Sugarcane ethanol: Contributions to climate change - BAFF

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Chapter 6 De Vries, B.J.M., D.P. van Vuuren and M.M. Hoogwijk, 2007. Renewable energy sources: �eir global potential for the �rst-half of the 21st century at a global level: An integrated approach. Energy Policy 35: 2590-2610. Dornburg, V., A. Faaij, H. Langeveld, G. van de Ven, F. Wester, H. van Keulen, K. van Diepen, J. Ros, D. van Vuuren, G.J. van den Born, M. van Oorschot, F. Smout, H. Aiking, M. Londo, H. Moza�arian, K. Smekens, M. Meeusen, M. Banse, E. Lysen and S. van Egmond, 2008. Biomass Assessment: Assessment of global biomass potentials and their links to food, water, biodiversity, energy demand and economy – Main Report, Study performed by Copernicus Institute – Utrecht University, MNP, LEI, WUR-PPS, ECN, IVM and the Utrecht Centre for Energy Research, within the framework of the Netherlands Research Programme on Scienti�c Assessment and Policy Analysis for Climate Change. Reportno: WAB 500102012, January 2008. 85 pp. + Appendices. Faaij, A.P.C., 2006. Modern biomass conversion technologies. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 11: 335-367. FAO, 2008. State of Food and Agriculture - Biofuels: prospects, risks and opportunities, Food and Agirculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. GBEP, 2008. A Review of the Current State of Bioenergy Development in G8 +5 Countries, Global Bioenergy Partnership, Rome, Italy. Goldemberg, J., S. Teixeira Coelho, P. Mário Nastari and O. Lucon, 2004. Ethanol learning curve – the Brazilian experience, Biomass and Bioenergy 26: 301-304. Hamelinck, C. and A. Faaij, 2006. Outlook for advanced biofuels. Energy Policy 34: 3268-3283. Hamelinck, C.N., G. van Hooijdonk and A.P.C. Faaij, 2005. Future prospects for the production of ethanol from ligno-cellulosic biomass. Biomass & Bioenergy 28: 384-410. Hettinga, W.G., H.M. Junginger, S.C. Dekker, M. Hoogwijk, A.J. McAloon and K.B. Hicks, 2008. Understanding the Reductions in U.S. Corn Ethanol Production Costs: An Experience Curve Approach, Energy Policy, in press. Hoogwijk, M., A. Faaij, B. de Vries and W. Turkenburg, 2008. Global potential of biomass for energy from energy crops under four GHG emission scenarios Part B: the economic potential. Biomass & Bioenergy, in press. Hoogwijk, M., A. Faaij, B. Eickhout, B. de Vries and W. Turkenburg, 2005. Potential of biomass energy out to 2100, for four IPCC SRES land-use scenarios, Biomass & Bioenergy 29: 225-257. Hunt, S., J. Easterly, A. Faaij, C. Flavin, L. Freimuth, U. Fritsche, M. Laser, L. Lynd, J. Moreira, S. Pacca, J.L. Sawin, L. Sorkin, P. Stair, A. Szwarc and S. Trindade, 2007. Biofuels for Transport: Global Potential and Implications for Energy and Agriculture prepared by Worldwatch Institute, for the German Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection (BMELV) in coordination with the German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) and the German Agency of Renewable Resources (FNR), ISBN: 1844074226, Published by EarthScan/James & James, April 2007336 pp. International Energy Agency, 2004. Biofuels for transport – an international perspective, O�ce of Energy E�ciency, Technology and R&D, OECD/IEA, Paris, France. International Energy Agency, 2006. World Energy Outlook 2006, IEA Paris, France. 156 Sugarcane ethanol
Demand for bioethanol for transport Junginger, M., T. Bolkesjø, D. Bradley, P. Dolzan, A. Faaij, J. Heinimö, B. Hektor, Ø. Leistad, E. Ling, M. Perry, E. Piacente, F. Rosillo-Calle, Y. Ryckmans, P.-P. Schouwenberg, B. Solberg, E. Trømborg, A. da Silva Walter and M. de Wit, 2008. Developments in international bioenergy trade. Biomass & Bioenergy 2: 717-729. Kahn Ribeiro, S., S. Kobayashi, M. Beuthe, J. Gasca, D. Greene, D.S. Lee, Y. Muromachi, P.J. Newton, S. Plotkin, D. Sperling, R. Wit and P.J. Zhou, 2007: Transport and its infrastructure. In: B. Metz, O.R. Davidson, P.R. Bosch, R. Dave and L.A. Meyer (eds.), Climate Change 2007: Mitigation contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge United Kingdom and New York, USA. Kruithof, T., 2007. Drive the future, techno-economic comparison of fuel cell, serial hybrid and internal combustion engine drivechains for light duty vehicles. Copernicus Institute – Utrecht University, department of Science, Technology & Society. Report no.: NWS-I-2007-25, November 2007. 81 pp. Kutas, G., 2008. Brazil’s Sugar and Ethanol Industry: Endless Growth?. Presentation in Brussels, June 2008. Available at: www.unica.com.br. Licht, F.O., 2007. World Bioethanol and Biofuels Report 5: 17. Macedo, I.d.C., J.E.A. Seabra and J.E.A.R. Da Silva, 2008. Green house gases emissions in the production and use of ethanol from sugarcane in Brazil: �e 2005/2006 averages and a prediction for 2020. Biomass & Bioenergy 32: 582-595. Moreira, J.R., 2006. Global biomass energy potential. