Sugarcane ethanol: Contributions to climate change - BAFF

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Chapter 7 According to Larson (2005), conventional grain- and oilseed-based biofuels can o�er only modest reductions in GHG emissions. �e primary reason for this is that they represent only a small portion of the above ground biomass. He estimates that, very broadly, biofuels from grains or seeds have the potential for a 20–30 percent reduction in GHG emissions per vehicle-kilometer, sugar beets can achieve reductions of 40–50 percent, and sugarcane (average in southeast Brazil) can achieve a reduction of 90 percent. Other new technologies under development also o�er the potential to dramatically increase yields per unit of land and fossil input, and further reduce life-cycle emissions. �e cellulosic conversion processes for ethanol o�ers the greatest potential for reductions because feedstock can come from the waste of other products or from energy crops, and the remaining parts of the plant can be used for process energy. Larson (2005) projects that future advanced cellulosic processes (to ethanol, F-T diesel, or DME) from perennial crops could bring reductions of 80–90 percent and higher. According to Fulton et al. (2004), net GHG emissions reductions can even exceed 100 percent if the feedstock takes up more CO 2 while it is growing than the CO 2 -equivalent emissions released during its full life cycle (for example, if some of it is used as process energy to o�set coal- �red power). Typical estimates for reductions from cellulosic ethanol (most of which comes from engineering studies, as few large-scale production facilities exist to date) range from 70–90 percent relative to conventional gasoline, according to Fulton (2004), though the full range of estimates is far broader. Figure 5 shows the range of estimated possible reductions in emissions from wastes and other next-generation feedstock relative to those from current-generation feedstock and technologies. 4.3. Chain efficiency of biofuels When the use of such ‘advanced’ biofuels (especially hydrogen and methanol) in advanced hybrid or Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCV’s) is considered, the overall chain (‘tree - to – tyre’) e�ciency can drastically improve compared to current bio-diesel or maize or cereal derived ethanol powered Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles; the e�ective number of kilometres that can be driven per hectare of energy crops could go up with a factor of 5 (from a typical current 20,000 km/ha for a middle class vehicle run with RME up to over 100,000 km/ha for advanced ethanol in an advanced hybrid or FCV (Hamelinck and Faaij, 2002)). Note though, that the current exception to this performance is sugarcane based ethanol production; in Brazil the better plantations yield some 8,000 litre ethanol/ha*yr, or some 70,000 km/yr for a middle class vehicle at present. In the future, those �gures can improve 174 Sugarcane ethanol
Reduction in CO equivalent emissions 2 (percent) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 Wastes (waste oil, Fibers harvest residues, (switchgrass, sewage) poplar) Biofuel conversion technologies Figure 5. Reductions in greenhouse gas emissions per vehicle-kilometre, by feedstock and associated refining technology (taken from Fulton, 2004). further due to better cane varieties, crop management and e�ciency improvement in the ethanol production facilities (Damen, 2001). Furthermore, FCV’s (and to a somewhat lesser extent advanced hybrids) o�er the additional and important bene�ts of zero or near zero emission of compounds like NO x , CO, sulphur dioxide, hydrocarbons and small dust particulates, which are to a large extent responsible for poor air quality in many urban zones in the world. Table 3 provides a quanti�cation of the range of kilometres that can be driven with di�erent biofuel-vehicle combinations expressed per hectare. �e ranges are caused by di�erent yield levels for di�erent land-types and variability and uncertainties in conversion and vehicle e�ciencies. However, overall, there are profound di�erences between �rst and second generation biofuels I favour of the latter. 4.4. Future expectations on biofuels Sugars (sugar cane, beet) Starches (corn, wheat) Vegetable oils (rapeseed, sunflower seed, soybeans) �e future biofuels and speci�cally the bioethanol market is uncertain. �ere are fundamental drivers (climate, oil prices and availability, rural development) that push for further development of biofuels. On the one hand, recent developments and public debate point towards con�icts with land use, food markets, poor GHG performance (especially when indirect land-use changes are assumed caused by biofuel production) and, even with high oil prices, high levels of subsidy for biofuels in e.g. Europe and the United States. Recently, policy targets (as discussed in chapter 5 of this book) set for biofuels are rediscussed in the EU, as well as in China. In most key markets (EU, US, China), the role of biofuels is increasingly connected to rapid deployment of 2 nd generation technologies. �e bulk of the growth beyond 2015 or so should be realized via such routes. Sugarcane ethanol 175
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Sugarcane ethanol Contributions to
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Table of contents Foreword 11 José
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Chapter 8 �e global impacts of US
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Foreword �e use of biofuels as a
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Executive summary Do biofuels help
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Executive summary 12. Projections o
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Chapter 1 Introduction to sugarcane
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Introduction to sugarcane ethanol A
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Introduction to sugarcane ethanol C
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Introduction to sugarcane ethanol F
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Introduction to sugarcane ethanol H
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Chapter 2 Production (million tons)
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Chapter 2 Table 2. Sugarcane produc
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Chapter 2 Harvested area (million h
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Chapter 2 million hectares 8 7 6 5
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Chapter 2 Table 5. Global significa
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Chapter 2 (FAOSTAT, 2008). �e lan
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Chapter 2 indicating that sugarcane
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Chapter 2 and vinasse produced duri
