Sugarcane ethanol: Contributions to climate change - BAFF

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Chapter 5 3.2. Water Total carbon in the biomass (ton C/ha) Pasture (~59) Soya (~55) Corn (~44) Native vegetation (~80) Replaced areas (ha) 423,120 +1,400,527 110,447 32,211 15,546 Final balance Carbon balance * (ton C) +763,169 +571,423 -384,453 + 2,350,687 * Carbon balance = total C in biomass - total C in sugar cane × replaced area (ha) Figure 6. Carbon balance of sugarcane expansion in São Paulo State, 2007. Source: VPB analysis. Despite having the greatest water availability in the world, with 14 percent of the surface waters and the equivalent of annual �ow in underground aquifers, the use of crop irrigation in Brazil is minimum (~3.3 Mha, compared to 227 Mha in the world). Practically all of the sugarcane produced in São Paulo State is grown without irrigation (Donzelli, 2005). �e levels of water withdraw and release for industrial use have substantially decreased over the past few years, from around 5 m 3 /ton sugarcane collected in 1990 and 1997 to 1.83 m 3 /ton sugarcane in 2004 (sampling in São Paulo). If we take 1.83 m 3 of water/ton of sugarcane, and exclude the mills having the highest speci�c consumption, the mean rate for the mills that account for 92% of the total milling is 1.23 m 3 of water/ton of sugarcane. In addition the recycling rate has been increasing since 1990 (Figure 7). Mills with better water management practice replace only 500 liters in the industrial system, with a recycling rate of 96,67%. Recent developments might lead to convert sugarcane mills from water consumers to water exporters industry. Dedini the largest Brazilian manufacturer of sugar mills and equipment suppliers has developed a new technology that allows the process of transforming sugarcane in ethanol to be much more e�cient, and in the end of this process, industrial mills will be able to sell about 300 liters of water per ton of sugarcane (Figure 8). �is would be 124 Sugarcane ethanol
Figure 7. Evolution of water recycling. Source: Elia Neto (2008). 5.7 5.0 1990 62.7% 1990 Environmental sustainability of sugarcane ethanol in Brazil 2.5 0.7 0.7 1997 66.2% 1997 0.4 Best practice 87.8% Figure 8. Evolution of water consumption in industrial ethanol production from sugarcane (m 3 /ton of sugarcane). Source: Dedini (2008). possible because water represents approximately 70% of sugarcane’s composition. �is new technology will be available next year (2009). Current estimates from maize ethanol mills on water consumption are of 4 liters of water per liter of ethanol produced (Commission on Water Implications of Biofuels Productions in United States, 2008). Sugarcane ethanol 125 2005 0.3 Export
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Sugarcane ethanol Contributions to
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Table of contents Foreword 11 José
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Chapter 8 �e global impacts of US
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Foreword �e use of biofuels as a
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Executive summary Do biofuels help
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Executive summary 12. Projections o
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Chapter 1 Introduction to sugarcane
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Introduction to sugarcane ethanol A
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Introduction to sugarcane ethanol C
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Introduction to sugarcane ethanol F
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Introduction to sugarcane ethanol H
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Chapter 2 Production (million tons)
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Chapter 2 Table 2. Sugarcane produc
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Chapter 2 Harvested area (million h
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Chapter 2 million hectares 8 7 6 5
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Chapter 2 Table 5. Global significa
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Chapter 2 (FAOSTAT, 2008). �e lan
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Chapter 2 indicating that sugarcane
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Chapter 2 and vinasse produced duri
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Chapter 2 • • • • Harvested
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Chapter 2 2.2. AEZ assessment of la
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Chapter 2 The quantified descriptio
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Chapter 2 Table 8 summarizes by reg
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Chapter 2 Table 9. Suitability of u
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Chapter 2 Table 10. Suitability of
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Chapter 2 of bio-diversity and land
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Chapter 2 FAO, 1987. 1948-1985 Worl
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Chapter 2 Smeets, E., M. Junginger,
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Chapter 3 Considering that this deb
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Chapter 3 1,000 ha 9,000 8,000 7,00
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Chapter 3 Another source of data on
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Chapter 3 Figure 3. Different land
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Chapter 3 1-Pastureand crops expans