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change 11: 313-342. OECD/FAO, 2007. Agricultural Outlook 2007-2016, Paris-France. RFA, 2008. Changing the Climate - Ethanol Industry Outlook 2008. Renewable Fuels Association, page 16. Rosillo-Calle, F. and L.A.B. Cortez, 1998. Towards Pro-Alcool II - a review of the Brazilian bioethanol programme, Biomass & Bioenergy 14: 115-124. Smeets, E., M. Junginger, A. Faaij, A. Walter, P. Dolzan and W. Turkenburg, 2008. �e sustainability of Brazilian Ethanol; an assessment of the possibilties of certi�ed production. Biomass & Bioenergy 32: 781-813. Valdes, C., 2007. Ethanol demand driving the expansion of Brazil’s sugar industry. Sugar and Sweeteners Outlook/SSS-249: 31-38. Van Dam, J., M. Junginger, A. Faaij, I. Jürgens, G. Best and U. Fritsche, 2008. Overview of recent developments in sustainable biomass certi�cation. Biomass & Bioenergy 32: 749-780. Wall-Bake, J.D., M. Junginger, A, Faaij, T. Poot and A. da Silva Walter, 2008. Explaining the experience curve: Cost reductions of Brazilian ethanol from sugarcane. Biomass & Bioenergy, in press. Walter, A., F. Rosillo-Calle, P. Dolzan, E. Piacente and K. Borges da Cunha, 2008. Perspectives on fuel ethanol consumption and trade. Biomass & Bioenergy 32: 730-748. WBCSD, 2004a. Mobility 2030: Meeting the Challenges to Sustainability. Available at: http://www.wbcsd.ch/ WBCSD, 2004b. IEA/SMP Model Documentation and Reference Projection. Fulton, L. and G. Eadsn (eds.). Available at: http://www.wbcsd.org/web/publications/mobility/smp-model-document.pdf. Zarrilli. S., 2006. �e emerging biofuels market: regulatory, trade and development implications. Geneva: United NationsConference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD); 2006. Available at: /www.unctad. org/en/docs/ditcted20064_en.pdfS. Sugarcane ethanol 157
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Sugarcane ethanol Contributions to
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Table of contents Foreword 11 José
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Chapter 8 �e global impacts of US
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Foreword �e use of biofuels as a
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Executive summary Do biofuels help
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Executive summary 12. Projections o
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Chapter 1 Introduction to sugarcane
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Introduction to sugarcane ethanol A
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Introduction to sugarcane ethanol C
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Introduction to sugarcane ethanol F
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Introduction to sugarcane ethanol H
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Chapter 2 Production (million tons)
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Chapter 2 Table 2. Sugarcane produc
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Chapter 2 Harvested area (million h
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Chapter 2 million hectares 8 7 6 5
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Chapter 2 Table 5. Global significa
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Chapter 2 (FAOSTAT, 2008). �e lan
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Chapter 2 indicating that sugarcane
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Chapter 2 and vinasse produced duri
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Chapter 2 • • • • Harvested
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Chapter 2 2.2. AEZ assessment of la
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Chapter 2 The quantified descriptio
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Chapter 2 Table 8 summarizes by reg
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Chapter 2 Table 9. Suitability of u
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Chapter 2 Table 10. Suitability of
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Chapter 2 of bio-diversity and land
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Chapter 2 FAO, 1987. 1948-1985 Worl
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Chapter 2 Smeets, E., M. Junginger,
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Chapter 3 Considering that this deb
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Chapter 3 1,000 ha 9,000 8,000 7,00
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Chapter 3 Another source of data on
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Chapter 3 Figure 3. Different land
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Chapter 3 1-Pastureand crops expans
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Chapter 3 Given that the model is u
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Chapter 3 to the case studies; (d)
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Chapter 3 Mato Grosso do Sul in 200
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Chapter 3 the Pasture class increas
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Chapter 3 Table 5. Number of sugarc
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Chapter 3 of 12.6% from 2001 to 200
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Chapter 3 Table 6. South-Centre: ex
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Chapter 3 4.5. Options for approach
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Chapter 3 states that have lost pas