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Chapter 2 • • • • Harvested
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Chapter 2 2.2. AEZ assessment of la
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Chapter 2 The quantified descriptio
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Chapter 2 Table 8 summarizes by reg
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Chapter 2 Table 9. Suitability of u
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Chapter 2 Table 10. Suitability of
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Chapter 2 of bio-diversity and land
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Chapter 2 FAO, 1987. 1948-1985 Worl
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Chapter 2 Smeets, E., M. Junginger,
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Chapter 3 Considering that this deb
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Chapter 3 1,000 ha 9,000 8,000 7,00
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Chapter 3 Another source of data on
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Chapter 3 Figure 3. Different land
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Chapter 3 1-Pastureand crops expans
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Chapter 3 Given that the model is u
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Chapter 3 to the case studies; (d)
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Chapter 3 Mato Grosso do Sul in 200
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Chapter 3 the Pasture class increas
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Chapter 3 Table 5. Number of sugarc
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Chapter 3 of 12.6% from 2001 to 200
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Chapter 3 Table 6. South-Centre: ex
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Chapter 3 4.5. Options for approach
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Chapter 3 states that have lost pas
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Chapter 3 It is important to contex
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Chapter 4 Mitigation of GHG emissio
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Table 1. Basic data: sugarcane prod
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Mitigation of GHG emissions using s
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GHG emission (kg CO 2 eq/m 3 etOH)
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Table 7. Soil carbon content for di
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5. Conclusions Mitigation of GHG em
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Chapter 5 Oil reserves - Gasoline/d
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Chapter 5 in research and developme
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Chapter 5 Table 3. Summary of main
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Chapter 5 3. Environmental indicato
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Chapter 5 Table 4. Carbon stock in
Page 120 and 121: Chapter 5 3.2. Water Total carbon i
Page 122 and 123: Chapter 5 3.3. Soil and fertilizers
Page 124 and 125: Chapter 5 3.4. Management of diseas
Page 126 and 127: Chapter 5 Table 10. Sugarcane and v
Page 128 and 129: Chapter 5 in the implementation of
Page 130 and 131: Chapter 5 Table 11. Continued. Crit
Page 132 and 133: Chapter 5 Brazilian Government. Lei
Page 134 and 135: Chapter 5 São Paulo State Governme
Page 136 and 137: Chapter 6 2. Development of the eth
Page 138 and 139: Chapter 6 blends by car manufacture
Page 140 and 141: Chapter 6 Brazil have been roughly
Page 142 and 143: Chapter 6 Overall there are few di
Page 144 and 145: Chapter 6 3.2.1. The impact of exis
Page 146 and 147: Chapter 6 �e use of ethanol in he
Page 148 and 149: Chapter 6 cropping systems that pro
Page 150 and 151: Chapter 6 certainty, the supply of
Page 152 and 153: Chapter 6 De Vries, B.J.M., D.P. va
Page 155 and 156: Chapter 7 Biofuel conversion techno
Page 157 and 158: Biofuel conversion technologies �
Page 159 and 160: Biofuel conversion technologies In
Page 161 and 162: Biofuel conversion technologies the
Page 163 and 164: Biofuel conversion technologies Imp
Page 165 and 166: Biofuel conversion technologies Pro
Page 167 and 168: Investment costs (Euro/kWth input c
Page 169: 4.2. Greenhouse gas balances Biofue
Page 173 and 174: Biofuel conversion technologies �
Page 175 and 176: Biofuel conversion technologies pot
Page 177 and 178: Chapter 8 The global impacts of US
Page 179 and 180: The global impacts of US and EU bio
Page 187 and 188: Table 1. Change in output due to EU
Page 191 and 192: Forest cover Pasture cover USEU 201
Page 193: The global impacts of US and EU bio
Page 196 and 197: Chapter 9 also risks and serious tr
Page 198 and 199: Chapter 9 Box 2. Bioethanol stoves
Page 200 and 201: Chapter 9 �e highest impact on po
Page 202 and 203: Chapter 9 the increased generation
Page 204 and 205: Chapter 9 o�ers to support the MD
Page 206 and 207: Chapter 9 Price variation (%) 14 12
Page 208 and 209: Chapter 9 Dufey et al., 2007a). Leg
Page 210 and 211: Chapter 9 manufactured directly fro
Page 212 and 213: Chapter 9 in mechanical aid for the
Page 214 and 215: Chapter 9 Table 1. Import tariffs o
Page 216 and 217: Chapter 9 3.8. Improving efficiency
Page 218 and 219: Chapter 9 some minimum transport in
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Chapter 9 IEA, 2004. Biofuels for T
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Chapter 10 Why are current food pri
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Why are current food prices so high
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2.4 Long-term drivers of supply Why
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3.1. Effects on the supply side Why
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3.3 Policy responses to rising food
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3.4. Other effects • Why are curr
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- - - - Why are current food prices
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18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 5. The fut
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• • • Why are current food pr
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6.1. Policy implications Why are cu
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Why are current food prices so high
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Authors Dr. Marcos Adami, senior re
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Keyword index A Africa 204, 205, 20
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M maize 20, 83, 104, 173, 184, 187,
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Sugarcane ethanol: Contributions to climate change - BAFF

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