Page 70 and 71: Chapter 3 Given that the model is u
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Page 74 and 75: Chapter 3 Mato Grosso do Sul in 200
Page 76 and 77: Chapter 3 the Pasture class increas
Page 78 and 79: Chapter 3 Table 5. Number of sugarc
Page 80 and 81: Chapter 3 of 12.6% from 2001 to 200
Page 82 and 83: Chapter 3 Table 6. South-Centre: ex
Page 84 and 85: Chapter 3 4.5. Options for approach
Page 86 and 87: Chapter 3 states that have lost pas
Page 88 and 89: Chapter 3 It is important to contex
Page 91 and 92: Chapter 4 Mitigation of GHG emissio
Page 93 and 94: Table 1. Basic data: sugarcane prod
Page 95 and 96: Mitigation of GHG emissions using s
Page 97 and 98: GHG emission (kg CO 2 eq/m 3 etOH)
Page 101 and 102: Table 7. Soil carbon content for di
Page 105 and 106: 5. Conclusions Mitigation of GHG em
Page 107: Mitigation of GHG emissions using s
Page 110 and 111: Chapter 5 Oil reserves - Gasoline/d
Page 112 and 113: Chapter 5 in research and developme
Page 114 and 115: Chapter 5 Table 3. Summary of main
Page 116 and 117: Chapter 5 3. Environmental indicato
Page 118 and 119: Chapter 5 Table 4. Carbon stock in
Page 122 and 123: Chapter 5 3.3. Soil and fertilizers
Page 124 and 125: Chapter 5 3.4. Management of diseas
Page 126 and 127: Chapter 5 Table 10. Sugarcane and v
Page 128 and 129: Chapter 5 in the implementation of
Page 130 and 131: Chapter 5 Table 11. Continued. Crit
Page 132 and 133: Chapter 5 Brazilian Government. Lei
Page 134 and 135: Chapter 5 São Paulo State Governme
Page 136 and 137: Chapter 6 2. Development of the eth
Page 138 and 139: Chapter 6 blends by car manufacture
Page 140 and 141: Chapter 6 Brazil have been roughly
Page 142 and 143: Chapter 6 Overall there are few di
Page 144 and 145: Chapter 6 3.2.1. The impact of exis
Page 146 and 147: Chapter 6 �e use of ethanol in he
Page 148 and 149: Chapter 6 cropping systems that pro
Page 150 and 151: Chapter 6 certainty, the supply of
Page 152 and 153: Chapter 6 De Vries, B.J.M., D.P. va
Page 155 and 156: Chapter 7 Biofuel conversion techno
Page 157 and 158: Biofuel conversion technologies �
Page 159 and 160: Biofuel conversion technologies In
Page 161 and 162: Biofuel conversion technologies the
Page 163 and 164: Biofuel conversion technologies Imp
Page 165 and 166: Biofuel conversion technologies Pro
Page 167 and 168: Investment costs (Euro/kWth input c
Page 169 and 170: 4.2. Greenhouse gas balances Biofue
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Reduction in CO equivalent emission
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Biofuel conversion technologies �
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Biofuel conversion technologies pot
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Chapter 8 The global impacts of US
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The global impacts of US and EU bio
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Table 1. Change in output due to EU
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Forest cover Pasture cover USEU 201
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Chapter 9 also risks and serious tr
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Chapter 9 Box 2. Bioethanol stoves
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Chapter 9 �e highest impact on po
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Chapter 9 the increased generation
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Chapter 9 o�ers to support the MD
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Chapter 9 Price variation (%) 14 12
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Chapter 9 Dufey et al., 2007a). Leg
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Chapter 9 manufactured directly fro
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Chapter 9 in mechanical aid for the
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Chapter 9 Table 1. Import tariffs o
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Chapter 9 3.8. Improving efficiency
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Chapter 9 some minimum transport in
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Chapter 9 IEA, 2004. Biofuels for T
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Chapter 10 Why are current food pri
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Why are current food prices so high
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2.4 Long-term drivers of supply Why
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3.1. Effects on the supply side Why
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3.3 Policy responses to rising food
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3.4. Other effects • Why are curr
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- - - - Why are current food prices
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18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 5. The fut
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• • • Why are current food pr
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6.1. Policy implications Why are cu
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Why are current food prices so high
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Authors Dr. Marcos Adami, senior re
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Keyword index A Africa 204, 205, 20
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M maize 20, 83, 104, 173, 184, 187,
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Sugarcane ethanol: Contributions to climate change - BAFF

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