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Chapter 3 It is important to contex
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Chapter 4 Mitigation of GHG emissio
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Table 1. Basic data: sugarcane prod
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Mitigation of GHG emissions using s
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GHG emission (kg CO 2 eq/m 3 etOH)
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Mitigation of GHG emissions using s
Page 101 and 102: Table 7. Soil carbon content for di
Page 103 and 104: Mitigation of GHG emissions using s
Page 105 and 106: 5. Conclusions Mitigation of GHG em
Page 107: Mitigation of GHG emissions using s
Page 110 and 111: Chapter 5 Oil reserves - Gasoline/d
Page 112 and 113: Chapter 5 in research and developme
Page 114 and 115: Chapter 5 Table 3. Summary of main
Page 116 and 117: Chapter 5 3. Environmental indicato
Page 118 and 119: Chapter 5 Table 4. Carbon stock in
Page 120 and 121: Chapter 5 3.2. Water Total carbon i
Page 122 and 123: Chapter 5 3.3. Soil and fertilizers
Page 124 and 125: Chapter 5 3.4. Management of diseas
Page 126 and 127: Chapter 5 Table 10. Sugarcane and v
Page 128 and 129: Chapter 5 in the implementation of
Page 130 and 131: Chapter 5 Table 11. Continued. Crit
Page 132 and 133: Chapter 5 Brazilian Government. Lei
Page 134 and 135: Chapter 5 São Paulo State Governme
Page 136 and 137: Chapter 6 2. Development of the eth
Page 138 and 139: Chapter 6 blends by car manufacture
Page 140 and 141: Chapter 6 Brazil have been roughly
Page 142 and 143: Chapter 6 Overall there are few di
Page 144 and 145: Chapter 6 3.2.1. The impact of exis
Page 146 and 147: Chapter 6 �e use of ethanol in he
Page 148 and 149: Chapter 6 cropping systems that pro
Page 150 and 151: Chapter 6 certainty, the supply of
Page 155 and 156: Chapter 7 Biofuel conversion techno
Page 157 and 158: Biofuel conversion technologies �
Page 159 and 160: Biofuel conversion technologies In
Page 161 and 162: Biofuel conversion technologies the
Page 163 and 164: Biofuel conversion technologies Imp
Page 165 and 166: Biofuel conversion technologies Pro
Page 167 and 168: Investment costs (Euro/kWth input c
Page 169 and 170: 4.2. Greenhouse gas balances Biofue
Page 171 and 172: Reduction in CO equivalent emission
Page 173 and 174: Biofuel conversion technologies �
Page 175 and 176: Biofuel conversion technologies pot
Page 177 and 178: Chapter 8 The global impacts of US
Page 179 and 180: The global impacts of US and EU bio
Page 187 and 188: Table 1. Change in output due to EU
Page 191 and 192: Forest cover Pasture cover USEU 201
Page 193: The global impacts of US and EU bio
Page 196 and 197: Chapter 9 also risks and serious tr
Page 198 and 199: Chapter 9 Box 2. Bioethanol stoves
Page 200 and 201: Chapter 9 �e highest impact on po
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Chapter 9 the increased generation
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Chapter 9 o�ers to support the MD
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Chapter 9 Price variation (%) 14 12
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Chapter 9 Dufey et al., 2007a). Leg
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Chapter 9 manufactured directly fro
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Chapter 9 in mechanical aid for the
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Chapter 9 Table 1. Import tariffs o
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Chapter 9 3.8. Improving efficiency
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Chapter 9 some minimum transport in
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Chapter 9 IEA, 2004. Biofuels for T
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Chapter 10 Why are current food pri
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Why are current food prices so high
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2.4 Long-term drivers of supply Why
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3.1. Effects on the supply side Why
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3.3 Policy responses to rising food
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3.4. Other effects • Why are curr
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- - - - Why are current food prices
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18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 5. The fut
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• • • Why are current food pr
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6.1. Policy implications Why are cu
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Why are current food prices so high
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Authors Dr. Marcos Adami, senior re
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Keyword index A Africa 204, 205, 20
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M maize 20, 83, 104, 173, 184, 187,
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Sugarcane ethanol: Contributions to climate change - BAFF

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