Page 249 and 250: Keyword index A Africa 204, 205, 20
Page 251: M maize 20, 83, 104, 173, 184, 187,
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